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This year’s Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine has been awarded to two American scientists who discovered how “microRNA” controls the decoding of genetic information in living organisms.

Studying the tiny nematode worm C “elegans”, Victor Ambros and Gary Ruvkun independently discovered that small sequences of RNA were essential in determining whether certain genes are turned into proteins that carry out life’s functions.

“Their groundbreaking discovery revealed a completely new principle of gene regulation that turned out to be essential for multicellular organisms, including humans,” said Olle Kampe, chair of the Nobel Prize Committee.

Until their discovery, molecular biologists thought they understood how life controlled the expression of genes: large proteins called transcription factors determined which genes get translated from DNA into its sister molecule RNA before being turned into proteins – to make new skin, muscle, hormones, or anything else.

This undated picture released by Mass General shows American molecular biologist Gary Ruvkun. (Joshua Touster via AP)
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Gary Ruvkun. Pic: Joshua Touster via AP

This undated picture released by UMass shows Victor Ambros, PhD, the Silverman Chair in Natural Sciences and professor of molecular medicine. (UMass via AP)
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Victor Ambros. Pic: UMass via AP

The discovery of microRNA was initially thought to be “an oddity peculiar to a small worm”, according to Mr Kampe.

But Mr Ambros and Mr Ruvkun showed microRNA is found in nearly all complex life forms and plays a fundamental role in regulating how organisms function.

Also, when they misfunction. Errors in microRNA were since found to cause chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, a form of blood cancer.

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Since the discovery, new research is exploring the involvement of microRNA in all aspects of biology and many other disease types including other cancers, obesity and heart disease.

The discovery doesn’t have the same immediate application as last year’s Nobel Prize in medicine, which also went to an RNA discovery – using the molecule to make vaccines against cancer and diseases like COVID-19 – but it is so fundamental it is likely to lead to new insights for medicine.

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Zelenskyy prepares for fresh White House visit – as Putin issues first comments after summit

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Zelenskyy prepares for fresh White House visit - as Putin issues first comments after summit

Volodymyr Zelenskyy has said he is preparing for his meeting with Donald Trump – as Vladimir Putin issued his first comments following the US-Russia talks on the war in Ukraine.

The Ukrainian president will fly to Washington DC for the next stage of talks on Monday, which could pave the way for a three-way meeting alongside the Russian leader, Mr Trump has said.

It comes following a high-profile summit between the US president and Mr Putin, held in Alaska on Friday.

US-Russia talks on Ukraine – latest updates

Pic: AP/ Julia Demaree Nikhinson
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Pic: AP/ Julia Demaree Nikhinson

The US president had heavily previewed the talks, threatening sanctions for Russia should there be no agreement on a ceasefire.

But a short news briefing following the summit ended with no mention of a ceasefire, no agreement on how to end the war, and little clarity about the next steps.

On Saturday, Mr Trump appeared to change his stance on what he hopes to achieve from the talks, indicating he wants a permanent peace settlement rather than a ceasefire, and announced the follow-up meeting with Mr Zelenskyy.

In a post on X, the Ukrainian president said he was grateful for the invitation and added: “It is important that everyone agrees there needs to be a conversation at the level of leaders to clarify all the details and determine which steps are necessary and will work.”

Pic: Sergei Bobylev/ Sputnik/ Kremlin pool via AP
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Pic: Sergei Bobylev/ Sputnik/ Kremlin pool via AP

However, he said Russia had rebuffed “numerous calls for a ceasefire and has not yet determined when it will stop the killing”, which “complicates the situation”.

Mr Zelenskyy continued: “If they lack the will to carry out a simple order to stop the strikes, it may take a lot of effort to get Russia to have the will to implement far greater – peaceful coexistence with its neighbours for decades.

“But together we are working for peace and security. Stopping the killing is a key element of stopping the war.”

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Trump and Putin in Alaska – The Debrief

The Ukrainian president’s last visit to the White House earlier this year descended into a fiery spat with Mr Trump and his vice president JD Vance that saw him leave early.

Mr Putin issued his first statement on Saturday afternoon following the Friday’s summit, describing the talks as “timely and quite useful” – but said the “removal” of what he calls the “root causes” of the crisis “must underlie the settlement”.

He continued: “We definitely respect the US administration’s position which wants the hostilities to stop as soon as possible. So do we, and we would like to move forward with settling all issues by peaceful means.

“The conversation was very frank and substantive, which, in my view, moves us closer towards making necessary decisions.”

Read more:
Analysis: Putin was pulling the strings
Key takeaways from Sky correspondents
Body language expert unpacks the summit

In calls on Saturday, Mr Trump told Mr Zelenskyy that the Russian leader had offered to freeze frontlines elsewhere if Kyiv agreed to withdraw from the eastern Donetsk and Luhansk regions, a person familiar with the matter told the Reuters news agency.

US envoy Steve Witkoff told Ukraine’s leader that Mr Putin had said there could be no ceasefire without this, and that the Russian president could pledge not to launch any new aggression against Ukraine as part of an arrangement.

Keir Starmer welcomed Volodymyr Zelenskyy to Downing Street earlier this week. Pic: AP/ Kirsty Wigglesworth
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Keir Starmer welcomed Volodymyr Zelenskyy to Downing Street earlier this week. Pic: AP/ Kirsty Wigglesworth

Meanwhile, European leaders who make up the “coalition of the willing” are set to hold a conference call tomorrow ahead of the crunch talks between Mr Trump and Mr Zelenskyy.

In a statement on Saturday, Prime Minister Keir Starmer said the US leader’s efforts had “brought us closer than ever before to ending Russia’s illegal war in Ukraine” and that his leadership “in pursuit of an end to the killing should be commended”.

He said he supported the next phase of talks, but added: “In the meantime, until (Putin) stops his barbaric assault, we will keep tightening the screws on his war machine with even more sanctions.”

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Trump and Putin agree on ‘many points’ in Ukraine talks – but give little detail away

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Trump and Putin agree on 'many points' in Ukraine talks - but give little detail away

Donald Trump has said there are “many points” he and Vladimir Putin agreed on after holding critical talks on the war in Ukraine – but no deal has been reached yet.

Following the much-anticipated meeting in Alaska, which lasted more than two-and-a-half hours, the two leaders gave a short media conference giving little detail about what had been discussed, and without taking questions.

Mr Trump described the meeting as “very productive” and said there were “many points that we agreed on… I would say a couple of big ones”.

Trump-Putin summit – latest updates

Trump and Putin in Alaska. Pic: Reuters
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Trump and Putin in Alaska. Pic: Reuters

There are a few left, he added. “Some are not that significant. One is probably the most significant, but we have a very good chance of getting there…

“We haven’t quite got there, we’ve made some headway. There’s no deal until there’s a deal.”

Mr Putin described the negotiations as “thorough and constructive”, and said Russia was “seriously interested in putting an end” to the war in Ukraine. He also warned Europe not to “torpedo nascent progress”.

Donald Trump greets Vladimir Putin at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska. Pic: AP/ Julia Demaree Nikhinson
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Donald Trump greets Vladimir Putin at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska. Pic: AP/ Julia Demaree Nikhinson

After much build-up to the summit, it was ultimately not clear whether the talks produced meaningful steps towards a ceasefire in what has been the deadliest conflict in Europe in 80 years.

Mr Trump said he intended to speak with Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and other European leaders, who were excluded from the discussions, to brief them.

The news conference came after a grand arrival earlier in the day at the Elmendorf-Richardson military base in Anchorage, where the US president stepped down from Air Force One and later greeted his Russian counterpart with a handshake and smiles on a red carpet.

Mr Putin even travelled alongside Mr Trump in the presidential limousine, nicknamed “The Beast”.

It was the kind of reception typically reserved for close US allies, belying the bloodshed and the suffering in the war.

Before the talks, the two presidents ignored frantically-shouted questions from journalists – and Mr Putin appeared to frown when asked by one reporter if he would stop “killing civilians” in Ukraine, putting his hand to his ear as though to indicate he could not hear.

Our US correspondent Martha Kelner, on the ground in Alaska, said he was shouting “let’s go” – apparently in reference to getting the reporters out of the room.

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Ukrainians are appalled at Trump’s naive and cack-handed diplomacy

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Ukrainians are appalled at Trump's naive and cack-handed diplomacy

For Ukrainians, the spectacle of Vladimir Putin and Donald Trump meeting in Alaska will be repugnant.

The man behind an unprovoked invasion of their country is being honoured with a return to the world stage by the leader of a country that was meant to be their ally.

And they feel let down.

Follow latest updates from Ukraine war

President Trump had threatened severe sanctions on Russia within 50 days if Russia didn’t agree to a deal. He had seemed close to imposing them before letting Putin wriggle off the hook yet again.

But they are not surprised. At every stage, Trump has either sided with Russia or at least given them the benefit of the doubt.

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‘Putin won’t mess around with me’

It is clear that Putin has some kind of hold over this American president, in their minds and many others.

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Ukraine wants three things out of these talks. A ceasefire, security guarantees and reparations. It is not clear at this stage that they will get any of them.

Ukrainians and their European allies are appalled at the naive and cack-handed diplomacy that has preceded this meeting.

Vladimir Putin is sending a team of foreign affairs heavyweights, adept at getting the better of opponents in negotiations.

There are, the Financial Times reported this week, no Russia specialists left at the Trump White House.

Instead, Trump is relying on Steve Witkoff, a real estate lawyer and foreign policy novice, who has demonstrated a haphazard mastery of his brief and breathtaking credulity with the Russians.

Former British spy chief Sir Alex Younger described him today as totally out of his depth. Trump, he says, is being played like a fiddle by Putin.

Read more:
What could Ukraine be asked to give up?
What to expect from pivotal Ukraine summit

There is a fundamental misunderstanding of the conflict at the heart of the Trump administration’s handling of it. Witkoff and the president see it in terms of real estate. But it has never been about territory.

Vladimir Putin has made it abundantly clear that Ukraine’s existence as a sovereign democratic entity cannot be tolerated. He has made no pretence that his views on that have changed.

Ukrainians know that and fear any deal cooked up in Alaska will be used by Putin on the path towards that ultimate goal

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