Generative AI models require huge amounts of training data to enable their systems to produce advanced outputs. But the data that goes into them is often from sources where copyright restrictions are in place.
Cfoto | Future Publishing | Getty Images
San-Francisco-based startup Story said Wednesday that it raised $80 million of funding for a blockchain designed to prevent artificial intelligence makers like OpenAI from taking creators’ intellectual property without permission.
The round values the two-year-old company at $2.25 billion, sources familiar with the matter told CNBC. The sources preferred not to be named as the information has not been made public.
Story said that it raised the funds in a Series B round — typically the third major round of funding in a private startup’s growth journey after seed and Series A — led by Andreessen Horowitz, which is also known as a16z.
Crypto-focused venture capital firm Polychain and Brevan Howard, the investment fund of British billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard, also invested.
Building an ‘IP legoland’
A blockchain is a distributed database that maintains an immutable record of activity. It is the technology that underpins cryptocurrencies, such as bitcoin and ether.
Story acts as a blockchain network that allows creators to prove they made a piece of content and are the intellectual property owners by storing their IP on the platform.
The firm’s tech works to protect individuals and entities’ IP by embedding terms associated with it, such as licensing fees and royalty-sharing arrangements, into smart contracts.
Smart contracts are digital contracts stored on a blockchain that automatically execute once a certain set of terms are met.
This makes copyright holders’ IP “programmable,” SY Lee, Story’s co-founder and CEO, explained to CNBC, as it sets up rules for how their content can be used and the price to pay for reproducing or remixing their works.
The benefit of this, Lee said, is that it effectively cuts out the middlemen typically involved in disputes over copyright theft in the media landscape.
“Now it’s turned from IP into IP Lego,” Lee told CNBC. “Now, you don’t need to go through lawyers. You don’t need to go through the agents. You don’t need to do this very lengthy business development negotiation. You just embed your licensing, royalty-sharing terms into small contracts.”
Story makes money by charging a network fee for any action that takes place on its network.
One example of a firm using Story is Ablo, an AI tool that allows users to make their own tailored items of fashion using designs from household brands including French designer clothing firm Balmain and Italian luxury fashion house Dolce and Gabbana.
Brands are compensated for their use of fashion designers’ IP through various respective licensing and revenue-sharing agreements.
Fighting AI copyright theft
Story is now trying to tackle a timely problem with its tech — theft of copyrighted media on the internet by powerful generative AI models like OpenAI’s ChatGPT.
These models, which power many AI chatbots that are increasingly being used as an alternative to search, require huge amounts of training data to enable their systems to produce advanced and informative answers to user queries.
But the data that goes into fueling these AI models is often from sources where there’s copyright restrictions in place.
The New York Times last year hit Microsoft and OpenAI with a copyright lawsuit seeking damages over abuse of the newspaper’s intellectual property.
In the suit, the Times included several examples of instances where GPT-4 produced altered versions of material originally published by the newspaper.
Big tech companies like Microsoft, which has invested $13 billion into OpenAI and is reportedly entitled to a 49% stake in the firm, are “essentially stealing your IP for training purposes and actually capturing all the upside,” Lee said.
In a motion to dismiss part of the Times’ suit in March, Microsoft said that such claims were “unsubstantiated,” and that the lawsuit presented a false narrative of “doomsday futurology.”
Content used to train these models, Microsoft’s lawyers argued, “does not supplant the market for the works, it teaches the models language.”
Microsoft was not immediately available for comment when contacted by CNBC about Lee’s comments.
Good IP is needed to train such AI models, Story’s Lee told CNBC, but he added that AI firms stand to lose long-term if they don’t adequately compensate the publishers and creators they’re sourcing those vast troves of IP data from.
“You need great IP going into AI to have a sustainable growth in AI. Without great human-created data, AI models are not going to be able to train themselves and improve themselves,” Lee said.
Not many startups are designing tech designed specifically to combat IP theft by AI.
One project from the University of Chicago, called Glaze, offers a free app for artists to combat the theft of their IP by AI tools with technology that makes subtle changes to artworks designed to disrupt AI models’ ability to read data on the works of art and mimic the style of the artwork and its artist.
Story, which was founded in 2022, plans to use the fresh cash to build out its IP network infrastructure and onboard more developer partners. The company already has over 200 developers using its platform to enable content creation using programmable IP.
Lee added: “There’s a huge, amazing digital renaissance making everyone a creator or a studio, but at the same time, if no one’s actually compensating and actually getting the IP monetized right, it’s a suicidal action for AI in the long term.”
A soldier walks next to a Tesla Cybertruck, which was donated to the National Guard, after powerful winds fueling devastating wildfires in the Los Angeles area forced people to evacuate, in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood on the west side of Los Angeles, California, U.S. Jan. 13, 2025.
Daniel Cole | Reuters
Tesla started offering discounts on new Cybertruck vehicles in its inventory this week, according to listings on the company’s website.
Discounts are as high as $1,600 off new Cybertrucks, with the reduced price depending on configuration, and up to around $2,600 for demo versions of the trucks in inventory, the listings show. Production of the angular, unpainted steel pickups has reportedly slowed in recent weeks at Tesla’s factory in Austin, Texas.
Deliveries of the unconventional pickup began reaching customers in 2023. CEO Elon Musk originally unveiled the Cybertruck in 2019 and said it would cost around $40,000, but its base price in the U.S. was closer to $80,000 over the course of 2024.
Wall Street previously viewed the Cybertruck as an important driver of growth for Tesla’s core automotive sales.
While the Cybertruck outsold the Ford Lightning F-150 last year in the U.S. and became the fifth best-selling EV domestically, according to data tracked by Cox Automotive, its high price, repeat recalls and production issues in Austin hampered growth. In November, Tesla initiated its sixth recall in a year to replace defective drive inverters.
As CNBC previously reported, Tesla’s deliveries declined slightly year-over-year in 2024, even as EV demand worldwide reached a record. A slew of new competitive models from a wide range of automakers eroded Tesla’s market share.
According to Cox data, full-year EV sales reached an estimated 1.3 million in 2024 in the U.S., an increase of 7.3% from the prior year. But Tesla’s sales for the year declined by about 37,000 vehicles.
The Tesla Model Y SUV and Model 3 sedan ranked as the top two best-selling EVs by a wide margin. But both older, more affordable Tesla models saw sales drop from the previous year. Cox estimated Tesla sold around 38,965 Cybertrucks in the U.S. last year.
In recent days, Musk apologized to customers in California for delays in delivering their Cybertrucks. He said the trucks are now being used to bring supplies and wireless internet service to people in Los Angeles impacted by devastating wildfires.
“Apologies to those expecting Cybertruck deliveries in California over the next few days,” Musk wrote on X. “We need to use those trucks as mobile base stations to provide power to Starlink Internet terminals in areas of LA without connectivity. A new truck will be delivered end of week.”
David Solomon, CEO of Goldman Sachs, speaks during the Reuters NEXT conference, in New York City, U.S., December 10, 2024.
Mike Segar | Reuters
Goldman Sachs CEO David Solomon says there’s an end in sight to the multi-year IPO drought.
“It’s going to pick up,” Solomon said on Wednesday, in an on-stage interview with Cisco CEO Chuck Robbins at a summit hosted by the computer networking company in Silicon Valley. “It’s been slow, it’s been turned off.”
Solomon, who flew to California for the event just after his Wall Street bank reported fourth-quarter results that blew past analysts’ estimates, said the capital markets broadly are showing signs of life ahead of President-elect Donald Trump’s inauguration next week.
The tech IPO market has largely been dormant since the end of 2021, when tech stocks started falling out of favor due to soaring inflation and rising interest rates. Mergers and acquisitions have been difficult in technology because of hefty regulation that’s restricted the ability for the biggest companies to grow through dealmaking.
Solomon said the mood is changing, and he expects momentum M&A as well as in IPOs.
“We have a more constructive kind of optimism, which always helps,” Solomon said. He later added that, “broadly speaking, I think it’s an improved business environment.”
Earlier in the day, Solomon said on his company’s earnings call that Trump’s election and a swing back to Republican power in Washington is already starting to make an impact in the business world. He noted on the call that “there is a significant backlog from sponsors and an overall increased appetite for dealmaking supported by an improved regulatory backdrop.”
Solomon’s comments on the call and at the Cisco event came on a day when the S&P 500 posted his biggest gain since November, helped by a tame inflation report and Goldman’s results. Goldman’s stock popped 6% on Wednesday.
While the stock market has had a strong two-year run and the S&P 500 and Nasdaq hit fresh records last month, IPOs have yet to see a resurgence. Cloud software vendor ServiceTitandebuted on the Nasdaq in December, marking the first significant venture-backed IPO in the U.S. since Rubrik in April.
“The values came down after 2021, people are growing back into those values,” Solomon said at the Cisco summit.
Some companies have said they’re ready. Chipmaker Cerebras filed to go public in September, but the process was slowed down due to a review by the Treasury Department’s Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S., or CFIUS. In November, online lender Klarna said it had confidentially filed IPO paperwork with the SEC.
Though he’s bullish about what’s coming, Solomon said that there are structural reasons not to go public. He said 25 years ago there were roughly 13,000 public companies in the U.S., and today that number has come down to 3,800. There are higher standards around disclosure for being public, and there’s now tons of private capital available “at scale.”
“It’s not fun being a public company,” Solomon acknowledged. “Who would want to be a public company?”
If TikTok does indeed go dark on Sunday for Americans, there may be a tool for them to continue accessing the popular social app: VPNs.
The Chinese-owned app is set to be removed from mobile app stores and the web for U.S. users on Sunday as a result of a law signed by President Joe Biden in April 2024 requiring that the app be sold to a qualified buyer before the deadline.
Barring a last-minute sale or reprieve from the Supreme Court, the app will almost certainly vanish from the app stores for iPhones and Android phones. It won’t be removed from people’s phones, but the app could stop working.
TikTok plans to shut its service for Americans on Sunday, meaning that even those who already have the app downloaded won’t be able to continue using it, according to reports this week from Reuters and The Information. Apple and Google didn’t comment on their plans for taking down the apps from their app stores on Sunday.
“Basically, an app or a website can check where users came from,” said Justas Palekas, a head of product at IProyal.com, a proxy service. “Based on that, then they can impose restrictions based on their location.”
Masking your physical internet access point
That may stop most users, but for the particularly driven Americans, using VPNs might allow them to continue using the app.
VPNs and a related business-to-business technology called proxies work by tunneling a user’s internet traffic through a server in another country, making it look like they are accessing the internet from a location different than the one they are physically in.
This works because every time a computer connects to the internet, it is identified through an IP number, which is a 12-digit number that is different for every single computer. The first six digits of the number identifies the network, which also includes information about the physical region the request came from.
In China, people have used VPNs for years to get around the country’s firewall, which blocks U.S. websites such as Google and Facebook. VPNs saw big spikes in traffic when India banned TikTok in 2020, and people often use VPNs to watch sporting events from countries where official broadcasts aren’t available.
As of 2022, the VPN market was worth nearly $38 billion, according to the VPN Trust Initiative, a lobbying group.
“We consistently see significant spikes in VPN demand when access to online platforms is restricted, and this situation is no different,” said Lauren Hendry Parsons, privacy advocate at ExpressVPN, a VPN provider that costs $5 per month to use.
“We’re not here to endorse TikTok, but the looming U.S. ban highlights why VPNs matter— millions rely on them for secure, private, and unrestricted access to the internet,” ProtonVPN posted on social media earlier this week. ProtonVPN offers its service for $10 a month.
The price of VPNs
Both ExpressVPN and ProtonVPN allow users to set their internet-access location.
Most VPN services charge a monthly fee to pay for their servers and traffic, but some use a business model where they collect user data or traffic trends, such as when Meta offered a free VPN so it could keep an eye on which competitors’ apps were growing quickly.
A key tradeoff for those who use VPN is speed due to requests having to flow through a middleman computer to mask a users’ physical location.
And although VPNs have worked in the past when governments have banned apps, that doesn’t ensure that VPNs will work if TikTok goes dark. It won’t be clear if ExpressVPN would be able to access TikTok until after the ban takes place, Parsons told CNBC in an email. It’s also possible that TikTok may be able to determine Americans who try to use VPNs to access the app.
(L-R) Sarah Baus of Charleston, S.C., holds a sign that reads “Keep TikTok” as she and other content creators Sallye Miley of Jackson, Mississippi, and Callie Goodwin of Columbia, S.C., stand outside the U.S. Supreme Court Building as the court hears oral arguments on whether to overturn or delay a law that could lead to a ban of TikTok in the U.S., on January 10, 2025 in Washington, DC.
Andrew Harnik | Getty Images
VPNs and proxies to evade regional restrictions have been part of the internet’s landscape for decades, but their use is increasing as governments seek to ban certain services or apps.
Apps are removed by government request all the time. Nearly 1500 apps were removed in regions due to government takedown demands in 2023, according to Apple, with over 1,000 of them in China. Most of them are fringe apps that break laws such as those against gambling, or Chinese video game rules, but increasingly, countries are banning apps for national security or economic development reasons.
Now, the U.S. is poised to ban one of the most popular apps in the country — with 115 million users, it was the second most downloaded app of 2024 across both iOS and Android, according to an estimate provided to CNBC from Sensor Tower, a market intelligence firm.
“As we witness increasing attempts to fragment and censor the internet, the role of VPNs in upholding internet freedom is becoming increasingly critical,” Parsons said.