He said the donations had been made in line with party protocols and has refused calls to return the money.
The motion of no confidence was put forward by the Conservatives, the largest opposition group in the Senedd (Welsh parliament).
Despite losing, Mr Gething does not have to step down as the vote is not binding, but it does put further pressure on the embattled leader.
He has made clear in the aftermath of the debate he will not resign as first minister and will continue in post.
Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer has given his backing to the party’s leader in Wales, telling reporters on the campaign trail Mr Gething was doing a “good job”.
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‘Not a gimmick’
Introducing the motion tabled by his party, Welsh Conservative leader Andrew RT Davies said it was “not a gimmick”.
“This was talked of prior to the general election,” he said.
“It is about judgement, honesty and transparency.”
Leader of Plaid Cymru, the pro-independence party, denied the motion was “tribal party politics”.
“We must be different to Westminster, not only in words but in deeds too,” he said.
“Today, we, these benches, are acting in what we firmly believe in the interests of the people of Wales.”
But chair of the Welsh Labour group in the Senedd, Vikki Howells, said the motion was “politics at its worst” and was a “cynical Tory gimmick”.
“With the Tory party tanking in the polls…it’s no wonder that they will do anything, anything at all to try and shift the spotlight from their own record of abject failure,” she said.
One Labour member, Joyce Watson, said the decision to hold the confidence vote on the eve of the D-Day anniversary was “disrespectful” to veterans.
Welsh Lib Dem leader Jane Dodds said she no longer had confidence in the first minister.
But she said she had “never voted in a vote of confidence here in the Senedd” and had in fact voted to confirm Mr Gething as first minister in March.
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Responding to the debate, Wales’s first minister said he has “made and will continue to make mistakes”.
“It does hurt deeply when my intentions are questioned,” Mr Gething added.
“I will not shy away from scrutiny and challenge.”
He reiterated that all rules had been followed.
Speaking after the vote, Mr Gething said it was a “very disappointing afternoon”.
“To go into the Senedd for what is a transparent gimmick in the general election, led by the Welsh Conservatives, to go into a position where the ill-health in two of our members has affected the outcome of the vote,” he said.
“And as I said, on ill-health grounds, we have always paired. That means you even up people from one party to another.
“We did that for more than three months for the leader of the Welsh Conservatives.”
He said he was “proud” to be first minister of Wales.
“To serve and lead my country. That’s what I’ve done today. That’s what I’ll carry on doing,” he added.
As well as questions over donations, Mr Gething has in recent weeks faced accusations he misled the COVID Inquiry over deleted messages and sacked one of his ministers for allegedly leaking information to the media.
That former minister was one of two Labour members who were absent for the confidence vote.
Neither Hannah Blythyn nor former transport minister Lee Waters voted.
Plaid Cymru then withdrew from a cooperation deal they had with the Labour government in which the party lent its support on dozens of key policy areas.
Lisa Nandy has said Sir Keir Starmer’s decision to accept thousands of pounds worth of football tickets was “very sensible”.
The minister for culture, media and sport also said she had never accepted free clothes from a donor.
Speaking to Sky News at the start of the Labour Party conference today, the MP for Wigan said: “The problem that has arisen since [Sir Keir] became leader of the opposition and then prime minister is that for him to sit in the stands would require a huge security detail, would be disruptive for other people and it would cost the taxpayer a lot of money.
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9:01
PM ‘pays for his season ticket’
“So I think he’s taken a very sensible decision that’s not the right and appropriate thing to do, and it’s right to accept that he has to go and sit in a different area.
“But I know that he’d much rather be sitting in the stands cheering people on with the usual crowd that he’s been going to the football with for years.”
Ms Nandy also said while she has not accepted free clothes – joking “I think you can probably see that I choose my own clothes sadly” – she doesn’t “make any judgements about what other members of parliament do”.
She said: “The only judgement I would make is if they’re breaking the rules, so they’re trying to hide what they’re doing. That’s when problems arise.
“Because the point of being open and transparent is that people can see where the relationships are, and they can then judge for themselves whether there’s been any undue influence.”
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She asserted there had not been an undue influence in gifts accepted by senior Labour figures, adding: “We don’t want the news and the commentary to be dominated by conversations about clothes.
“We rightly have a system, I think, where the taxpayer doesn’t fund these things. We don’t claim on expenses for them. And so MPs will always take donations, will always take gifts in kind.
“MPs of all political parties have historically done that and that is the system that we have.”
She added: “I don’t think there’s any suggestion here that Keir Starmer has broken any rules. I don’t think there’s any suggestion that he’s done anything wrong.
“We expect our politicians to be well turned out, we expect them to be people who go out and represent us at different events and represent the country at different events and are clothed appropriately.
“But the point is that when we accept donations for that or for anything else, that we declare them and we’re open and transparent about them.”
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The announcement followed criticism of Sir Keir’s gifts from donors, which included clothing worth £16,200 and multiple pairs of glasses worth £2,485, according to the MPs’ register of interests.
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Sir Keir was found to have received substantially more gifts and freebies than any other MP – his total in gifts, benefits, and hospitality topped £100,000 since December 2019.