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A left-wing anarchist has been found guilty of preparing acts of terrorism by compiling and sharing a bomb-making manual, after declaring that he wanted to kill at least 50 politicians.

Jacob Graham, 20, from Norris Green, Liverpool, dedicated his manual, called the “Freedom Encyclopaedia”, to “terrorists past and future, anarchists etc” and buried bomb-making chemicals in a secret woodland hide.

He wrote a document called “My Plan” in which he said he wanted to kill at least 50 people by attacking government buildings and politicians’ houses.

He also made 138 videos in which he demonstrated explosives and talked about “Judgement Day” and “standing up for working class people.”

On the wall in his bedroom Graham had printed out a picture of a car bomb exploding with the words: “Make politicians afraid to start their cars again.”

The jury at Manchester Crown Court acquitted Graham of planning a terrorist attack but found him guilty of preparing acts of terrorism by writing the Freedom Encyclopaedia, and of disseminating terrorist publications and possession of documents useful for terrorism.

He will be sentenced in March.

‘I have so much carnage to commit’

Graham bought a number of chemicals on the internet and conducted experiments in his back garden before burying some of the ingredients in Formby Woods, recording the location so he could return to the cache.

He also had all the computer files necessary to make a 3D-printed assault rifle called an FGC9 MkII and the printer on which to make it.

Graham came to idolise an American terrorist called Theodore Kaczynski – known as the Unabomber – after watching a Netflix series called Manhunt, and pledged to “finish what he started”, his trial heard.

From a remote cabin in Montana, Kaczynski carried out a 17-year mail bombing campaign, in which he targeted tech academics at universities, killing three people and injuring 23.

A pipe bomb made by Jacob Graham, 20, who planned to carry out a bombing campaign.
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A pipe bomb made by Graham

Chemicals possessed by Jacob Graham, 20, who planned to carry out a bombing campaign.
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A cache of chemicals was discovered at Graham’s home

Potassium Nitrate possessed by Jacob Graham, 20, who planned to carry out a bombing campaign.
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He conducted experiments in his back garden

Graham made video diaries in which he recorded himself wearing a headset and speaking into the camera from his bedroom, with a teddy bear on the bed behind him.

He was motivated by a hatred of government, which he saw as oppressing working-class people, and had developed ecological concerns about pollution, destruction of forests, and the exploitation of natural resources.

Wearing a T-shirt and glasses, he said at one point: “I’ve got everything I need to start my revolution.”

Graham told police he was “left-wing” but “more like an anarchist” adding: “I don’t like the idea of a central control and I don’t really like the monarchy.”

His ideal government would be the size of “Merseyside or Liverpool”, he said, adding that he supported the Green Party and was an “environmentalist” who did not like the way that “corporations act and how they damage the Earth.”

“I think it is fair to say I was quite anti-government,” Graham told his trial. “I didn’t agree with the idea of it – the way certain things were handled, the pandemic, the cost of living.

“I didn’t agree with a group of small people being able to make decisions that affect a mass.”

Photo of Jacob Graham's bedroom. The 20-year-old planned to carry out a bombing campaign.
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Graham made a series of video diaries from his room

In a video on 21 June, Graham took out a machete with a red handle and tapped the blade, saying: “Can’t end my life yet, I have so much carnage to commit.”

In another video made in his bedroom on 9 August, Graham said: “If terrorism is standing up for what you think is right, standing up for the working class people of this country, most of us can’t afford to heat our homes or afford food, there needs to be someone to fix this problem. It is my responsibility to do this.”

He added: “I will be a homegrown terrorist because I was born on British soil. If they want to call me a justice warrior or a hero, call me that. If they want to call me scum, call me that because I won’t be here to listen to all of it.”

In another video, he threatened to attack Hugh Baird College, which he attended, saying: “I’m f****** ready, f****** bring it. I don’t care, I’ll kill every single last one of them.”

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A handgun stashed by Jacob Graham, 20, who planned to carry out a bombing campaign.
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Police found an array of items designed to cause harm

Ammunition hoarded by Jacob Graham.
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Graham experimented with building a bomb using an ISIS instructional video

A bow and arrows stashed by Jacob Graham. The 20-year-old planned to carry out a bombing campaign.
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Weapons found in Graham’s possession

Encyclopaedia for terrorists

Graham, who lived with his mother, sister and sister’s boyfriend, had downloaded a compendium of terrorist publications including the Mujahideen Handbook and the White Resistance Manual, which he stored in a folder called “Alexandria” after the fabled ancient library.

Graham used Discord and the encrypted Telegram app to communicate with others who shared his hatred of government in groups called Earth Militia, Total Earth Liberation and Neo-Luddite Action.

He shared his manual online – which included instructions on how to build a pipe bomb, gunpowder and plastic explosives, along with detonators and instructions on how the perpetrators could evade the police.

Annabel Darlow KC, prosecuting, told the jury: “The mindset of Mr Graham permeates throughout his written material, messages, and homemade video diaries.

“He wished to bring about the downfall of government and society. He expressed the view that he was sick and tired of living in a society that was deteriorating and destroying itself.”

A 3D printer owned by Jacob Graham, 20, who planned to carry out a bombing campaign.
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The 20-year-old had files to make a 3D-printed assault rifle

Chemicals cache

When Graham was arrested on 26 May last year, police found a number of chemicals, each of which could be used as ingredients in various explosive mixtures.

Graham told his trial he felt like a character in a James Bond or Mission Impossible film or The Last Of Us, a post-apocalyptic video game and TV show.

He said he was “doomsday prepping” for “some sort of possible invasion, civil war, martial law, natural disasters, solar flares, floods, things like that”.

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Robert Jenrick vows to ‘bring coalition together’ to end Tory-Reform fight

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Robert Jenrick vows to 'bring coalition together' to end Tory-Reform fight

Robert Jenrick has vowed to “bring this coalition together” to ensure that Conservatives and Reform UK are no longer fighting each other for votes by the time of the next election, according to a leaked recording obtained by Sky News.

The shadow justice secretary told an event with students last month he would try “one way or another” to make sure Reform UK and the Tories do not compete at another general election and hand a second term in office to Keir Starmer in the process.

In the exclusive audio, Mr Jenrick can be heard telling the students he is still working hard to put Reform UK out of business – the position of the Tory leader Kemi Badenoch.

Conservative Party leadership candidate Robert Jenrick delivers a speech during the Conservative Party Conference at the International Convention Centre in Birmingham.  Picture date: Wednesday October 2, 2024. PA Photo. See PA story POLITICS Tories. Photo credit should read: Jacob King/PA Wire
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Shadow justice secretary Robert Jenrick. Pic: PA

However, more controversially, the comments also suggest he can envisage a time when that position may no longer be viable and has to change. He denies any suggestion this means he is advocating a Tory-Reform UK pact.

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The shadow justice secretary came second to Mrs Badenoch in the last leadership contest and is the bookies’ favourite to replace her as the next Conservative leader.

Mr Jenrick congratulate Ms Badenoch on her win. Pic: PA
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Robert Jenrick lost the Tory leadership contest to Kemi Badenoch. Pic: PA

Speaking to the UCL Conservative association dinner in late March, he can be heard saying: “[Reform UK] continues to do well in the polls. And my worry is that they become a kind of permanent or semi-permanent fixture on the British political scene. And if that is the case, and I say, I am trying to do everything I can to stop that being the case, then life becomes a lot harder for us, because the right is not united.

“And then you head towards the general election, where the nightmare scenario is that Keir Starmer sails in through the middle as a result of the two parties being disunited. I don’t know about you, but I’m not prepared for that to happen.

“I want the fight to be united. And so, one way or another, I’m determined to do that and to bring this coalition together and make sure we unite as a nation as well.”

This is the furthest a member of the shadow cabinet has gone in suggesting that they think the approach to Reform UK may evolve before the next general election.

Last night, Mr Jenrick denied this meant he was advocating a pact with Reform UK.

Read more:
Badenoch dismisses ‘threat’ from Jenrick
Your ultimate guide to the local elections

A source close to Mr Jenrick said: “Rob’s comments are about voters and not parties. He’s clear we have to put Reform out of business and make the Conservatives the natural home for all those on the right, rebuilding the coalition of voters we had in 2019 and can have again. But he’s under no illusions how difficult that is – we have to prove over time we’ve changed and can be trusted again.”

Mrs Badenoch has said in interviews that she cannot see any circumstances that the Tories under her leadership would do a deal with Reform UK.

Reform UK leader Nigel Farage during a press conference in Sandy Park Stadium.
Pic: PA
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Reform UK leader Nigel Farage. Pic: PA

In next week’s local elections, Reform UK will compete directly against the Tories in a series of contests from Kent to Lincolnshire. At last year’s general election, in more than 170 of the 251 constituencies lost by the Conservatives the Reform vote was greater than the margin of the Tories’ defeat.

Today’s YouGov/Sky voting intention figures put Reform UK in front on 25%, Labour on 23% and the Conservatives on 20%, with the Lib Dems on 16% and Greens on 10%.

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Birmingham bin strike: Talks to end the dispute resume

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Birmingham bin strike: Talks to end the dispute resume

Talks to try to end the Birmingham bin strike that has seen piles of black rubbish bags fill the pavements of the city will resume today.

Mounds of waste remain uncollected, while residents have started to take matters into their own hands.

Birmingham City Council declared a major incident on 31 March, saying the “regrettable” move was taken in response to public health concerns, as picket lines were blocking depots and preventing waste vehicles from collecting rubbish.

The all-out strike started on 11 March, but waste collections have been disrupted since January.

Here is everything you need to know.

Rubbish bags in Poplar Road in Birmingham.  
Pic: PA
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From 20 April. Pic: PA

How long have workers been striking?

More than 350 workers of the Unite union began a series of walkouts in January and decided to escalate into indefinite strike action on 11 March, citing fear over further attacks on their jobs, pay and conditions.

The union has said that the removal of the role of waste recycling and collection officer (WRCO) role will leave about 150 workers £8,000 worse off – as the number of workers working on bin lorries will be reduced from four to three.

Workers on the picket line outside Birmingham waste depot
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From 1 April: Workers on the picket line outside Birmingham waste depot

The council said it scrapped the WRCO role to put the city’s waste operations in line with national practice and to improve its waste collection service.

It said all workers have been offered alternative employment at the same pay, driver training or voluntary redundancy and that offer remains open.

Three military planners are understood to have been assigned to the city to provide logistical support to Birmingham’s council for a short period of time.

What are the impacts?

Normally, the city’s waste teams would make more than half a million collections in a week with 200 vehicles deployed over eight-hour daily shifts.

This has been reduced to just over 26,000 since the start of April, according to the latest council figures.

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From 14 April: Bin strikes clean-up could cost over £200m

The cost of the ongoing clean-up could cause even more damage to the council, which effectively declared bankruptcy in 2023. One waste management agency told Sky News that totally clearing the backlog could cost more than £200m.

The strike has become one of the longest the UK has seen in recent years.

Back in 1978-79, the winter of discontent led to rubbish piling up on the streets of London, as the waste collection industry joined other trade unions in demanding larger pay rises in response to government caps.

More recently, more than 200 bin workers in the Wirral went on a week-long strike in 2022, eventually securing a 15% pay rise. In the same year, a similar dispute over pay saw rubbish pile up in Edinburgh during the city’s busy festival season.

Overflowing bins on a street in Birmingham on Easter Sunday
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Overflowing bins on a street in Birmingham on 20 April

Rubbish bags are taken away on Poplar Road in Birmingham.
Pic: PA
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Pic: PA

Why is it taking so long to settle the dispute?

Unite, the union representing striking workers, and the city council have failed to reach an agreement since the strike began in March, with Unite holding firm on the strike action despite pressure from the government.

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Bin workers reject council offer

Members rejected the council’s latest offer on 14 April by 97% on 60% turnout, saying it was “totally inadequate” and did not address potential pay cuts for 200 drivers.

The union’s general secretary Sharon Graham said the rejection was “no surprise” as “workers simply cannot afford to take pay cuts of this magnitude to pay the price for bad decision after bad decision”.

Meanwhile, the government and council said it was a “significantly improved” offer.

SN pics from 10/04/25 Tyseley Lane, Tyseley, Birmingham showing some rubbish piling up because of bin strikes
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Tyseley Lane on 10 April

Responding to an urgent question in the House of Commons on 22 April, communities minister Jim McMahon said “significant progress” had been made in dealing with the remaining tonnes of rubbish.

He said through “a concerted effort” and with the assistance of other councils, private operators and workers, 26,000 tonnes of excess waste had been removed, and the levels were “approaching normal”.

Council leader John Cotton told Sky News’ Midlands correspondent Lisa Dowd on 16 April that it “pains” him to see pictures of mounds of rubbish and rats feeding off the mess being broadcast around the world.

He said the only way for the normal waste collection schedule to resume was for the strike to end – but added the cash-strapped council has “red lines” that it will not cross during negotiations.

Deputy prime minister Angela Rayner visited the city on 10 April and urged the union to end the “misery and disruption” by accepting a pay deal.

Deputy Prime Minister Angela Rayner says she is "urging Unite" to accept the council's "improved offer" and suspend strike action in Birmingham.
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Angela Rayner ‘urged’ the union to accept the council’s deal

How have residents been affected?

Mounting rubbish has led to residents complaining of a risk to public health, with rotting food attracting foxes, cockroaches and rats.

Rashid Campbell, a local resident who is part of a volunteer litter-picking team from the Birmingham Central Mosque, told Sky’s Shamaan Freeman-Powell that 12 members of his team collected 24 bags of rubbish from two Birmingham streets on Easter Sunday.

“If we don’t [litter-pick], we’re just going to be drowning in rubbish,” he said.

Latifat Abdul Majed Isah said even in some places where bins have been taken away, the street remained “dirty, unpalatable and unpleasant to see”.

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Volunteers take action amid bin strikes

Joseph McHale, a rat-catcher from Vergo Pest Management, told Sky News at the beginning of April that discarded bin bags provide vermin with “somewhere to hide, somewhere to feed, somewhere to stay warm”.

He said his business had seen a 60% increase in people from Birmingham calling them for help.

By declaring a major incident, the council was able to free up an additional 35 vehicles and crews to clear rubbish and fly-tipping from the streets.

The limited number of waste trucks are deployed each morning from three depots across the city and cover multiple different routes.

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Examining Birmingham’s ‘rat super highway’

Residents are also able to dispose of household general waste and bulky items at the council’s mobile household waste centres, without prebooking.

To recycle household items, locals are required to book a slot at one of the council’s household recycling centres.

Could it spread to other areas?

The union’s general secretary has warned the strikes could “absolutely” spread to other areas.

“If other councils decide to make low-paid workers pay for bad decisions that they did not make, workers paying the price yet again, then absolutely, of course, we all have to take action in those other areas,” Sharon Graham told LBC.

The union’s national lead officer Onay Kasab agreed, telling BBC Four: “Well, if other local authorities look to cut the pay of essential public service workers, then there is the potential for strike action spreading.

“That’s why different political choices need to be made.”

Ms Graham also criticised the government, saying it had taken them “a huge amount of time to get involved in the dispute”.

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What are the chances of a British Pope? These are the UK cardinals going to Rome

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What are the chances of a British Pope? These are the UK cardinals going to Rome

With the death of Pope Francis, cardinals from around the world will soon gather in the Vatican to choose a new pontiff. Francis, of course, hailed from Argentina – but could the next pope be British?

It’s been 866 years since the papacy of Britain’s only ever pontiff (Pope Adrian IV) ended in 1159, and the history of the Catholic Church in the UK since then has been turbulent, with King Henry VIII perhaps the main culprit.

There are currently four British cardinals, three of whom are young enough to vote in the conclave.

And while none of them are considered odds-on favourites for the top job, it’s true that surprises do happen behind the shuttered doors of the secretive congregation of cardinals.

So who are the British cardinals, and could one of them be the next pope?

Cardinal Vincent Nichols during a press conference in the Throne Room of Archbishop's House, central London, following the announcement by the Vatican of the death of Pope Francis aged 88. Picture date: Monday April 21, 2025.
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Cardinal Vincent Nichols. Pic: PA

Head of the Catholic Church in England and Wales
Cardinal Vincent Nichols, 79

Born in Crosby near Liverpool, as a child Cardinal Vincent Nichols hoped to be a lorry driver but as a teenager reportedly felt the calling to join the priesthood while watching Liverpool FC.

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He has served as the Archbishop of Westminster since 2009, the most senior position in the Catholic Church in England and Wales. Before that he was the Archbishop of Birmingham.

As cardinal, he is known for leading the church’s work tackling human trafficking and modern slavery, for which he received the UN Path to Peace Award.

He was criticised by the UK’s Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse, which said he “demonstrated a lack of understanding” of the impact of abuse and “seemingly put the reputation of the church first”.

Cardinal Nichols, responding to the findings, told Sky News he was “ashamed at what has happened in the context of the Catholic Church” and promised to improve the church’s response.

“He has quite a reputation,” says religious historian and writer Catherine Pepinster. “But I don’t think anybody has suggested he should be made pope.”

He himself has appeared to rule himself out of the running as well, telling reporters he was “too old, not capable”.

Read more:
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Cardinal Timothy Radcliffe (left) and Cardinal Vincent Nichols during a press conference in the Throne Room of Archbishop's House, central London, following the announcement by the Vatican of the death of Pope Francis aged 88. Picture date: Monday April 21, 2025. PA Photo. See PA story DEATH Pope. Photo credit should read: James Manning/PA Wire
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Cardinal Timothy Radcliffe. Pic: PA

The Francis ally
Cardinal Timothy Radcliffe, 79

Born in London in 1945, Cardinal Timothy Radcliffe entered the Dominican Order of preachers in 1965 and was ordained as a priest in 1971.

As Master of the Dominican Order – the first Englishman in its 800-year history – he was popular for his speeches around the monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience in the modern world.

He was appointed cardinal just last year, on 7 December 2024, and is viewed as an ally of Pope Francis who could vote for a candidate who would continue his work.

He’s a popular figure, says Michael Walsh, an expert on Catholic issues, but his age likely rules him out from serious consideration, he added.

“Timothy Radcliffe is an interesting one,” says Ms Pepinster. “There are a lot of people who listen to what he says.

“He has a reputation for speaking very well so possibly (he could be considered), but he’s nearly 80.”

Like Cardinal Nichols, however, Cardinal Radcliffe appears to have confirmed he does not want the job, telling reporters he believed the Holy Spirit was “far too wise to even think of me (as pope) for the shortest moment”.

File pic: Pierpaolo Scavuzzo/AGF/Shutterstock
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Cardinal Michael Fitzgerald. Pic: Pierpaolo Scavuzzo/AGF/Shutterstock

The diplomat
Cardinal Michael Fitzgerald, 87

Made a cardinal by Pope Francis in 2019, Michael Fitzgerald has been one of the leading experts on Christian-Muslim relations and served as one of the Catholic Church’s delegates to the Arab League of nations.

His ministry saw him spend time in Africa and he was appointed titular archbishop of Nepte in Tunisia.

He is known for engaging with other faiths and wrote a booklet to help Catholics understand and support Muslims during Ramadan.

He also served as apostolic nuncio to Egypt, a diplomatic role similar to an ambassador.

At 87, he is too old to vote for the next pope but can still play a key role behind the scenes in discussions before the conclave starts.

It’s also not technically impossible for him to be elected pontiff himself, despite being too old to cast his own vote, though it isn’t likely.

File pic: Evandro Inetti/ZUMA Press Wire/Shutterstock
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Cardinal Arthur Roche. Pic: Evandro Inetti/ZUMA Press Wire/Shutterstock

The Vatican insider
Cardinal Arthur Roche, 75

Born in West Yorkshire in 1950, Cardinal Arthur Roche was ordained a priest at the age of 25 in the Diocese of Leeds.

Within the church, some have regarded him as a cleric who was being fast-tracked to hold high office.

His time as Bishop of Leeds was not without controversy, both for liturgical reasons and also for his programme of closures and mergers of churches in his diocese.

He has held various posts in the Vatican and was made an Archbishop by Pope Benedict XVI in 2012, before being made a cardinal by Pope Francis in 2022.

Dr Walsh says that Cardinal Roche isn’t viewed as a “significant character”, while Ms Pepinster suggested that his tenure as a Vatican official could work against him when it comes to cardinals coming in from all over the world.

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Cardinals arrive to discuss Pope Francis’s burial

A British pope? Maybe not this time

“I don’t think there’s anything against having an English pope at all,” says Mr Walsh, when asked how Britain was viewed generally.

But with all four British cardinals now 75 or older, age may make them unlikely candidates to be pope, he said.

“I think they will look for someone younger,” he added.

There’s also a growing consensus that, like with Francis, the next pope should come from beyond Europe, Ms Pepinster added.

Many believe that, as the Church has expanded beyond its Catholic heartlands, the next pope should come from elsewhere.

However, Sky News understands there are whispers around the Vatican that suggest the next pope will indeed be from Europe, and likely from Italy.

Asked about the next pope, Cardinal Radcliffe said: “I think that we always open ourselves to be surprised. All recent popes have been quite different from each other.”

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