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The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) has embarked on significant exploratory trials in the Andaman Sea using the Varaha-3, a specialised seabed mining machine. These trials, which took place at a depth of 1,193 metres, are part of India’s broader initiative to explore and harness ocean resources responsibly. The Geological Survey of India previously surveyed the trial locations, identifying them as potential hotspots for valuable mineral resources, particularly polymetallic nodules.

Successful Collection of Nodules

During the trials, Varaha-3 effectively gathered polymetallic nodules ranging in size from 60 to 120 mm. These nodules contain essential metals such as nickel, cobalt, and copper, vital for various industries, particularly those focused on renewable energy and electric vehicle production. The successful collection represents a notable advancement in India’s capabilities for deep-sea mining.

Sustainable Practices and Future Prospects

The design of Varaha-3 emphasises efficiency and minimisation of environmental impact, aligning with India’s commitment to sustainable ocean resource management. As part of the Deep Ocean Mission, the Indian government has made significant investments in developing advanced technology for deep-sea exploration. This includes an integrated mining system aimed at enhancing the efficiency of nodule extraction and transportation.

Concluding Remarks

These exploratory trials not only showcase the technical proficiency of the Varaha-3 but also pave the way for potential commercial mining operations in the future. With ongoing research and innovation, India is positioning itself to lead in sustainable seabed resource extraction, contributing to the global demand for critical minerals essential for clean energy technologies.

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Vernal Equinox 2025: Date, Time, and the Science Behind the Event

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Vernal Equinox 2025: Date, Time, and the Science Behind the Event

The upcoming vernal equinox is set to take place on March 20. 2025, marking the transition into spring in the Northern Hemisphere while the Southern Hemisphere moves into autumn. This astronomical event occurs twice a year when day and night are nearly equal in length across the globe. The phenomenon is attributed to Earth’s axial tilt of approximately 23.5 degrees, which determines how sunlight is distributed throughout the year. The equinox signifies a point where the planet is neither tilted towards nor away from the Sun, resulting in almost equal hours of daylight and darkness.

What Causes the Equinox?

According to research, the equinox occurs due to Earth’s orbital movement around the Sun while maintaining a fixed axial tilt. The alignment ensures that the Sun is positioned directly above the equator. This leads to an even distribution of sunlight across both hemispheres, creating a balance between daytime and nighttime hours. However, complete equality is not achieved as atmospheric refraction and the Sun’s apparent size cause a slight variation in the actual duration of daylight. Reports indicate that locations at the equator receive approximately 12 hours and 6 minutes of daylight, while regions at higher latitudes may experience slightly longer daylight hours.

Equinox Dates and Variations

Sources confirm that equinoxes do not always fall on the exact same date each year. While typically occurring around March 20 and September 22, slight variations arise due to the additional fraction of a day in Earth’s annual orbit. The timing of the equinox shifts gradually as the extra quarter-day accumulates, influencing the calendar date. Meteorologically, spring is considered to begin on March 1, while the astronomical definition aligns with the equinox.

Cultural Significance and Historical Observations

Ancient civilisations have long tracked equinoxes, incorporating them into agricultural cycles and cultural practices. Historical records highlight that structures such as Angkor Wat in Cambodia and El Castillo in Mexico were designed to align with the equinoxes, demonstrating their significance in early astronomy. The phenomenon continues to hold importance in various traditions, with some cultures observing it as a time of reflection and seasonal transition.

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World’s Largest Iceberg A23a Grounds Near South Georgia

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World’s Largest Iceberg A23a Grounds Near South Georgia

The world’s largest iceberg, A23a, has come to a standstill near South Georgia, a critical wildlife habitat in the South Atlantic. The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) confirmed on March 4 that the iceberg, comparable in size to Rhode Island, had run aground approximately 80 kilometres from the island. Having drifted through the Southern Ocean for months, its trajectory has been closely monitored by researchers. Scientists are now evaluating its potential impact on the region’s delicate ecosystem, particularly its effect on penguins, seals, and marine life.

Iceberg’s Journey and Previous Movements

According to the British Antarctic Survey, A23a initially calved from Antarctica’s Filchner Ice Shelf in 1986 but remained grounded on the seabed for decades. It began moving again in 2020, later getting temporarily stuck near the South Orkney Islands in early 2024. After breaking free in December, it continued northwards toward South Georgia. Scientists had previously raised concerns over its approach, fearing disruptions to the region’s biodiversity.

Impact on Wildlife and Marine Ecosystem

As reported by the BBC, Andrew Meijers, an oceanographer at the British Antarctic Survey, stated that if A23a remains stationary, significant threats to local wildlife are unlikely. However, should the iceberg shift closer to the island or fragment, challenges could arise. Meijers noted that disruptions to feeding pathways may force adult penguins and seals to travel longer distances, reducing the food supply for their offspring and potentially increasing mortality rates.

Potential Benefits and Risks

Marine ecologist Nadine Johnston told the BBC that the iceberg could also stimulate ocean productivity by introducing essential nutrients into surrounding waters. She described this phenomenon as a “nutrient bomb” that could enhance food availability for predators such as penguins and seals. On the other hand, commercial fishing operations may face obstacles. As per BAS reports, previous iceberg breakups have disrupted fisheries, and A23a’s eventual fragmentation could pose navigation hazards.

Ongoing monitoring will determine how A23a’s presence affects the South Georgia ecosystem in the coming months.

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SpaceX Starship Flight 8: Booster Caught, Upper Stage Lost Again in Mid-Flight



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SpaceX Starship Flight 8: Booster Caught, Upper Stage Lost Again in Mid-Flight

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SpaceX Starship Flight 8: Booster Caught, Upper Stage Lost Again in Mid-Flight

SpaceX launched its eighth Starship test flight from the Starbase facility in South Texas on March 6 at 6:30 p.m. EST. The 403-foot-tall rocket lifted off successfully, with its first-stage booster, Super Heavy, completing a controlled descent and being caught by the launch tower’s “chopstick” arms. This marked the third time SpaceX has demonstrated the technique. However, the mission faced issues as the upper stage, known as Starship or simply “Ship,” did not complete its planned trajectory. Engine failures led to a loss of control, resulting in an early end to the flight.

Starship Upper Stage Fails During Ascent

According to reports, the upper stage was expected to continue its suborbital trajectory, deploying four test payloads before splashing down in the Indian Ocean. The plan was disrupted when multiple Raptor engines malfunctioned towards the end of the ascent. Nine minutes after liftoff, SpaceX lost contact with the vehicle, and it is believed to have broken apart at high altitude. Debris was later seen falling over the Bahamas. The failure mirrored the outcome of Flight 7, which faced similar technical issues in January.

Investigation and Modifications Made Before Launch

SpaceX had previously identified a harmonic response issue during Flight 7, which increased stress on propulsion system components, causing propellant leaks and fires. Measures were taken to prevent a recurrence, including adjustments to fuel feedlines, propellant temperatures, and operating thrust levels. Additional vents and a gaseous nitrogen purge system were introduced to manage potential leaks. Further modifications to the vehicle’s heat shield and catch fittings were also tested. Despite these efforts, the upper stage was lost once again.

Future Testing and Operational Plans

SpaceX intends to refine the Starship system for rapid reuse, with the goal of catching both the Super Heavy booster and the upper stage using launch tower arms. Radar sensors on the tower were tested during Flight 8 to improve distance measurement for future attempts. The company remains committed to increasing Starship’s launch frequency, with approval sought for 25 test flights in 2025. The Federal Aviation Administration had cleared Flight 8 after a safety review, and further investigations will determine the next steps for upcoming missions.

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