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Giving children a solution made up of salt and water can cut the duration of a cold by two days, researchers have suggested.

A study found that cold symptoms lasted for an average of six days after using salt water nasal drops – also known as saline solution – compared to eight days after using typical cold medicine.

It could also cut the chance of passing colds on to other family members.

Professor Steve Cunningham, from the University of Edinburgh who worked on the ELVIS-Kids randomised controlled trial, said: “Children have up to 10 to 12 upper respiratory tract infections – what we refer to as colds – per year, which have a big impact on them and their families.

“There are medicines to improve symptoms, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, but no treatments that can make a cold get better quicker.

“We found that children using salt water nose drops had cold symptoms for an average of six days when those with usual care had symptoms for eight days.

“The children receiving salt water nose drops also needed fewer medicines during their illness.

“Reducing the duration of colds in children means that fewer people in their house also get a cold, with clear implications for how quickly a household feels better and can return to their usual activities like school and work.”

He said the 2.6% salt water concentration cannot currently be bought over-the-counter and needs to be made up by parents, which his team will help with by releasing “simple instructions” and a video within the next few days.

Explaining how salt may work to cut the length of colds, Prof Cunningham said: “Salt is made up of sodium and chloride. Chloride is used by the cells lining the nose and windpipes to produce hypochlorous acid within cells, which they use to defend against virus infection.

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“By giving extra chloride to the lining cells, this helps the cells produce more hypochlorous acid, which helps suppress viral replication, reducing the length of the virus infection, and therefore the duration of symptoms.”

407 children aged up to six took part in the study, which was presented at the European Respiratory Society Congress in Vienna.

Some 301 children developed a cold and the parents of 150 of these were given sea salt and taught to make and apply salt water nose drops to the children’s noses (three drops per nostril, a minimum of four times per day, until well).

The other 151 children had usual care.

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In children given the drops, fewer households (46%) reported family members catching a cold versus the typical methods (61%).

Some 82% of parents said the nose drops helped their child get better quickly while 81% said they would use nose drops in the future.

Dr Matthew Siggins, research fellow at the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who was not involved in the study, said the research showed a degree of success with reducing the length of symptoms, “albeit only moderately”.

He said results of the trial matched a larger study in adults conducted at Southampton University, which also showed the application of simple saline water reduced symptoms by around two days on average.

He called for future studies to help design sprays that can more effectively suppress symptoms and spread.

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Budget 2025: Reeves urged to ‘make the case’ for income tax freeze – as PM hits out at defenders of ‘failed’ policy

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Budget 2025: Reeves urged to 'make the case' for income tax freeze - as PM hits out at defenders of 'failed' policy

Rachel Reeves needs to “make the case” to voters that extending the freeze on personal income thresholds was the “fairest” way to increase taxes, Baroness Harriet Harman has said.

Speaking to Sky News political editor Beth Rigby on the Electoral Dysfunction podcast, the Labour peer said the chancellor needed to explain that her decision would “protect people’s cost of living if they’re on low incomes”.

In her budget on Wednesday, Ms Reeves extended the freeze on income tax thresholds – introduced by the Conservatives in 2021 and due to expire in 2028 – by three years.

The move – described by critics as a “stealth tax” – is estimated to raise £8bn for the exchequer in 2029-2030 by dragging some 1.7 million people into a higher tax band as their pay goes up.

Rachel Reeves, pictured the day after delivering the budget. Pic: PA
Image:
Rachel Reeves, pictured the day after delivering the budget. Pic: PA

The chancellor previously said she would not freeze thresholds as it would “hurt working people” – prompting accusations she has broken the trust of voters.

During the general election campaign, Labour promised not to increase VAT, national insurance or income tax rates.

Sir Keir Starmer has insisted there’s been no manifesto breach, but acknowledged people were being asked to “contribute” to protect public services.

He has also launched a staunch defence of the government’s decision to scrap the two-child benefit cap, with its estimated cost of around £3bn by the end of this parliament.

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Prime minister defends budget

‘A moral failure’

The prime minister condemned the Conservative policy as a “failed social experiment” and said those who defend it stand for “a moral failure and an economic disaster”.

“The record highs of child poverty in this country aren’t just numbers on a spreadsheet – they mean millions of children are going to bed hungry, falling behind at school, and growing up believing that a better future is out of reach despite their parents doing everything right,” he said.

The two-child limit restricts child tax credit and universal credit to the first two children in most households.

The government believes lifting the limit will pull 450,000 children out of poverty, which it argues will ultimately help reduce costs by preventing knock-on issues like dependency on welfare – and help people find jobs.

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Budget winners and losers

Speaking to Rigby, Baroness Harman said Ms Reeves now needed to convince “the woman on the doorstep” of why she’s raised taxes in the way that she has.

“I think Rachel really answered it very, very clearly when she said, ‘well, actually, we haven’t broken the manifesto because the manifesto was about rates’.

“And you remember there was a big kerfuffle before the budget about whether they would increase the rate of income tax or the rate of national insurance, and they backed off that because that would have been a breach of the manifesto.

“But she has had to increase the tax take, and she’s done it by increasing by freezing the thresholds, which she says she didn’t want to do. But she’s tried to do it with the fairest possible way, with counterbalancing support for people on low incomes.”

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She added: “And that is the argument that’s now got to be had with the public. The Labour members of parliament are happy about it. The markets essentially are happy about it. But she needs to make the case, and everybody in the government is going to need to make the case about it.

“This was a difficult thing to do, but it’s been done in the fairest possible way, and it’s for the good, because it will protect people’s cost of living if they’re on low incomes.”

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Twenty two stadiums and 4.5 million tickets – home nations submit bid for 2035 Women’s World Cup

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Twenty two stadiums and 4.5 million tickets - home nations submit bid for 2035 Women's World Cup

The football associations of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales have officially launched and released more details about their joint bid for the 2035 Women’s World Cup.

If the bid is successful, it would be the first football World Cup hosted in the UK since 1966, and the largest single-sport event ever staged in the country.

The bid includes 22 proposed stadiums – 16 in England, three in Wales, two in Scotland and one in Northern Ireland – across 16 host cities.

Organisers claim it would be the most accessible tournament ever, with 63 million people living within two hours of a proposed venue.

They predict the tournament would generate 4.5 million ticket sales and have a projected global TV audience of 3.5 billion.

The tournament would involve 104 matches contested by 48 teams over 39 days, with 48 team base camp training sites, 82 venue-specific training sites and 32 FIFA Fan Festival Sites proposed.

In April, FIFA president Gianni Infantino revealed that the home nations had submitted the only valid bid for tournament.

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In a joint statement, the CEOs of the various football associations, said: “We are proud of the growth that we’ve driven in recent years across the women’s and girls’ game.”

They added that: “A Women’s World Cup in the UK has the power to turbo charge the women’s and girls’ game both in the UK and globally.”

Where would the matches be played?

The bid details the host cities and stadiums as follow:

• Belfast – The Clearer Twist National Stadium at Windsor Park

• Birmingham – The Sports Quarter Stadium and Villa Park

• Brighton & Hove – The American Express Stadium

• Bristol – Ashton Gate

• Cardiff – Cardiff City Stadium and Principality Stadium

• Edinburgh – Easter Road

• Glasgow – Hampden Park

• Leeds – Elland Road

• Liverpool – The Hill Dickinson Stadium

• London – Chelsea FC Stadium, Emirates Stadium, Selhurst Park, Tottenham Hotspur Stadium and Wembley Stadium connected by EE

• Manchester – Etihad Stadium

• Trafford – Old Trafford

• Newcastle – St James’ Park

• Nottingham – The City Ground

• Sunderland – Stadium of Light

• Wrexham – STōK Racecourse

However, some of the stadiums mentioned above were merely the ones put forward in the official bid and are likely to change after the construction of new stadiums are completed.

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Have you seen this nutcracker? CCTV shows thief stealing festive statue in Edinburgh

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Have you seen this nutcracker? CCTV shows thief stealing festive statue in Edinburgh

The manager of an Edinburgh cocktail bar will speak to police today over the “catastrophic” theft of an eight-foot tall nutcracker figure from outside his venue.

In what can only be described as a total nightmare before Christmas, a person riding an e-bike guaranteed a place on the naughty list by stealing the Copper Blossom’s festive statue on Monday.

They are seen on CCTV placing the soldier across their lap and riding off into the night down George Street towards St Andrew Square.

The thief was wearing a dark hoodie
Image:
The thief was wearing a dark hoodie

Speaking to The UK Tonight on Sky News, manager Paul Paxton said it was a massive financial blow for his bar.

“The individual nutcrackers are about £900 each,” he revealed.

The stolen one is named Nolan, while his “brother” Nelson remains “safe and sound”.

They were part of the Copper Blossom’s outdoor Christmas display, and Nelson has now been moved into the foyer.

Mr Paxton said he would be speaking to police about their investigation, with sightings having been reported “around Edinburgh” later on the night of the incident.

Nolan, who the owner described as “massive”, was taken at around 10.10pm. The CCTV footage shows the thief removing the statue and dragging it on to their bike.

You can see Nolan being taken away in this shot
Image:
You can see Nolan being taken away in this shot

As if losing a £900 nutcracker wasn’t bad enough, a table costing hundreds of pounds was also broken.

“It’s pretty catastrophic,” said Mr Paxton.

The bar had originally put out an appeal that said “if you return it, we’re all good” – but he admitted he doesn’t expect Nolan’s return any time soon.

Paul Paxton is dwarfed by his nutcracker soldiers
Image:
Paul Paxton is dwarfed by his nutcracker soldiers

And while he’d “never want someone to go into harm’s way”, he told Jayne Secker he was a little disappointed no witnesses alerted him or his staff to the theft.

“There were about 12 or 13 people who walked past,” he said.

“Even if someone had run in, that could have helped. It wasn’t a quick process – he fell off his bike.

“A heads-up would have been lovely.”

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