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A general view of the exterior of the headquarters of Norfolk Southern on April 1, 2023 in Atlanta, Georgia. 

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Norfolk Southern is almost two months into a battle with activist investor Ancora, which is trying to shake up the railroad’s board and oust CEO Alan Shaw.

Now the firm is taking aim at Norfolk Southern’s new operating chief John Orr over what the activist calls an “excessive” buyout package and a career marred by allegations of racial and sexual discrimination.

Last month, Norfolk Southern hired Orr away from rival CPKC, paying tens of millions of dollars to buy him out of his contract. The move was widely seen as a response to Ancora’s operational criticisms and received praise from several Wall Street analysts.

In a letter to Norfolk Southern shareholders on Friday, Ancora highlighted past misconduct by Orr that raises questions about his hiring, even as the executive has overseen improvements in the railroad’s operations in his three weeks on the job.

Ancora documented both alleged and substantiated workplace misconduct by Orr, dating back to his time as a mid-level executive at Canadian National. An appointee of the Canadian Arbitration Board substantiated allegations that Orr used verbally abusive language toward a female employee in the early 2000s. 

The employee and another witness told the employment tribunal at the time that Orr regularly cursed and shouted at the employee, and called her a “f—— b—-” and a “f—— idiot.” A witness told the arbitrator that, in one instance, Orr told the employee that she “was so f—— stupid it was embarrassing.”

The arbitrator found the claims credible. 

Norfolk Southern CEO: We have offered board seats to activist investor

Ancora also flagged a lawsuit filed in 2019 by a Black executive, who described Orr’s treatment of employees and subordinates as “abysmal.” The suit was filed against Canadian National, alleging racial discrimination.

Orr’s behavior was allegedly “so bad” that Canadian National was forced to provide executive coaching for him, according to a 2020 filing in the lawsuit. Orr’s deposition is sealed and the case was settled in 2022.

Prior to the announced hiring of Orr, Ancora drew attention to claims about his behavior in emails to two Norfolk Southern board members that CNBC obtained.

Ancora said in its statement on Friday that the hiring of Orr was a costly proposition that’s harming shareholders. As part of the agreement, Norfolk Southern said it would pay Orr’s prior employer $25 million in cash and provide additional unspecified concessions for a key rail hub and route in the southern U.S. Norfolk Southern values that particular part of the route at around 1% of its revenues.

When it announced Orr’s hiring, Norfolk Southern didn’t disclose the initial impact of the concessions or the estimated knock-on effects in the years to come.

‘Flawed premise’

Norfolk Southern told CNBC in a statement that Ancora’s analysis of the value of the route — the Meridian Speedway agreement — “is completely inaccurate and based on a flawed premise,” in that it assumes Norfolk Southern is forgoing more revenue than it actually is.

“As we previously stated, this revised agreement is by no means a consequential concession,” the company said.

Ancora is seeking to oust Norfolk Southern’s Shaw along with Orr in favor of former UPS CEO Jim Barber and former CSX Executive Vice President Jamie Boychuk, respectively. The activist has said that Norfolk Southern is dramatically underperforming its peers, and has laid the blame at the feet of Shaw and the board.

Regarding Orr, Norfolk Southern said he has a “track record of improving performance while operating safely and with integrity.”

“Ancora’s attempt to malign John by dredging up claims against his former employer, one of which is from over 20 years ago, is nothing more than an attempt to distract from the facts about their deeply flawed COO candidate, Jamie Boychuk,” a company spokesperson told CNBC. “Mr. Orr and Mr. Boychuk’s track records and industry reputations are simply not comparable.”

Jamie Boychuk and John Orr.

Courtesy: Longacre Square Partners and Norfolk Southern

In February 2023, a Norfolk Southern freight train derailed in East Palestine, Ohio, releasing toxic chemicals into the environment and prompting a political fight regarding railroad safety. Since then, the stock is roughly flat while the S&P 500 is up 26%.

Norfolk Southern’s shareholders meeting is scheduled for May 9.

Ancora has gained the backing of other stakeholders in its fight with the company. Neuberger Berman, which holds a small position in Norfolk Southern, said on Friday that it would support Ancora’s slate, citing a “history of poor governance that has long preceded” the railroad’s transformation efforts.

A settlement between the two sides appears unlikely, Gordon Haskett analyst Don Bilson said in a Friday note to clients. Shaw previously told CNBC that the company offered Ancora a “couple” of board seats in a settlement offer.

Ancora told CNBC that it’s made repeated attempts to settle with the company, both directly and through advisors. Any settlement, from Ancora’s perspective, would be contingent on a board refresh and Shaw’s ouster. The board has repeatedly expressed confidence in Shaw and has said it isn’t interested in a settlement that would lead to his departure.

Don’t miss these stories from CNBC PRO:

Barclays upgrades Norfolk Southern to overweight after activism activity from Ancora

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CNBC Daily Open: Some hope after last week’s U.S. market rout

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CNBC Daily Open: Some hope after last week's U.S. market rout

Traders work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) on Nov. 21, 2025 in New York City.

Spencer Platt | Getty Images

Last week on Wall Street, two forces dragged stocks lower: a set of high-stakes numbers from Nvidia and the U.S. jobs report that landed with more heat than expected. But the leaves that remained after hot tea scalded investors seemed to augur good tidings.

Even though Nvidia’s third-quarter results easily breezed past Wall Street’s estimates, they couldn’t quell worries about lofty valuations and an unsustainable bubble inflating in the artificial intelligence sector. The “Magnificent Seven” cohort — save Alphabethad a losing week.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics added to the pressure. September payrolls rose far more than economists expected, prompting investors to pare back their bets of a December interest rate cut. The timing didn’t help matters, as the report had been delayed and hit just as markets were already on edge.

By Friday’s close, the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average lost roughly 2% for the week, while the Nasdaq Composite tumbled 2.7%.

Still, a flicker of hope appeared on the horizon.

On Friday, New York Federal Reserve President John Williams said that he sees “room” for the central bank to lower interest rates, describing current policy as “modestly restrictive.” His comments caused traders to increase their bets on a December cut to around 70%, up from 44.4% a week ago, according to the CME FedWatch tool.

And despite a broad sell-off in AI stocks last week, Alphabet shares bucked the trend. Investors seemed impressed by its new AI model, Gemini 3, and hopeful that its development of custom chips could rival Nvidia’s in the long run.

Meanwhile, Eli Lilly’s ascent into the $1 trillion valuation club served as a reminder that market leadership doesn’t belong to tech alone. In a market defined by narrow concentration, any sign of broadening strength is a welcome change.

Diversification, even within AI’s sprawling ecosystem, might be exactly what this market needs now.

What you need to know today

And finally…

The Beijing music venue DDC was one of the latest to have to cancel a performance by a Japanese artist on Nov. 20, 2025, in the wake of escalating bilateral tensions.

Screenshot

Japanese concerts in China are getting abruptly canceled as tensions simmer

China’s escalating dispute with Japan reinforces Beijing’s growing economic influence — and penchant for abrupt actions that can create uncertainty for businesses.

Hours before Japanese jazz quintet The Blend was due to perform in Beijing on Thursday, a plainclothesman walked into the DDC music club during a sound check. Then, “the owner of the live house came to me and said: ‘The police has told me tonight is canceled,'” said Christian Petersen-Clausen, a music agent.

— Evelyn Cheng

Correction: This report has been updated to correct the spelling of Eli Lilly.

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Meta halted internal research suggesting social media harm, court filing alleges

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Meta halted internal research suggesting social media harm, court filing alleges

Meta halted internal research that purportedly showed that people who stopped using Facebook became less depressed and anxious, according to a legal filing that was released on Friday.

The social media giant was alleged to have initiated the study, dubbed Project Mercury, in late 2019 as a way to help it “explore the impact that our apps have on polarization, news consumption, well-being, and daily social interactions,” according to the legal brief, filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California.

The filing contains newly unredacted information pertaining to Meta.

The newly released legal brief is related to high-profile multidistrict litigation from a variety of plaintiffs, such as school districts, parents and state attorneys general against social media companies like Meta, Google’s YouTube, Snap and TikTok.

The plaintiffs claim that these businesses were aware that their respective platforms caused various mental health-related harms to children and young adults, but failed to take action and instead misled educators and authorities, among several allegations.

“We strongly disagree with these allegations, which rely on cherry-picked quotes and misinformed opinions in an attempt to present a deliberately misleading picture,” Meta spokesperson Andy Stone said in a statement. “The full record will show that for over a decade, we have listened to parents, researched issues that matter most, and made real changes to protect teens—like introducing Teen Accounts with built-in protections and providing parents with controls to manage their teens’ experiences.”

A Google spokesperson said in a statement that “These lawsuits fundamentally misunderstand how YouTube works and the allegations are simply not true.”

“YouTube is a streaming service where people come to watch everything from live sports to podcasts to their favorite creators, primarily on TV screens, not a social network where people go to catch up with friends,” the Google spokesperson said. “We’ve also developed dedicated tools for young people, guided by child safety experts, that give families control.”

Snap and TikTok did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

The 2019 Meta research was based on a random sample of consumers who stopped their Facebook and Instagram usage for a month, the lawsuit said. The lawsuit alleged that Meta was disappointed that the initial tests of the study showed that people who stopped using Facebook “for a week reported lower feelings of depression, anxiety, loneliness, and social comparison.”

Meta allegedly chose not to “sound the alarm,” but instead stopped the research, the lawsuit said.

“The company never publicly disclosed the results of its deactivation study,” according to the suit. “Instead, Meta lied to Congress about what it knew.”

The lawsuit cites an unnamed Meta employee who allegedly said, “If the results are bad and we don’t publish and they leak, is it going to look like tobacco companies doing research and knowing cigs were bad and then keeping that info to themselves?”

Stone, in a series of social media posts, pushed back on the lawsuit’s implication that Meta shuttered the internal research after it allegedly showed a causal relationship between its apps and adverse mental-health effects.

Stone characterized the 2019 study as flawed and said it was the reason that the company expressed disappointment. The study, Stone said, merely found that “people who believed using Facebook was bad for them felt better when they stopped using it.”

“This is a confirmation of other public research (“deactivation studies”) out there that demonstrates the same effect,” Stone said in a separate post. “It makes intuitive sense but it doesn’t show anything about the actual effect of using the platform.”

CNBC’s Lora Kolodny contributed reporting.

WATCH: Final trades: Meta, S&P Global and Idexx Lab.

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Google’s new AI model puts OpenAI, the great conundrum of this market, on shakier ground

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Google's new AI model puts OpenAI, the great conundrum of this market, on shakier ground

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