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By Pooja Toshniwal Paharia Apr 30 2024 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

In a recent study published in Scientific Advances, researchers created a bioresorbable, cordless, passive sensor that monitors pH locally and detects stomach leakage early on.

Study:  Bioresorbable, wireless, passive sensors for continuous pH measurements and early detection of gastric leakage . Image Credit: sasirin pamai/Shutterstock.com Background

Biomarkers surrounding internal organs can give postoperative information, such as intra-abdominal pH changes following stomach surgery. Traditional radiological procedures are neither biocompatible nor appropriate for temporary implants.

An implanted, wireless pH sensor might be the most efficient method for rapid detection. Recent improvements in response-generating hydrogels show promise for point-of-care medical diagnostics.

Incorporating pH-responsive hydrogels into wireless electrical devices may be an effective engineering strategy. About the study

In the present study, researchers developed a bioresorbable device for early detection of anastomotic leaks following gastric surgery, using passive analog-type wireless communications to ensure rapid reaction times and early clinical outcomes.

A pH-sensitive hydrogel functioned as the transducer, connecting to a mechanically designed inductor-capacitor circuit, enabling wireless reading. The hydrogel is functionalized with pH-responsive-type tertiary amines, resulting in specific, mechanically durable, biodegradable, and pH-responsive hydrogels.

This material provided supporting matrices for inductor-capacitor (LC) resonance circuits, rapidly converting dimensional alterations into resonant frequency shifts in magnitudes measured precisely by inductive connections to external reading devices.

Mechanics models help inform decisions on the optimum hydrogel and circuit component geometries, particularly that of the sensor inductor. Systematic investigations in animals and device setups in vitro confirm the device's continuous pH monitoring ability.

The researchers established the technology's biocompatibility and bioresorbability by histological examinations, complete blood count (CBC) testing, and serum chemistry. Related StoriesEngineered peptides show promise in cancer immunotherapyResearchers elucidate how gene mutation mechanism causes autismStudy finds high microplastic levels in Mediterranean fish despite low chemical contaminants

The fabrication technique included combining poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate (PEGDA), poly[2- (diisopropylamine)ethyl methacrylate (PDPAEMA), and 2,2- dimethoxy- 2- phenyl acetophenone (DMPA), curing the hydrogel with UV radiation, and laser cutting Zn foils to form an inductor with spiral coils.

Molten bioresorbable wax was infused into the channels, resulting in a homogeneous, electrically insulating layer. The location of the inductor and capacitor was determined by demolding the wax-coated Zn coil and casting the pH-responsive hydrogel prepolymer.

The researchers defined the capacitor's top and bottom electrodes by laser-cutting Zn foil discs. The reading system consists of a VNA and a single-turn coil. Setting the VNA to reflective mode allows for measurements of the actual and virtual portions of the S-matrix element S11.

The pH of all buffer solutions and biofluids is calibrated and verified with an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor pH meter.

The study included adult male Lewis rats aged 14-16 weeks acclimatized for up to 7 days before surgery. During the implantation procedure, the rats were given general anesthesia via inhaled isoflurane vapor.

The team conducted functional tests on euthanized pigs and several rat models. They obtained blood samples four, six, and twelve weeks after implantation and preserved the explanted organs in neutral-buffered formalin for histological research. Results

The platform monitors gastric fluid leakage during the crucial risk phase after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). It uses wireless readout coils to measure the sensor circuit's resonance frequency, which is affected by the surrounding biological fluid acidity.

Any leaking stomach contents (pH 1.0 to 3.0) infiltrate the hydrogel, causing edema and sudden resonant frequency (FS) shift, necessitating surgical intervention. The device degrades spontaneously following the healing time, reducing the dangers and expenses associated with future extraction operations.

The sensitive part of the monitoring device is the pH-reactive hydrogel enclosed in an inductor with a serpentine spiral shape.

The hydrogel degrades in biological fluids by hydrolyzing the constituent ester groups or ether cleavage during oxidation, rendering it water-soluble, harmless, and removable from the human body. The inductor design seeks to reduce mechanical compliance while maintaining low resistance and a high quality (Q) factor.

Performance assessments centered on the wireless readout showed that the sensor could achieve accuracy across a wide range of approximately 3.0 cm through the air and 2.0 cm through fat and lean tissues. 

Non-destructive medical imaging technologies, such as ultrasonography, can aid in determining the precise placement of deployed sensors during routine bedside examinations. Additional trials show that the sensor can respond to acid injected up to 6.0 cm away within an hour.  

The researchers used small and large animal models to test stability and appropriate functioning during a seven-day therapeutically relevant timeframe.

The study shows that implantation of a pH sensor in rat models does not harm organ tissues or produce inflammatory responses such as immune cell aggregation.

The study presents a wireless device for postoperative monitoring of gastric leakage and biosorption following surgery. The sensor, which causes water and hydrogen ion diffusion into a biodegradable hydrogel, enables volumetric expansion and inductance changes.

These changes can be wirelessly sensed as shifts in the resonance frequency and recorded via near-field coupling to an external reader. Mechanical models help guide design decisions, and potential enhancements include increasing wireless sensing range and merging tethered and deployable hydrogel device designs. Journal reference:

Shuo Li et al. (2024) Bioresorbable, wireless, passive sensors for continuous pH measurements and early detection of gastric leakage. Sci. Adv. 2024, 10, eadj0268, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adj0268. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj0268

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Politics

‘Shameful’ that black boys in London more likely to die than white boys, says Met Police chief

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'Shameful' that black boys in London more likely to die than white boys, says Met Police chief

It is “shameful” that black boys growing up in London are “far more likely” to die than white boys, Metropolitan Police chief Sir Mark Rowley has told Sky News.

The commissioner told Sunday Morning with Trevor Phillips that relations with minority communities “is difficult for us”.

Sir Mark, who came out of retirement to become head of the UK’s largest police force in 2022, said: “We can’t pretend otherwise that we’ve got a history between policing and black communities where policing has got a lot wrong.

“And we get a lot more right today, but we do still make mistakes. That’s not in doubt. I’m being as relentless in that as it can be.”

He said the “vast majority” of the force are “good people”.

However, he added: “But that legacy, combined with the tragedy that some of this crime falls most heavily in black communities, that creates a real problem because the legacy creates concern.”

Sir Mark, who also leads the UK’s counter-terrorism policing, said it is “not right” that black boys growing up in London “are far more likely to be dead by the time they’re 18” than white boys.

“That’s, I think, shameful for the city,” he admitted.

The Met Police chief’s admission comes two years after an official report found the force is institutionally racist, misogynistic and homophobic.

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Police chase suspected phone thief

Baroness Casey was commissioned in 2021 to look into the Met Police after serving police officer Wayne Couzens abducted, raped and murdered Sarah Everard.

She pinned the primary blame for the Met’s culture on its past leadership and found that stop and search and the use of force against black people was excessive.

At the time, Sir Mark, who had been commissioner for six months when the report was published, said he would not use the labels of institutionally racist, institutionally misogynistic and institutionally homophobic, which Casey insisted the Met deserved.

However, London Mayor Sadiq Khan, who helped hire Sir Mark – and could fire him – made it clear the commissioner agreed with Baroness Casey’s verdict.

After the report was released, Sir Mark said “institutional” was political language so he was not going to use it, but he accepted “we have racists, misogynists…systematic failings, management failings, cultural failings”.

A few months after the report, Sir Mark launched a two-year £366m plan to overhaul the Met, including increased emphasis on neighbourhood policing to rebuild public trust and plans to recruit 500 more community support officers and an extra 565 people to work with teams investigating domestic violence, sexual offences and child sexual abuse and exploitation.

Watch the full interview on Sunday Morning with Trevor Phillips from 8.30am on Sunday.

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World

Backlash as Air India crash report points to possible human error – here’s what experts think

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Backlash as Air India crash report points to possible human error - here's what experts think

As investigators continue to piece together the full picture, early findings of the Air India crash are pointing towards a critical area of concern — the aircraft’s fuel control switches.

The flight, bound for London Gatwick, crashed just moments after taking off from Ahmedabad airport on 12 June, killing all but one of the 242 people on board the plane and at least 19 on the ground.

According to the preliminary report by India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), the two engine fuel control switches on the plane were moved from the “RUN” to “CUTOFF” position.

These switches control fuel flow to the engines and should only be used when the aircraft is on ground, first to start the engines before a flight and later to shut them down at the gate.

They are designed so they’re unlikely to be changed accidentally, pointing to possible human error on the Air India flight.

The findings include the final conversation between the pilots and show there was confusion in the cockpit as well.

When one pilot asked the other why he cut off the fuel, he responded to say he did not do so.

Pic: Takagi
Image:
The Air India plane before the crash. Pic: Takagi

Moments later, a Mayday call was made from the cockpit, but the plane could not regain power quickly enough and plummeted to the ground.

Captain Amit Singh, founder of Safety Matters Foundation, an organisation dedicated to aviation safety, told Sky News: “This exchange indicates that the engine shutdowns were uncommanded.

“However, the report does not identify the cause – whether it was crew error, mechanical malfunction, or electronic failure.”

Previous warning of ‘possible fuel switch issue’

“The Boeing 787 uses spring-loaded locking mechanisms on its fuel control switches to prevent accidental movement,” Mr Singh explained.

But a previous bulletin from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) “warned that these switches might be installed with the locking feature disengaged,” he said.

This could “make them susceptible to unintended movement due to vibration, contact, or quadrant flex”, he added.

A tail of an Air India Boeing 787 Dreamliner plane that crashed is seen stuck on a building. Pic: Reuters
Image:
The plane’s tail lodged in a building. Pic: Reuters

Speaking to Sky News, aviation expert Terry Tozner said: “The take-off was normal, the aircraft rotated at the correct speed left the ground and almost immediately, the cut-off switches were selected to off, one then two.

“But nobody has said with any clarity whether or not the latch mechanisms worked okay on this particular aircraft. So we can only assume that they were in normal working order.”

In India, there has been a backlash over the findings, with some saying the report points to pilot error without much information and almost dismisses the possibility of a mechanical or electric failure.

Indian government responds

India’s civil aviation minister Kinjarapu Ram Mohan Naidu has been quick to respond, saying: “We care for the welfare and the wellbeing of pilots so let’s not jump to any conclusions at this stage, let us wait for the final report.

“I believe we have the most wonderful workforce of pilots and crew in the whole world.”

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India plane crash survivor carries brother’s coffin

Both pilots were experienced, with around 19,000 flying hours between them, including more than 9,000 on Boeing 787s.

The report says the aircraft maintenance checks were on schedule and that there are no signs of fuel contamination or a bird strike.

So far, no safety recommendations have been issued to Boeing or General Electric, the engine manufacturers.

Concern over destroyed flight recorder

Mr Singh said “the survivability of the flight recorders also raises concern”.

The plane’s rear flight recorder, designed to withstand impact forces of 3,400 Gs and temperatures of 1,100C for 60 minutes, “was damaged beyond recovery”.

Read more:
Everything you need to know about the crash
Air India’s lone survivor is nothing short of miracle

“The Ram Air Turbine (RAT), which deploys automatically when both engines fail and power drops below a threshold, was observed as deployed in CCTV footage when the aircraft was approximately 60ft above ground level,” Mr Singh said.

“This suggests that the dual engine failure likely occurred before the official timestamp of 08:08:42 UTC, implying a possible discrepancy.”

Prime Minister Narendra Modi/X/AP
Image:
India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi visiting the crash site. Pic: X/AP

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Mr Singh said it was also “of particular note” that the plane’s emergency locator transmitter (ELT) did not send any signal after the crash.

“Was the ELT damaged, unarmed, mis-wired, or malfunctioning?” he said.

The report has generated more questions than answers on topics including human error, power source failures and mechanical or electrical malfunction.

The final report is expected to take a year. Meanwhile, families grapple with the unimaginable loss of loved ones in one of the worst disasters in India’s aviation history.

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Environment

Tesla launches new software update with Grok, but it doesnt even interface with the car

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Tesla launches new software update with Grok, but it doesnt even interface with the car

Tesla has launched a new software update for its vehicles that includes the anticipated integration of Grok, but it doesnt even interface with the car yet.

Earlier this week, CEO Elon Musk said that Tesla would integrate Grok, the large language model developed by his private company, xAI, into its vehicles.

Today, Tesla started pushing the update to the fleet, but there’s a significant caveat.

The automaker wrote in the release notes (2025.26):

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Grok (Beta) (US, AMD)

Grok now available directly in your Tesla

Requires Premium Connectivity or a WiFi connection

Grok is currently in Beta & does not issue commands to your car – existing voice commands remain unchanged.

First off, it is only available in vehicles in the US equipped with the AMD infotainment computer, which means cars produced since mid-2021.

But more importantly, Tesla says that it doesn’t send commands to the car under the current version. Therefore, it is simply like having Grok on your phone, but on the onboard computer instead.

Tesla showed an example:

There are a few other features in the 2025.26 software update, but they are not major.

For Tesla vehicles equipped with ambient lighting strips inside the car, the light strip can now sync to music:

Accent lights now respond to music & you can also choose to match the lights to the album’s color for a more immersive effect

Toybox > Light Sync

Here’s the new setting:

The audio setting can now be saved under multiple presets to match listening preferences for different people or circumstances:

The software update also includes the capacity to zoom or adjust the playback speed of the Dashcam Viewer.

Cybertruck also gets the updated Dashcam Viewer app with a grid view for easier access and review of recordings:

Tesla also updated the charging info in its navigation system to be able to search which locations require valet service or pay-to-park access.

Upon arrival, drivers will receive a notification with access codes, parking restrictions, level or floor information, and restroom availability:

Finally, there’s a new onboarding guide directly on the center display to help people who are experiencing a Tesla vehicle for the first time.

Electrek’s Take

Tesla is really playing catch-up here. Right now, this update is essentially nothing. If you already have Grok, it’s no more different than having it on your phone or through the vehicle’s browser, since it has no capacity to interact with any function inside the vehicle.

Most other automakers are integrating LLMs inside vehicles with the capacity to interact with the vehicle. In China, this is becoming standard even in entry-level cars.

In the Xiaomi YU7, the vehicle’s AI can not only interact with the car, but it also sees what the car sees through its camera, and it can tell you about what it sees:

Tesla is clearly far behind on that front as many automakers are integrating with other LLMs like ChatGPT and in-house LLMs, like Xiaomi’s.

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