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By Dr. Chinta Sidharthan Jun 11 2024 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

In a recent study published in BMJ Open, researchers assessed how the disruption of infrastructure and decreased access to health and medical services due to extreme weather events impact maternal health in resource-poor regions in low- and middle-income countries.

The review revealed that the findings on the subject were limited, and the mechanisms through which extreme weather events impact maternal health in low-income regions need to be studied extensively.

Study:  Extreme weather events and maternal health in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review . Image Credit: Nelson Antoine/Shutterstock.com Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines maternal health as women's mental and physical health through pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum periods. Optimal maternal health is intricately linked to the health of the infant.

However, despite the reduction in maternal mortality being a target of one of the sustainable development goals established by the United Nations, poor maternal health consists of many other facets than mortality alone.

Some forms of poor maternal health that also impact the health of the infant include high blood pressure, infection, and obstruction during labor. Mental health issues such as increased stress in the mother have been linked to spontaneous abortions, as well as low birth weight and developmental problems in the infant.

Maternal health can also be impacted by environmental conditions, such as extreme weather events that damage infrastructure and restrict access to medical care. About the study

In the present review, the researchers aimed to understand how disruptions to infrastructure and restricted access to medical and health services due to extreme weather events impact maternal health in low- and middle-income countries. Related StoriesGarlic proves potent in reducing blood sugar and cholesterol, study revealsEnvironmental stressors linked to fetal brain development challengesNSF CAREER award supports development of machine learning tools for preeclampsia detection

Although previous reviews have examined the impact of extreme weather events such as extreme heat and floods on the health of the mother and child in various low-, middle-, and high-income settings, the focus of these reviews has been on birth outcomes and not maternal health.

The researchers conducted the current review to fill the gaps in knowledge on the current assessment of how extreme weather events such as floods, extreme temperatures, hurricanes, and fires impact maternal health, from pregnancy to postpartum health, in middle- and low-income countries.

Extreme weather events were defined in this study as weather variations uncharacteristic of the typical threshold for that geographical region, while the definition of maternal health conformed with that of the WHO, encompassing the health of the mother through the stages of pregnancy, childbirth, and six weeks into the postpartum period.

The extreme weather events considered as exposures in the review included tropical storms, floods, droughts, and extreme heat, among others.

The examined outcomes included various conditions that fall under the umbrella term of maternal health, such as gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, access to maternal health services, postpartum hemorrhage, as well as malnutrition.

The review only included studies on the impact of extreme weather events on the health of pregnant or postpartum women. Studies involving geophysical events such as tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions were excluded. Those that examined only infant or child health were also excluded. The review did not include policy or opinion pieces or studies based in high-income countries. Results

The findings suggested that extreme weather events had a negative impact on the physical and mental health of the mothers by limiting access to medical services and causing stress and mortality.

A total of 15 studies were included in the review, of which four were quantitative while the remaining were qualitative. The quantitative studies showed that disruptions caused by extreme weather events restricted access to maternal health services, negatively affecting both the mental and physical health of the mothers.

The results from the qualitative studies, which included the perceptions of the women and their lived experiences, supported the findings from the quantitative studies.

The four major outcomes consistent across the quantitative and qualitative studies were problems in accessing maternal health services, malnutrition, stress, and mortality.

However, the review found limited evidence of the impact of extreme weather events on maternal health in low-income settings. Many of these studies, although set in middle- and low-income countries, examined outcomes such as stress among pregnant women residing in high-income settings.

The researchers believe that due to stark differences in the infrastructure and post-disaster support between high-income regions and middle- and low-income settings, these findings cannot be applied to mothers in middle- or low-income regions. Conclusions

Overall, the study found that extreme weather events have a negative impact on maternal health, especially facets of physical and mental health such as stress, malnutrition, access to maternal health services, and mortality.

However, the evidence from middle- and low-income regions is lacking, and more research is required to understand how low resource availability further exacerbates these problems. Journal reference:

Pappas, A., Kovats, S., & Ranganathan, M. (2024). Extreme weather events and maternal health in low-income and middle-income countries: a scoping review. BMJ Open, 14(6), e079361. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen2023079361. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/6/e079361

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Fourteen children arrested on suspicion of manslaughter over Gateshead fire released on bail

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Fourteen children arrested on suspicion of manslaughter over Gateshead fire released on bail

All 14 children arrested on suspicion of manslaughter after a boy died in a fire have been released on police bail, officers said.

Layton Carr, 14, was found dead near the site of a fire at Fairfield industrial park in the Bill Quay area of Gateshead on Friday.

Northumbria Police said on Saturday that they had arrested 11 boys and three girls in connection with the incident.

In an update on Sunday, a Northumbria Police spokesman said: “All those arrested have since been released on police bail pending further inquiries.”

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Teenager dies in industrial estate fire

Firefighters raced to the industrial site shortly after 8pm on Friday, putting out the blaze a short time later.

Police then issued an appeal for Carr, who was believed to be in the area at that time.

In a statement on Saturday, the force said that “sadly, following searches, a body believed to be that of 14-year-old Layton Carr was located deceased inside the building”.

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David Thompson, headteacher of Hebburn Comprehensive School, where Layton was a pupil, said the school community was “heartbroken”.

Mr Thompson described him as a “valued and much-loved member of Year 9” and said he would be “greatly missed by everyone”.

He added that the school’s “sincere condolences” were with Layton’s family and that the community would “rally together to support one another through this tragedy”.

A fundraising page on GoFundMe has been set up to help Layton’s mother pay for funeral costs.

Pic: Gofundme
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Pic: Gofundme

Organiser Stephanie Simpson said: “The last thing Georgia needs to stress trying to pay for a funeral for her Boy Any donations will help thank you.”

One tribute in a Facebook post read: “Can’t believe I’m writing this my nephew RIP Layton 💔 forever 14 you’ll be a massive miss, thinking of my sister and 2 beautiful nieces right now.”

Detective Chief Inspector Louise Jenkins, of Northumbria Police, also said: “This is an extremely tragic incident where a boy has sadly lost his life.”

She added that the force’s “thoughts are with Layton’s family as they begin to attempt to process the loss of their loved one”.

They are working to establish “the full circumstances surrounding the incident” and officers will be in the area to “offer reassurance to the public”, she added.

A cordon remains in place at the site while police carry out enquiries.

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Football bodies could be forced to pay towards brain injury care costs of ex-players

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Football bodies could be forced to pay towards brain injury care costs of ex-players

Football bodies could be forced to pay towards the care costs of ex-players who have been diagnosed with brain conditions, under proposals set to be considered by MPs.

Campaigners are drafting amendments to the Football Governance Bill, which would treat conditions caused by heading balls as an “industrial injuries issue”.

The proposals seek to require the football industry to provide the necessary financial support.

Campaigners say existing support is not fit for purpose, including the Brain Health Fund which was set up with an initial £1m by the Professional Footballers’ Association (PFA), supported by the Premier League.

But the Premier League said the fund has supported 121 families with at-home adaptations and care home fees.

From England‘s 1966 World Cup-winning team, both Jack and Bobby Charlton died with dementia, as did Martin Peters, Ray Wilson and Nobby Stiles.

Neil Ruddock speaks to Sky's Rob Harris outside parliament
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Neil Ruddock speaks to Sky’s Rob Harris outside parliament

Ex-players, including former Liverpool defender Neil Ruddock, went to parliament last week to lobby MPs.

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Ruddock told Sky News he had joined campaigners “for the families who’ve gone through hell”.

“A professional footballer, greatest job in the world, but no one knew the dangers, and that’s scary,” he said.

“Every time someone heads a ball it’s got to be dangerous to you. You know, I used to head 100 balls a day in training. I didn’t realise that might affect my future.”

A study co-funded by the PFA and the Football Association (FA) in 2019 found footballers were three and a half times more likely to die of a neurodegenerative disease than members of the public of the same age.

‘In denial’

Among those calling on football authorities to contribute towards the care costs of ex-players who have gone on to develop conditions such as Alzheimer’s and dementia is Labour MP Chris Evans.

Mr Evans, who represents Caerphilly in South Wales, hopes to amend the Bill to establish a care and financial support scheme for ex-footballers and told a recent event in parliament that affected ex-players “deserve to be compensated”.

Greater Manchester Mayor Andy Burnham, who helped to draft the amendment, said the game was “in denial about the whole thing”.

Mr Burnham called for it to be seen as “an industrial injuries issue in the same way with mining”.

In January, David Beckham lent his support to calls for greater support for footballers affected by dementia.

One of the amendments says that “the industry rather than the public should bear the financial burden”.

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A spokesperson for the FA said it was taking a “leading role in reviewing and improving the safety of our game” and that it had “already taken many proactive steps to review and address potential risk factors”.

An English Football League spokesperson said it was “working closely with other football bodies” to ensure both professional and grassroots football are “as safe as it can be”.

The PFA and Premier League declined to comment.

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Terror arrests came in context of raised warnings about Iran, with ongoing chaos in its own backyard

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Terror arrests came in context of raised warnings about Iran, with ongoing chaos in its own backyard

These are two separate and unrelated investigations by counter-terror officers.

But the common thread is nationality – seven out of the eight people arrested are Iranian.

And that comes in the context of increased warnings from government and the security services about Iranian activity on British soil.

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Counter terror officers raid property

Last year, the director general of MI5, Ken McCallum, said his organisation and police had responded to 20 Iran-backed plots presenting potentially lethal threats to British citizens and UK residents since January 2022.

He linked that increase to the ongoing situation in Iran’s own backyard.

“As events unfold in the Middle East, we will give our fullest attention to the risk of an increase in – or a broadening of – Iranian state aggression in the UK,” he said.

The implication is that even as Iran grapples with a rapidly changing situation in its own region, having seen its proxies, Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Gaza, decimated and itself coming under Israeli attack, it may seek avenues further abroad.

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The government reiterated this warning only a few weeks ago, with security minister Dan Jarvis addressing parliament.

“The threat from Iran sits in a wider context of the growing, diversifying and evolving threat that the UK faces from malign activity by a number of states,” Jarvis said.

“The threat from states has become increasingly interconnected in nature, blurring the lines between: domestic and international; online and offline; and states and their proxies.

“Turning specifically to Iran, the regime has become increasingly emboldened, asserting itself more aggressively to advance their objectives and undermine ours.”

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Anybody working for Iran in UK must register or face jail, government announces

As part of that address, Jarvis highlighted the National Security Act 2023, which “criminalises assisting a foreign intelligence service”, among other things.

So it was notable that this was the act used in one of this weekend’s investigations.

The suspects were detained under section 27 of the same act, which allows police to arrest those suspected of being “involved in foreign power threat activity”.

Those powers are apparently being put to use.

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