MSPs have voted to abolish Scotland’s controversial not proven verdict.

The Scottish government’s flagship Victims, Witnesses and Justice Reform (Scotland) Bill was passed on Wednesday following a lengthy debate of more than 160 amendments that began the day before.

The new legislation makes a series of changes to the justice system, including scrapping the not proven verdict; establishing a specialist sexual offences court; creating a victims and witnesses commissioner; reforming the jury process to require a two-thirds majority for conviction; and implementing Suzanne’s Law which will require the parole board to take into account if a killer continues to refuse to reveal where they hid their victim’s body.

Following Royal Assent, the legislation will be implemented in phases.

Justice Secretary Angela Constance said: “This historic legislation will put victims and witnesses at the heart of a modern and fair justice system.

“By changing culture, process and practice across the system, it will help to ensure victims are heard, supported, protected and treated with compassion, while the rights of the accused will continue to be safeguarded.

“This legislation, which builds on progress in recent years, has been shaped by the voices of victims, survivors, their families and support organisations, and it is testimony to their tireless efforts to campaign for further improvement.

“I am grateful to those who bravely shared their experiences to inform the development of this legislation and pave a better, more compassionate path for others.”

Victim Support Scotland (VSS) had earlier urged MSPs to put aside party politics and vote “for the intention of the bill”.

Kate Wallace, chief executive of VSS, believes the act is a “solid foundation” on which to build further improvements.

She added: “The passing of this act represents a momentous occasion for Scotland’s criminal justice system.

“It marks a significant step towards creating a system that considers and prioritises the needs of people impacted by crime.”

VSS worked with the families of Arlene Fraser and Suzanne Pilley to spearhead Suzanne’s Law.

Ms Fraser was murdered by estranged husband Nat Fraser in 1998, while Ms Pilley was killed by David Gilroy in 2010. To date, the women’s bodies have never been recovered.

Before the bill, parole board rules dictated that a killer’s refusal to disclose the information “may” be taken into account.

The new legislation means parole boards “must” take the refusal to cooperate into account.

Carol Gillies, sister of Ms Fraser, and Gail Fairgrieve, sister of Ms Pilley said: “We have done everything possible to make this change to parole in memory of Arlene and Suzanne, and for other people who have lost their lives in such a horrific way.

“For our families, the passing of this act and the change to parole are momentous.”

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The Scottish Conservatives and Scottish Labour voted against the bill.

Although in support of the abolition of the not proven verdict, the Scottish Tories said they had been left with no alternative but to oppose the bill after the SNP rejected a series of amendments.

The party had called for a Scotland-only grooming gangs inquiry; wanted victims to be told if a decision was taken not to prosecute an accused; and for all victims to be informed if a plea deal was struck between defence and prosecution lawyers.

They also wanted Suzanne’s Law to be strengthened, which would have compelled killers to reveal the location of their victim’s body or risk having their parole rejected – ensuring “no body, no release”.

MSP Liam Kerr, shadow justice secretary, said: “This half-baked bill sells the victims of crime desperately short.

“By ignoring many of the key demands of victims’ groups, the SNP have squandered the chance for a long overdue rebalancing of Scotland’s justice system.

“The Scottish Conservatives’ common sense amendments would have given this legislation real teeth but, by rejecting them, the nationalists have delivered a victims’ bill in name only.

“While we back the abolition of the not proven verdict, the SNP’s intransigence on a number of key issues meant we could not support this bill in its final form.”

The families of the three girls murdered in the Southport attack have claimed the parents of killer Axel Rudakubana “knew and ignored the risk he posed to the public”.

They also pointed to “multiple errors, omissions and fatal misjudgements” by mental health services, social services and police.

The claims were made as the families outlined for the first time the issues they want the public inquiry, being held at Liverpool Town Hall, to examine over the next seven weeks.

Rudakubana’s brother Dion said he wanted the inquiry to examine whether his sibling’s exclusion from school and transfer to a pupil referral unit had increased his sense of isolation from friends and family.

The inquiry had previously heard about a series of efforts made by Rudakubana’s parents to get him help with his mental health in the years before the attack but also outlined that they intercepted two machetes delivered to the house and were struggling to deal with their son’s violence in the home.

Bebe King, six, Elsie Stancombe, seven, and Alice da Silva Aguiar, nine, were fatally stabbed at a Taylor Swift-themed class on 29 July last year by Rudakubana, then aged 17, who was jailed earlier this year for a minimum of 52 years.

Nicholas Bowen KC, for the three bereaved families, told the inquiry: “It is a visceral conviction that the safeguarding apparatus of the state has failed them and that it was not only public bodies.”

Rudakubana’s family “knew and ignored the risk he posed to the public” as did a taxi driver who drove away after dropping the killer at the Hart Space dance studio, he said.

“But for multiple errors, omissions and fatal misjudgements,” Rudakubana – referred to throughout as AR – “would have been seen for who he really was, and, we say, stopped,” Mr Bowen said.

The families blamed a combination of incompetent diagnosis, inappropriate educational provision, and a lack of action by public bodies.

They highlighted an incident when Rudakubana was reported missing by his parents and found on a bus in March 2022, refusing to pay the fare, with a knife in his possession.

‘Failure to join the dots’

The police, mental health services and social services “failed to join the dots with his previous offending” which involved an attempt to target a child he claimed was bullying him by taking a knife into assembly at his previous school.

If authorities had joined the dots, it would have been “inevitable” that Rudakubana would have been subjected to a “full and rigorous assessment”, that would have been out of parental control, and then referred to mental health services, he said.

“It is very unlikely that the assessment would not have led to a discovery of the horrific escalation of risk that we have heard about, aggression at home and the parents’ knowledge of the purchase of weapons,” Mr Bowen told the hearing.

Rudakubana’s father took delivery of a machete, marked up that it must be delivered to a person over 18, and he “must have known and would have warned, had he been behaving responsibly, the social workers about the hole into which his son was descending”, said Mr Bowen.

Warning signs

The victims’ families highlighted details about two attacks Rudakubana launched at Range High School, in nearby Formby, which were not previously known.

On 6 October 2019, he “viciously attacked” his alleged bully in class and was put into isolation.

Interviewed by police the next day, he said he was “pretty certain” he was willing to use a knife he had taken into the school on at least 10 separate occasions.

The school decided to exclude him permanently but he appealed against it. However, during his appeal, Rudakubana “showed no remorse or regret, trusted no one, and refused all support”.

He was sent to a pupil referral unit called Acorns which was the “one institution that emerges with credit from this tragic series of events”, Mr Bowen said.

They made three separate referrals to the Prevent deradicalisation programme, none of which were adopted by the project.

The Acorn school’s leadership were “acutely concerned” about Rudakubana’s behaviour and internet use and consistently resisted categorising him as “low risk”, Mr Bowen said.

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Asked why he took a knife to school, Rudakubana “emotionlessly and without eye contact” told one teacher: “To use it.”

Her professional judgement was that “there was something so cold” about the way he described the incident.

This information should have been available to mental health services and social services, “underlining the urgency of assessment and tailored provision to protect the public and meet AR’s needs”, Mr Bowen said.

On 11 December 2019, two months after the classroom incident, Rudakubana returned to Range High School, from where he had been excluded, with a hockey stick and a knife in a rucksack.

He tried to enter the school assembly, searching for the bully, but when he was chased away by the headteacher, he instead attacked a schoolfriend in the corridor.

Afterwards, Rudakubana admitted he had intended to strike the bully with the hockey stick and if required “finish him off” with the knife and said he was indifferent to going to prison, repeating that he had the knife “to use it”.

However, when Rudakubana’s father attended the school, the headteacher reported that he “appeared calm and failed to appreciate the gravity of the incident”.

Merseyside Police recorded that day that Rudakubana had “deteriorating mental health” and that he would be subjected to a full mental health assessment.

It noted there was knowledge of previously carrying a knife at school and the use of the internet to research school massacres and beheading videos.

Questioned by a mental health practitioner while in custody, Rudakubana stated he “wouldn’t have felt sad” if he hurt the boy and would have killed the bully if he had been in assembly, adding: “Ideally, I wish I did it.”

He liked the boy he hit and was unbothered because the boy “didn’t get hurt that bad” even though the victim was hospitalised, and press reports referred to a broken wrist.

“His callous attack on the friend, a mere bystander to his quest for revenge, was something of real concern” to the mental health practitioner, Mr Bowen said.

However, when he was eventually taken up by forensic child and adolescent mental health services FCAMHS, it emerged that a formal diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder could take up to two years and no formal risk assessment was carried out.

Instead, Acorns school were left “holding the baby”, Mr Bowen added.

Donald Trump has kicked off his second state visit to the UK with a royal greeting, carriage procession and gun salute.

As the US president and the First Lady Melania Trump touched down in a rainy Windsor, they were greeted by Prince William and Kate, before meeting King Charles and Queen Camilla.

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The national anthems of the UK and US were then played as a carriage procession carried the Trumps and the King and Queen towards Windsor Castle.

Here, Mr Trump inspected the Guard of Honour before heading inside the castle. Tonight, a grand state banquet will be held in honour of the US president, where both the King and Mr Trump are expected to give speeches.