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As the sun rises over the Usumacinta River between Guatemala and Mexico, the silence is broken by the sounds of people awaking after another night camping on the riverbanks.

Soon the ferrymen who pilot a flotilla of makeshift rafts constructed of planks strapped to very large inner tyre tubes, begin their never-ending trade of moving fruit and vegetables, construction equipment, crates of beer and liquor, motorcycles and bicycles, but above all – people.

This is where thousands of migrants heading to the United States begin what they hope to be the last leg of their often epic journeys to the northern border with the US.

1600 miles through Mexico is all that separates them from their dreams of a new life.

Amongst the migrants we come across is 14-year-old Edgar Fonseca Cepeda.

He is completely on his own; an unaccompanied minor migrant.

Edgar travelled from Venezuela to Colombia where his grandmother, who had been caring for him, died.

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Now he is trying to get to his mother who is in Washington DC and has undertaken this journey on his own.

We arrange for him to speak to his mother Carolina on a video call.

It was heartbreaking to witness.

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14-year-old migrant travels alone to reach his mother in US

Both mum and son started crying, and his mum kept saying how sorry she was that he was having to do this journey alone.

The day before, Edgar had explained to her that he, along with another group of migrants, had been kidnapped by a gang – he was only released after handing over $75 scrambled together by fellow travellers.

“We decided to come here on foot, which is a risk, and well, before Tapachula, just before we got here, we had already walked about six kilometres, we were stopped by a few bikers,” he explained to me.

“That’s when they told us not to cry, not to scream because nothing was going to happen to us, we thought that we were going to be surrounded by immigration, but no, they took us to a chicken coop…”

The group, including Edgar, say they were held for eight to 10 hours.

We’ve heard exactly the same testimony from a number of migrants we’ve spoken to in the last few days.

“The truth is, it was horrible that chicken coop, people holding guns, I’m not used to seeing things like that, it was really scary,” Edgar added.

The route across Mexico to reach the northern border with the US
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The route across Mexico to reach the northern border with the US

We spoke to his mum Carolina, and she asked us to take him to the authorities, saying it was too dangerous for him to continue alone.

Edgar says he hasn’t seen his mother for six or seven months.

“It’s really very, very hard, I miss her so much, that’s why I’ve done all of this.”

Edgar bade an emotional goodbye to his new travelling family, the strangers who helped look after him on the journey.

He is safe now but when he will see his mother again nobody can say.

Constant rule changes

I’ve been here many times to report over many years and I am never less than amazed at the number of people who attempt this journey, and the sheer number of small children.

But this time I’ve noticed some things have changed.

Whereas a few years ago the migrants were almost entirely from Southern and Central America, now they’re from all over the world.

On this trip we have met young men and women from China, Egypt, Jordan, Somalia, Mauritania, Kazakhstan, Haiti, and Gambia, to name a few.

Another major change seems to be the attitude of the Mexican authorities.

Migrants bathe in the river
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Migrants bathe in the river

A migrant sleeps near the river
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A migrant sleeps near the river

In the past, the passage of the migrants north, while not easy, wasn’t noticeably hindered by the Mexicans.

Now though, with the issue of migration on its southern border a political hot potato in a United States election year, the Mexican authorities have got the message from the United States that thousands of migrants on the border fence is not a good look.

What we have witnessed is a system that doesn’t actually stop the migrants moving north, but makes it bureaucratic, confusing and often contradictory enough that the migrants don’t know what to do.

The US has a problem with the numbers, so people travelling through Mexico are shifted from one location to another and left, and then shifted again – never really making any progress.

Legally, migrants and asylum seekers cannot be stopped, but they can be asked to follow rules (or have their paperwork torn up), and if the rules keep changing, there is nothing they can do about.

After crossing the Usumacinta River from Guatemala, the migrants rest in the city of Hidalgo, before forming into groups known as “caravans” to begin their journey north.

They travel together for safety from gangs and criminals who prey on the migrants.

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Migrants worldwide head to the US through Mexico

We joined a pop-up caravan shortly before dawn; they move at that time to take advantage of the cooler temperatures.

This caravan is led by a young Brazilian man named Davyde who is with his wife and sister-in-law.

“Brazil is not good, I can’t make enough money to pay the rent, America would be great,” he told me when I wondered why he’d made the journey from Brazil.

As we walk with the group of 200 plus people, the sun rises and the temperature soars.

Whole families, very young and old, travel along the sides of busy motorways, heading north – always north.

Walking with the group, we meet Mayra Ferrerr from Acarigua in Venezuela.

The 40-year-old is travelling with her two sons and some fellow Venezuelans.

They’ve all become friends along the way. Mayra has breast cancer, and she’s trying to get to her family in the US.

She’s prepared to risk everything.

Read more:
Asylum seekers look to UK as Germany toughens migrations laws
The deadly migrant routes from Vietnam to Europe
On the ‘Train of Death’: Electric shocks, beatings and brandings

Migrant caravan leader Davyde is seen in the white vest
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Migrant caravan leader Davyde is seen in the white vest

“We left Venezuela because there is no education, because there is no medicine, because I am an oncology patient and I cannot get treatment in the public health system for breast cancer,” she told me.

“And well, I needed to go somewhere where I can be checked and continue treatment.”

Mayra explained that she’s doing chemotherapy in the form of pills, but that she stopped taking them so that she wasn’t too weak on this journey.

She says it’s tough, but that she and her family and friends plan to keep going.

“Well, it is hard because unfortunately in many towns we have crossed, they take advantage of our situation, our need to keep moving forward, and the costs, be it water or bread, they make it more expensive for us.”

A man sleeps with is daughter near the river
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A man sleeps with his daughter near the river

Most of the migrants are carrying tents, an absolute necessity for crossing the Darien Gap – a notorious jungle crossing on the migrant route, which lies between Colombia and Panama.

Mayra says the tents are worth holding on to.

“We have kept our tents because we have nowhere to stay, and we have to set up the tent and camp anywhere, so that we can keep moving forward.”

After a few hours of walking the migrants approach an immigration checkpoint where they are met by Mexican immigration officers.

A woman and baby wait near the checkpoint
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A woman and baby wait near the checkpoint

We keep filming as they are told they will be taken north to the first major city in southern Mexico called Tapachula.

The immigration officials give the migrants water and assure them that they are allowed to continue their journey north, that the involvement of immigration is simply to offer them a ride to Tapachula and a free meal.

The migrants are sceptical, but over and over they are assured that once they are in Tapachula they can get paperwork done and continue.

The ones who agree have their identity cards and passports logged and checked, and then they’re loaded onto minibuses.

Mayra, her two sons, and her friends all agree to go in the migration minibus to Tapachula.

This doesn’t mean however that a journey further north is going to happen anytime soon.

At another immigration checkpoint on the outskirts of Tapachula, crowds surge around immigration staff, waving their papers.

All they’re trying to do is get on a bus north, but the Mexican authorities assumed assistance has dried up.

America does not want them in the north and nor it seems does Mexico, so they’re in a limbo.

At multiple checkpoints we saw what is developing into a multinational mess.

Mexico's National Guard patrols the area near the river
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Mexico’s National Guard patrols the area near the river

Groups of young Chinese men and women take shade amongst Jordanians, Egyptians, Somalis, Gambians, even two friends from Kazakhstan.

The list of nationalities is remarkable, not least because of the distances they’ve travelled.

Said is a 28-year-old Afghan who worked for a British NGO until the Taliban arrived in Kabul in August 2021.

Migrants gathered at the park in Tapachula
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Migrants gathered at the park in Tapachula

He says he got his paperwork to leave from Kabul Airport at the time, but abandoned his plans after a suicide bomb went off at the evacuation point.

Said’s father and two uncles were killed by the Taliban, and he sees no safe future for his family there.

Indeed, he asked us not to show his face or use his full name because it would be dangerous for family members still in Afghanistan.

A Mexican military vehicle near the checkpoint
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A Mexican military vehicle near the checkpoint

Said is travelling with his wife, three young children, and his 74-year-old grandfather who has stage one Alzheimer’s.

Said told me that other migrants have nicknamed his grandad the “warrior” for undertaking such an intense physical journey in his older years.

The family has been on the move for two years.

“I realised I am on my own, I have to do it for myself, for my family, I’ve realised nobody is going to help me,” he told me.

Said is seen holding his son
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Said is seen holding his son

Said knows the political mood in the United States ahead of the presidential elections in November will be a factor in their chances of making it.

“I believe in God, I know I am in Mexico and 90% of the people are arriving there, actually, before the election, I need to get there before the election because I don’t know the next president, what he will do and what he is thinking about refugees like us,” he said.

‘They are the law… we are nobody’

All these migrants are in a sort of vortex – not being stopped from travelling north but not being allowed to either.

The day after meeting Mayra and her group of family and friends heading north, we travelled again south to the river.

Migrants from China, Kazakhstan and Nigeria
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Migrants from China, Kazakhstan and Nigeria

On our way back we recognised some of Mayra’s group on the side of the road, exactly where they originally started.

We were confused, so we pulled over to talk to them.

They explained they were taken north to Tapachula, given some food, waited about an hour not knowing what was happening, then put back on the minibus and sent straight back to the riverside where they started.

They told us they were given additional paperwork, and then, as they put it “thrown out on the street”.

Mayra and her son wait to board a minibus
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Mayra and her son wait to board a minibus

I asked one of them, Christian Heredia, if the authorities acknowledged that taking them all the way back doesn’t help.

“They’re delaying us, yes, they know, of course, but as I was saying, they are the law here, here we are nobody, so they do as they please with the migrants. Right? That’s the truth,” he replied.

Christian says many of the migrants we had seen loaded into the minibuses and promised a ride to Tapachula the previous day had been pushed back to the river just like them.

They suspect the authorities only promised to look after them because of our presence, otherwise they believe the migration officials probably would’ve just driven them straight back down to the river.

Christian Heredia with his daughter
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Christian Heredia with his daughter

Local buses don’t usually pick up migrants because they’re not allowed to, but standing on the side of the road with fresh papers, Christian and the group were able to flag down a minibus to take them back to Tapachula.

They reunited with Mayra and her boys in the main square where migrants from all over the world gather.

They, like everyone there, refuse to accept defeat. But their mammoth journeys are far from over.

Indeed, their difficulties continue.

The last we heard from Mayra and her friends they’d been robbed at gunpoint in a bus taking them further north.

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Trump threatens to ‘take a pass’ on Ukraine peace talks

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Trump threatens to 'take a pass' on Ukraine peace talks

Donald Trump has threatened to “take a pass” on attempts to secure a peace agreement between Ukraine and Russia, as he denied the Kremlin was playing him.

The US president’s past confidence he could do a quick deal to end the conflict has proved to be misplaced, and now his administration has floated the prospect of abandoning its efforts to broker one.

US threatens to abandon peace talks – latest updates

Mr Trump’s secretary of state, Marco Rubio, has said the White House is prepared to “move on”, with little sign of fighting coming to an end some two months after talks began with Vladimir Putin.

Negotiations have since taken place with both Kyiv and Moscow, the latter of which Mr Trump has been accused of being soft on, but the war has continued well beyond its three-year anniversary.

Asked what it will take to secure a deal, Mr Trump told reporters at the White House he needed to see “enthusiasm” from both sides.

“I think I see it,” he added.

“It’s coming to a head right now.”

U.S. President Donald Trump gestures during a swearing-in ceremony for Administrator of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Mehmet Oz in the Oval Office in Washington, D.C., U.S., April 18, 2025. REUTERS/Nathan Howard
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Donald Trump spoke about the war during a White House event on Friday. Pic: Reuters

‘I know when people are playing us’

Mr Trump dismissed the idea he was being played by Mr Putin, saying: “Nobody is playing me. I’m trying to help.”

“My whole life has been one big negotiation and I know when people are playing us and when they’re not,” he added.

Nonetheless, Sky News’ Moscow correspondent Ivor Bennett said the White House raising the spectre of walking away from peace talks showed Mr Trump was frustrated by the lack of progress.

Before winning last November’s presidential election, he infamously claimed he could end the war in a day.

Echoing Mr Rubio, he’s now said “we’re just going to take a pass” if Russia or Ukraine “makes it very difficult”.

Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov insisted progress towards a deal had been made, but acknowledged the “complicated” situation was “not an easy one” to solve.

A 30-day moratorium on striking energy infrastructure targets was previously agreed, but both sides have since accused one another of breaching it.

Russia has also continued to launch deadly airstrikes on civilian infrastructure – the bloodiest of the more recent attacks saw at least 35 people killed in Sumy.

Kyiv and its European allies have said the continued attacks show Russia is not serious about peace.

Read more from Sky News:
Godfather-style gang war grips Scotland
How Israel’s attack on aid workers unfolded

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‘No military solution to Ukraine war’

Looking ahead, Ukraine’s Volodymyr Zelenskyy has indicated a “memorandum of intent” on a much vaunted US minerals deal could soon be signed.

Mr Trump wants to profit from the country’s natural resources in what he says is repayment for military aid.

It’s hoped America having a stake in the country could also help maintain any truce.

The deal was due to be done weeks ago but was derailed by his falling out with Mr Trump at the White House.

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More meetings are also expected among the so-called coalition of the willing, assembled by Sir Keir Starmer and Emmanuel Macron to help police any peace deal.

Sir Keir spoke with Mr Trump on the phone on Saturday, with ending the Ukraine war a topic of conversation.

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Rubio’s tough talk shows Trump’s frustration – but there’s only one loser if US walks away

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Rubio's tough talk shows Trump's frustration - but there's only one loser if US walks away

Marco Rubio’s comments are the strongest indication yet of Washington’s apparent growing frustration at the lack of progress in peace talks. 

It’s been two months since Donald Trump initiated negotiations, with a call to Vladimir Putin, in the hope of bringing the conflict to a swift conclusion.

Since then, his team has sat down with both sides on multiple occasions, at multiple levels, in multiple locations.

But what have they actually got to show for it?

There was a much-touted 30-day ceasefire covering strikes on energy infrastructure, but it never formally began.

And with both sides continuing to accuse the other of violating it, 30 days have now passed and the agreement seems to have disappeared without a trace.

Then there was supposed to be a maritime ceasefire in the Black Sea.

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But again, that still hasn’t actually materialised, because Russia says it will only take part if certain sanctions are lifted first.

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It’s highly doubtful Donald Trump really believed he could end the war within 24 hours of taking office (as he promised several times), but I think he did seriously believe he could secure at least a cessation of hostilities relatively quickly, giving him an early win in his presidency.

There had been suggestions of an April/May deadline, or even an Easter ceasefire, but that now looks like pie in the sky.

So is the threat to “move on” from the talks genuine?

Or another famous negotiating tactic from the so-called master of the deal?

Trump’s approach has been heavily criticised for not being tough enough on Vladimir Putin.

It’s been all carrot for Moscow but only stick for Kyiv – and this latest intervention feels like it’s more of the same.

Because, as things stand, Ukraine still has a lot more to lose than Russia, if the war drags on.

Read more:
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Hollywood action hero sends ‘big kiss’ to Putin

So, for now, I don’t think Russia will be too concerned about Rubio’s threat.

That would, of course, change if the White House was also threatening to walk away from attempts to rebuild diplomatic relations with the Kremlin, but it does not sound like that is the case.

It appears that Moscow has successfully managed to compartmentalise its rapprochement with Washington, to make it a separate issue from the war.

It’s so that even if the wider peace talks fail, Russia’s bilateral bridges with the Trump administration will continue to strengthen.

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Two hours of terror: Sky News investigation reveals how Israel’s deadly attack on aid workers unfolded

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Two hours of terror: Sky News investigation reveals how Israel's deadly attack on aid workers unfolded

A quadcopter buzzed overhead, blaring the voice of an Israeli official. It directed aid workers to a mound of sand on the eastern side of the road.

This, the voice indicated, is where they would find their missing colleagues.

It had been a week since Israeli soldiers killed them and buried their bodies in a mass grave.

Search team at the site of the mass grave in Tel Sultan, Rafah, 30 March. Pic: Planet Labs PBC
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Search team at the site of the mass grave in Tel Sultan, Rafah, 30 March. Pic: Planet Labs PBC

Access to the site had only been granted once before, three days earlier. That dig had turned up a single body – that of Anwar al Attar, buried beneath the crushed remains of his fire engine.

This time, the bodies turned up in quick succession. One-by-one, they were lifted from the grave, placed into white bags and lined up neatly on the road.

By sunset, 14 more bodies had been recovered.

Among them were one UN worker, eight paramedics from Palestine Red Crescent Society (PRCS) and, including Attar, six first responders from Civil Defence – the official fire and rescue service of Gaza’s Hamas-led government.

None were armed.

Fifteen aid workers and first responders were killed by Israeli forces on 15 March.
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Fifteen aid workers and first responders were killed by Israeli forces on 15 March

Israel has denied all wrongdoing, saying its troops had reason to suspect the vehicles contained Hamas operatives and that they were later proven right.

Using visual evidence, satellite imagery, audio analysis and interviews with key witnesses, Sky News can present the most comprehensive picture of the incident so far.

Our findings contradict not only Israel’s initial account of the attack, but its subsequent accounts as well.

The search team retrieves the bodies of their colleagues from the mass grave, 30 March, 2025. Pic: UN
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The search team retrieves bodies from the mass grave, 30 March, 2025. Pic: UN

‘I want to do it in order to help people’

More than 400 aid workers have now been killed in Gaza since the war began. What set the killings of these 15 apart is that their last moments were recorded on video.

Two videos, 19 minutes in total, were found on the phone of 24-year old paramedic Rifaat Radwan – one of the men pulled from the mass grave that day.

They show the terror and chaos of Rifaat’s last moments, and contradict key elements of Israel’s narrative.

“My son was very exhausted from this war,” says Rifaat’s mother, Hajjah. “This should not have been his reward.”

Rifaat Radwan, 24, was killed by Israeli troops while on a rescue mission. Pic: Facebook
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Rifaat Radwan, 24, was killed by Israeli troops while on a rescue mission. Pic: Facebook

Hajjah remembers the moment her son told her he wanted to become a paramedic.

It was the night of his graduation party, and all the guests had left.

“I want to do it in order to help people,” Rifaat had said.

Rifaat's mother, Hajjah, says her son only wanted to help people.
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Rifaat’s mother, Hajjah, says her son only wanted to help people

She called over Rifaat’s father, Anwar, and Rifaat began by reminding him how, from the age of five or six, he had always chased after ambulances in the street.

“This is who Rifaat was,” says Anwar. “He had very beautiful ambitions.”

How Rifaat’s last moments unfolded

Shortly before 5am, Rifaat departed from PRCS’s Rafah headquarters in an ambulance with fellow paramedic Assad al Nsasrah.

The two men, along with another ambulance following behind, had been sent to search for three colleagues who had disappeared while on a rescue mission.

By matching Rifaat’s videos and their metadata to satellite imagery, Sky News has been able to map out the exact route he took.

“They’re lying there, just lying there,” Assad says, as the ambulance comes to a stop. “Quick! It looks like an accident.”

The known position of the aid workers' vehicles at the time the convoy was attacked, based on analysis of Rifaat's video.
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The known position of the aid workers’ vehicles at the time the convoy was attacked, based on analysis of Rifaat’s video

Two other men rush out of the fire engine. Assad pulls the handbrake inside his ambulance.

Three seconds later, a volley of shots ring out. Rifaat jumps out of the ambulance, diving for cover by the side of the road.

For five-and-a-half minutes, Israeli troops continue to fire at the unarmed medics.

As they do so, Rifaat recites the Muslim Shahada – a statement of faith often said before death.

“Mum, forgive me. This is the path I chose, to help people,” Rifaat says towards the end of the video.

“Get up!” a voice shouts in Hebrew, before the recording abruptly ends.

New audio obtained by Sky News

Sky News has obtained exclusive new audio which reveals that the shooting did not end there.

The audio, shared by PRCS, shows a 99-second phone call between the PRCS dispatch centre and Ashraf Abu Labda, one of the paramedics in Saleh Muammar’s ambulance.

Ashraf Abu Labha was one of the paramedics killed on 23 March. Pic: Facebook
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Ashraf Abu Labda was one of the paramedics killed on 23 March. Pic: Facebook

PRCS told us the phone call was made at 5.13am, around five minutes after the attack began and shortly before Rifaat’s call ended.

Sky News was not able to match the audio from the two clips, which may have been recorded in different locations.

For the first 33 seconds, Ashraf is heard reciting the Shahada as heavy gunfire continues.

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A recording from a call made by paramedic Ashraf Abu Labda to the PRCS dispatch centre during the attack on 23 March

Unintelligible shouting can be heard in the background, as well as the prayers of another aid worker.

Suddenly, the shooting stops and Ashraf falls silent for several seconds.

“There’s soldiers, there’s soldiers,” he says as the gunfire resumes. “The army’s at our location.”

These are his last recorded words.

Sporadic gunfire continues for the remainder of the video. These are interspersed with periods of near-silence, punctuated only by unintelligible shouts.

Suddenly, Hebrew is audible. “Come!” the voice shouts. “Come, come, come, come!”

Where is Assad al Nsasrah?

Nibal Farsakh, a spokesperson for PRCS, told Sky News Ashraf was not the only paramedic who was on the phone with the dispatch centre during the attack.

The dispatcher was able to successfully call Saleh Muammar as late as 5.45am, 37 minutes after the attack began, according to Nibal.

Paramedic Saleh Muammar was alive as late as 5.45am, a PRCS spokesman said - 37 minutes after the shooting began. Pic: Facebook
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Paramedic Saleh Muammar was alive as late as 5.45am, a PRCS spokesman said. Pic: Facebook

The dispatcher reportedly heard heavy gunfire in the background, and Saleh said he was injured. His body was recovered from the mass grave one week later.

At 5.54am, Nibal says, the dispatch centre managed to get through to Assad al Nsasrah – the paramedic who was sitting next to Rifaat in his ambulance.

Pic of PRCS worker Assad al Nasasra - for D&F / CRAWFIE Gaza aid story
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PRCS paramedic Assad Al Nsasrah was in the ambulance with Rifaat during the attack

“He was scared,” Nibal says. “He was talking about his children – please look after my children, please get me out of here.”

Nibal says the dispatcher stayed on the line with Assad for an hour-and-a-half, calling back each time the signal cut out.

At around 7am, she says, they heard Assad being arrested by the Israelis. At 7.25am, the dispatcher heard the soldiers telling Assad to empty his pockets. Fearing the soldiers would find out he had been recording them, Nibal says, the dispatcher hung up.

It was not until 13 April, three weeks after the attack, that Israel confirmed Assad was alive and in Israeli detention.

No explanation has been given for his detention, and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) says Israel has refused to allow it to check on his condition.

Sky News has not been able to find any evidence that Assad has links to Hamas. We were able to find a photograph of him wearing a PRCS uniform dating back as far as 2009.

Assad Al Nasasra pictured in PRCS uniform in a photo published in 2009. Pic: PRCS
Image:
Assad Al Nsasrah pictured in PRCS uniform in a photo published in 2009. Pic: PRCS

The mystery of the UN official

Only one victim remains without a name or a face – that of a UN employee who was found alongside the 14 aid workers in the mass grave, his vehicle crushed and buried nearby.

The crushed remains of a UN vehicle found at the site of the mass grave. Pic: UN
Image:
The crushed remains of a UN vehicle found at the site of the mass grave. Pic: UN

A senior UN official, speaking on condition of anonymity, told Sky News the man was a guard shift supervisor, and that it is believed he was attacked while travelling from his home to southern Khan Younis to begin his shift.

“We have no reason to believe he was doing anything aside from his job,” the official says.

The UN lost contact with him at around 6am, the official says, and later received eyewitness reports that he had been detained, apparently uninjured, by Israeli forces in the area where the medics had been attacked earlier that morning.

His body was recovered from the mass grave one week later, on 30 March.

The man’s body was buried without undergoing a post-mortem examination, though his family have since given permission for the body to be exhumed for this purpose, the official said.

The man who carried out the autopsies on the bodies, Dr Ahmed Dahair, confirmed to Sky News he had so far examined every body except that of the UN official.

Israel’s seven key claims – and what the evidence says

It was not until 31 March, after the last bodies had been pulled from the grave, that the Israeli military (IDF) commented on the attack.

Numerous claims made in that statement, and in statements since, have not stood up to scrutiny.

IDF claim: The vehicles had their lights off

What we know: The vehicles’ lights were on

The IDF’s initial statement claimed Israeli troops had opened fire on the convoy because it was “advancing suspiciously toward IDF troops without headlights or emergency signals”.

The video taken by Rifaat, which emerged on 4 April, disproved this claim, showing that all vehicles had their lights on. The IDF subsequently retracted the claim, blaming false testimony from the soldiers involved.

The vehicles are also clearly marked in the video with humanitarian symbols, and all workers appear to be in uniform.

The doctor who carried out the post-mortem examinations, Dr Ahmed Dahair, tells Sky News that “all of them were wearing their official uniforms”.

IDF claim: The vehicles lacked necessary permissions to travel in a combat zone

What we know: The area was not declared a combat zone until four-and-a-half hours after the attack

The IDF has also justified the decision to open fire by saying the vehicles were “uncoordinated” – meaning their movements were not approved in advance by the IDF.

Speaking to Sky News, however, senior officials from the UN, PRCS and Civil Defence say coordination was not required because the area had not been declared a combat zone.

“It was a safe area and does not require coordination,” says Mohammed Abu Mosahba, director of ambulance and emergency services at PRCS.

As Sky News reported on 3 April, an evacuation order for the area was only issued at 8.31am, almost four-and-a-half hours after the first ambulance was attacked.

Israeli forces did conduct a major operation in the area that morning, but Sky News found no evidence that IDF vehicles were nearby before the attacks took place.

Satellite imagery from 10.48am on the day of the incident shows a large number of vehicles near the site of the attack, and tracks connecting them with a building 1.1km to the west, indicating that this is where the vehicles came from.

A photo posted by the IDF at 8.25am that morning shows a soldier and a tank at this building. However, analysis of the shadows on the building indicates the photo was taken between 6.30am and 7.00am – well after the attacks took place.

An Israeli soldier and IDF tank in front of an abandoned hospital in Rafah, 23 March Pic: IDF
Image:
An Israeli soldier and IDF tank in front of an abandoned hospital in Rafah, 23 March. Pic: IDF

IDF claim: Israeli troops did not fire from a close distance

What we know: Some shots were fired from as close as 12m

In a 5 April briefing to journalists, the IDF said there was “no firing from close distance” during the incident, and that this is backed up by aerial surveillance footage. The IDF is yet to release this footage.

However, as Sky News revealed on 9 April, expert analysis of the audio in Rifaat’s recording shows some of the shots fired at the medics came from as little as 12m away.

Dr Ahmed, the pathologist who carried out the post-mortem examinations, said his team were unable to determine whether the shots were fired from close range because the bodies arrived in an “advanced state of decomposition”.

IDF claim: The victims did not have their hands or feet tied together

What we know: There is no evidence to suggest the victims were restrained before being killed

Representatives of PRCS and Civil Defence, as well as a doctor who saw the bodies, have said that at least one victim was found with their hands or legs tied together – claims that Israel has denied.

Photos shared with Sky News and other media outlets as evidence of this claim do show a black plastic tie around one victim’s wrist. Attached to the tie is an empty white information card.

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The tie appears only on one limb, however, and sources at Red Cross and Civil Defence told us that the white tag appears to be of the kind used by emergency workers in Gaza to identify bodies.

Dr Ahmed Dahair told Sky News he saw “no clear signs of physical restraints” during the post-mortem examinations.

“In one case, there were areas of discolouration around the wrists, which may suggest possible binding. Nevertheless, there was no definitive evidence of restraints in the remaining cases,” he said.

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Dr. Ahmad Dahiar was a doctor who wrote the autopsy report for the bodies of the dead paramedics, killed in the attack on 23 March

IDF claim: The vehicles were crushed by accident as they were moved off the road

What we know: The vehicles were only crushed after they had been moved off the road

The IDF has said the bodies were buried in order to protect them from wild animals, and that the vehicles were crushed inadvertently while being moved out of the road. It has not explained why the vehicles were buried.

A crushed vehicle at the site of the aid worker attack, 30 March. Pic: UN
Image:
A crushed vehicle at the site of the aid worker attack, 30 March. Pic: UN

Satellite imagery from the hours after the attack, however, shows that by 10.48am five vehicles had already been moved off to the side of the road but had not yet been crushed – directly contradicting the IDF’s account.

The illustration below is based on satellite imagery seen by Sky News.

Position in which vehicles were gathered on the side of the road in the hours after the attack, based on satellite imagery seen by Sky News.

IDF claim: The convoy included ‘Hamas terrorists’

What we know: There is no evidence anyone in the convoy was a militant

The IDF says “at least six” of those killed were “Hamas terrorists”, though it hasn’t alleged that any were armed.

No evidence has been provided to support this claim, and there are no indications in Rifaat’s video that any of the aid workers were combatants or had ties with Hamas.

Conflict monitoring organisation Airwars told Sky News it had conducted a thorough search of the victims’ social media history and was unable to find any evidence linking them to militant groups, though it emphasised that online information “can only ever provide a partial picture”.

The IDF has only specifically named one of these alleged Hamas operatives, Mohammad Amin Ibrahim Shubaki.

However, this person has not been named as a victim of the attack by the UN, PRCS or Civil Defence.

There is no publicly available evidence that he had ties to any of these organisations, or to Hamas, or that he is dead.

IDF claim: The original ambulance contained three Hamas police officers

What we know: There is no evidence any of these three were militants

The IDF says that all three people in the original ambulance, which Rifaat’s team were searching for, were “Hamas police”.

No evidence has been provided for this claim either. Two of the men, Mustafa Khalaja and Ezz El-Din Shaat, were killed, while one, Munther Abed, was detained and later released.

Sky News reviewed social media profiles, identified by Airwars, for the two men who were killed. We found no evidence that either was affiliated with Hamas.

Ezz El-Din was photographed at a hospital wearing a PRCS uniform in October 2023, He was later pictured in February 2024 lifting an injured person out of a PRCS ambulance in Rafah.

Ezz El Din Shaat lifting someone out of a PRCS ambulance in Rafah, February 2024. Pic: AP/Hatem Ali
Image:
Ezz El Din Shaat lifting someone out of a PRCS ambulance in Rafah, February 2024. Pic: AP/Hatem Ali

Mustafa, meanwhile, had extensively documented his paramedic career online in photos dating back to 2011.

In one post, his young son is pictured at the wheel of a PRCS ambulance. “Mohammed insists on visiting me at work and sharing my working hours with patients,” he wrote.

Mustafa Khalaja posing with his son in a PRCS ambulance, June 2016. Pic: Facebook
Image:
Mustafa Khalaja posing with his son in a PRCS ambulance, June 2016. Pic: Facebook

Eyewitness account backs up Sky’s findings

Of all the aid workers present that day, only one has been able to tell their side of the story.

Speaking to Sky News, Munther Abed, 27, said he had been in the first ambulance attacked that day – the one that Rifaat’s convoy were looking for.

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Munther Abed was in the ambulance Rifaat and his colleagues were searching for

Munther denies having any connection to Hamas, telling Sky News that he was only released after the Israeli military confirmed he had no militant ties.

His story began at 3.52am, when his ambulance was sent south to the site of a reported Israeli attack. Four minutes later, the dispatch centre lost contact with them.

Munther was in the back of the ambulance when they were hit by what he describes as “heavy gunfire”. He immediately dropped to the floor.

“I did not hear a word from my two colleagues,” he says. “I only heard their final breaths, their throes of death.”

Several soldiers dragged him from the vehicle, he says, and he was stripped, beaten and placed behind a wall.

At 4.39am, Saleh Muammar’s ambulance was sent out to search for the missing team. Onboard was Ashraf Abu Labda and another medic, Raed al Sharif.

Saleh Muammar (L), Ashraf Abu Labda (C) and Raed Al Sharif (R) were travelling together during the search. Pics: Facebook
Image:
Saleh Muammar (left), Ashraf Abu Labda (centre) and Raed al Sharif were travelling together. Pics: Facebook

At 4.53am, they spotted Munthar’s ambulance by the side of the road. Two more ambulances, including Rifaat’s, were quickly sent to join the search.

At 5.02am, Rifaat runs into Saleh, and asks if he knows where Munthar’s ambulance is. Saleh tells him it’s back the way he came. They call for backup from Civil Defence, and head towards the scene of the attack.

At 5.08am, the search convoy arrived. Then the shooting began.

“I was only able to see the red lights flickering of the vehicles, and was able to hear the sound of sirens [and] gunfire,” Munther says.

During his interrogation, the Israeli soldiers asked Munther why he was present during a military operation. He told them he wasn’t aware of any such operation.

It was only after sunrise, he says, when heavy machinery and tanks began to arrive, that fighting in the area began.

“It happened all of a sudden,” Munther says. “They didn’t throw leaflets to inform the inhabitants to evacuate Rafah, nor did they say on the news.

“No, Rafah was fully populated. It was not a red zone or a fighting zone as they claimed.”

His account is consistent with Sky’s open-source analysis above, which found no evidence for any military operation at the time and location of the attack.

Munther says he witnessed the crushing of the vehicles with his own eyes, corroborating Sky’s finding that the vehicles were crushed only after being moved to the side of the road.

After the heavy machinery arrived at dawn, Munther says, the Israelis dug a large hole on one side of the road and several smaller holes on the other side.

“In the large hole, they put all the ambulances and the Civil Defence vehicles,” he says. “The heavy machinery climbed over all the vehicles… then they buried them with some earth.”

Munther’s story

Munther told Sky News that he had also been badly mistreated in Israeli detention.

“The torture took different colours,” Munther says. “They released dogs to attack us when we were in holes, moving from one hole to another. They were hitting and tormenting me.”

During one interrogation, Munther says, a soldier placed his weapon on his neck.

“Another soldier placed a bayonet on my wrist. If he had pressed a bit more he would have cut my veins.”

Munther says that Assad was detained alongside him on the day of the attack.

“He was accompanied by an Israeli officer, and was beaten before being placed next to me,” Munther says.

Towards the end of his detention, Munther says, he was forced to act a “human shield” by transmitting messages between the troops and the crowds of people fleeing Rafah.

After performing this task, he was given back his mobile phone and released.

‘It all points to a cover-up’

“This looks like a dreadful war crime,” says Sir Geoffrey Nice KC, who served as lead prosecutor in the genocide trial of former Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic at The Hague.

“The [use] of a bulldozer to bury the bodies of the 15 people and their vehicles and the change of official accounts given by Israel all… points to a cover-up.”

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‘Dreadful war crime’

Satellite imagery shows that Israeli forces moved quickly to restrict access to the scene of the attack.

Within five hours, the IDF had set up road blocks north and south of the site.

Position of IDF roadblocks erected within hours of the attack, based satellite imagery seen by Sky News
Image:
Position of IDF roadblocks erected within hours of the attack, based on satellite imagery seen by Sky News

Speaking to Sky News, former Israeli prime minister Ehud Olmert said: “The way it’s been described in the first place, the original reaction by the Israeli army, the then subsequent corrections made, all points to something very, very disturbing.”

Sky’s Alex Crawford asked Olmert whether the evidence pointed to a cover-up. “I don’t know, but I don’t feel comfortable,” he said.

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Ex-Israeli PM Ehud Olmert says evidence points to something ‘very disturbing’

In an interview with Sky’s Mark Austin on 8 April, Israeli government spokesman David Mencer said the IDF’s investigation would be published “very, very shortly”.

“We have nothing to hide whatsoever,” he said.

In a statement to Sky News, the IDF said it is “conducting an inquiry into the incident, which took place in a combat zone, to uncover the truth”.

“The preliminary inquiry indicated that the troops opened fire due to a perceived threat following a previous encounter in the area, and that six of the individuals killed in the incident were identified as Hamas terrorists. All the claims raised regarding the incident will be examined through the mechanism and presented in a detailed and thorough manner for a decision on how to handle the event.”

Who is responsible?

The IDF has not released details of the soldiers involved, but it has said they belong to the elite Golani brigade.

The video below, which emerged on 4 April, shows a Golani Patrol Commander speaking to his troops.

“Everyone you encounter is an enemy,” he tells them. “If you spot a figure, open fire, eliminate, and move on.”

Geoffrey Nice says that legal culpability for the killing of the 15 aid workers could rest with the soldiers involved, or with people higher up the command chain.

“You don’t do at the bottom what you fear will not be supported by people at the top,” he says. “Why would you? The risk is too great.”

When she heard that there had been an Israeli operation overnight in Rafah, Rifaat’s mother Hajjah wasn’t worried – she had faith that her son’s status as a humanitarian worker would protect him.

Her main concern was whether, during all the inevitable call-outs, he would have time to eat or drink.

“We did not fear for his safety at all.”

Additional reporting by Olive Enokido-Lineham, OSINT producer, Mary Poynter, producer, and Adam Parker, OSINT editor.


The Data and Forensics team is a multi-skilled unit dedicated to providing transparent journalism from Sky News. We gather, analyse and visualise data to tell data-driven stories. We combine traditional reporting skills with advanced analysis of satellite images, social media and other open-source information. Through multimedia storytelling we aim to better explain the world while also showing how our journalism is done.

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