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On September 8, the European Space Agency (ESA) will witness a rare event as the first of four Cluster satellites, named “Salsa”, re-enters Earth’s atmosphere. This satellite, launched as part of ESA’s Cluster mission, will burn up in an uncontrolled yet targeted reentry over a remote part of the South Pacific Ocean. The event presents a unique opportunity for scientists to observe and gather critical data on satellite reentry, contributing to safer and more sustainable practices in future space missions.

Understanding Satellite Reentry

According to a report by ESA, in nearly 70 years of space exploration, about 10,000 intact satellites and rocket bodies have reentered Earth’s atmosphere. Despite this, scientists still have limited understanding of the exact dynamics that occur during reentry. To bridge this knowledge gap, ESA, in collaboration with Astros Solutions, will conduct an airborne observation experiment during Salsa’s reentry.

A team of scientists aboard a small plane will attempt to collect data on the satellite’s breakup process, which will be invaluable for designing and operating future satellites to ensure they can be safely and efficiently disposed of after their missions.

The Importance of Salsa’s Reentry

According to Holger Krag, Head of Space Safety at ESA, understanding reentry dynamics is crucial for maintaining clean and safe orbital paths around Earth. He explains that the quick removal of defunct satellites is vital to prevent space debris accumulation. The reentry of the Cluster satellites, starting with Salsa, offers a repeatable experiment due to the nearly identical conditions under which each satellite will reenter the atmosphere. This scenario allows scientists to observe and compare the outcomes of different reentry angles and conditions, providing insights that will inform the design of future missions.

Targeting the South Pacific Ocean

In January, Salsa’s orbit was adjusted to ensure that its reentry would occur over one of the most remote regions on Earth, the South Pacific Ocean. Bruno Sousa, Cluster Operations Manager, notes that Salsa’s orbit brings it close to Earth every 12 years. This year’s close approach allowed for a targeted reentry, with the spacecraft’s trajectory adjusted to ensure that any surviving fragments fall into open waters, minimizing the risk to populated areas.

Preparing for the Airborne Observation

The airborne observation mission, known as ROSIE-Salsa, involves a joint effort from academic institutions such as the University of Stuttgart and the University of Southern Queensland, alongside industrial partners like Hypersonic Technology Göttingen and Astros Solutions. Led by Jiří Silha, CEO of Astros Solutions, the mission aims to capture real-time data during Salsa’s reentry.

The plane will be equipped with over 20 scientific instruments, including cameras and spectrographs, to observe the satellite’s breakup and record detailed information. Despite the challenges posed by the reentry’s unpredictable nature and the remote location, the team is prepared to gather critical data that could enhance future satellite reentry predictions.

Looking Ahead

Salsa’s reentry marks the beginning of a series of controlled reentries for the remaining Cluster satellites, with the last one scheduled for 2026. ESA’s commitment to reducing space debris is further demonstrated by its Zero Debris approach, which aims to eliminate the creation of space debris by 2030.

In addition to the Cluster mission, ESA is also planning the DRACO mission, which will involve an actively controlled reentry of a satellite equipped with a “black box” to provide telemetry data from within. If successful, this mission could set a new standard for satellite reentry observations and contribute significantly to the safe and sustainable use of space.

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NASA Satellite Detects Tree Leaf Changes as Early Volcano Eruption Warning Signal

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NASA Satellite Detects Tree Leaf Changes as Early Volcano Eruption Warning Signal

NASA scientists might soon be able to forecast volcanic eruptions by monitoring how trees respond from space. Now, in a new collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution, they have discovered that tree leaves grow lusher and greener when previously dormant volcanic carbon dioxide seeps up from the ground — an early warning that a cone of magma is pushing upwards. Now, using satellites such as Landsat 8 and data from the recent AVUELO mission, scientists think this biological response could be visible remotely, serving as an added layer of early warning for eruptions in high-risk areas that currently menace millions worldwide.

NASA Uses Tree Greening as Satellite Clue for Early Volcano Eruption Warnings in Remote Regions

As per the research by NASA’s Earth Science Division at Ames Research Centre, greening occurs when trees absorb volcanic carbon dioxide released as magma rises. These emissions precede sulfur dioxide and are harder to detect directly from orbit.

While carbon dioxide does not always appear obvious in satellite images, its downstream effects — enhanced vegetation, for example — can help reinforce existing volcanic early warning systems, notes volcanologist Florian Schwandner. It could be important because, as the U.S. Geological Survey says, the country is still one of the most volcanically active.

Globally, about 1,350 potentially active volcanoes exist, many in remote or hazardous locations. On-site gas measurement is costly and dangerous, prompting volcanologists like Robert Bogue and Nicole Guinn to explore tree-based proxies.

Guinn’s study of tree leaves around Sicily’s Mount Etna found a strong correlation between leaf colour and underground volcanic activity. Satellites such as Sentinel-2 and Terra have proven capable of capturing these subtle vegetative changes, particularly in forested volcanic areas.

To confirm this method, climate scientist Josh Fisher led NASA-Smithsonian teams in March 2025 to Panama and Costa Rica, collecting tree samples and measuring gas levels near active volcanoes. Fisher sees this interdisciplinary research as key to both volcano forecasting and understanding long-term tree response to atmospheric carbon dioxide, which will reveal future climate conditions.

The benefits of early carbon dioxide detection have been demonstrated in the 2017 eruption of Mayon volcano in the Philippines, where it allowed mass evacuations and saved more than 56,000 lives. It has its limitations, like bad terrain or too much environmental noise, but it could be a game-changer.

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Russian Researchers Discover 11 New AGNs in All-Sky X-ray Survey

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Russian Researchers Discover 11 New AGNs in All-Sky X-ray Survey

11 new active galactic nuclei were detected in an all-sky X-ray source survey conducted by researchers from the Russian Academy of Sciences. A team led by Grigory Uskov has been on an inspection of the X-ray sources found in the ART-XC telescope of the Spektr-RG (SRG) space observatory. So far, their studies have resulted in the identification of more than 50 AGNs and several cataclysmic variables. A deeper dive into the physical properties and radiation nature of those galaxies will be crucial for a wide range of studies such as statistical insights, refining and testing cosmological models, classification studies etc.

Classification of newly found AGN

According to the recent study published in Astronomy letters, the newly discovered active galactic nuclei from the ARTSS1-5 catalog are categorised as the Seyfert galaxies, seven type 1 (Sy 1), three type 1.9 (Sy 1.9) and one type 2 (Sy 2).

AGN or active galactic nuclei are considered as the most luminous persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe. These compact regions at the centre of a galaxy are extremely energetic due to accretion onto a supermassive black hole or star formation activity at the galaxy’s center.

Based on their luminosity, AGNs are categorised as Seyfert Galaxies and Quasars. Seyfert galaxies are lower-luminosity AGNs where the host galaxy is clearly visible and emit a lot of infrared radiation, and have broad optical emission lines.

Research findings

The published paper states the 11 newly found galaxies are located relatively nearby, at redshifts of 0.028-0.258. The X-ray luminosities of these sources are within the range of 2 to 300 tredecillion erg/s, therefore typical for AGNs at the present epoch.

The spectrum of one of the new AGNs, designated SRGA J000132.9+240237, is described by a power law with a slope smaller than 0.5, which suggests a strong absorption and a significant contribution of the radiation reflected from the galaxy’s dusty torus. The authors of the paper noted that longer X-ray observations are required to determine the physical properties of this AGN.

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New Study Reveals Recent Ice Gains in Antarctica, But Long-Term Melting Continues

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New Study Reveals Recent Ice Gains in Antarctica, But Long-Term Melting Continues

Global warming and climate change have been subjects of major concern for a long time. One of the key indicators of this phenomenon is the melting of ice in the polar regions. Researchers from Tongji University in Shanghai have been using NASA satellite data to track changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet over more than two decades. Their newest study states that despite the increase in global temperature, Antarctica has gained ice in recent years. However, it cannot be considered as a miraculous reversal in global warming because over these two decades, the overall trend is substantial ice loss. Most of the gains have been caused by unusual increased precipitation over Antarctica.

About the New study

According to the new study , NASA’s Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On satellites have been monitoring this ice sheet since 2002. The ice sheet covering Antarctica is the largest mass of ice on Earth

The satellite data revealed that the sheet experienced a sustained period of ice loss between 2002 and 2020. The ice loss accelerated in the latter half of that period, increasing from an average loss of about 81 billion tons (74 billion metric tons) per year between 2002 and 2010, to a loss of about 157 billion tons (142 billion metric tons) between 2011 and 2020, according to the study. However, the trend then shifted.

The ice sheet gained mass from 2021 to 2023 at an average rate of about 119 billion tons (108 metric tons) per year. Four glaciers in eastern Antarctica also flipped from accelerated ice loss to significant mass gain.

General Trend in global warming

Climate change doesn’t mean that everywhere on Earth will get hotter at the same rate, so a single region will never tell the whole story of our warming world.

Historically, temperatures over much of Antarctica have remained relatively stable, particularly compared to the Arctic. Antarctica’s sea ice has also been much more stable relative to the Arctic, but that’s been changing in recent years.

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