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On Thursday, a significant solar outburst impacted Earth, leading to a “severe” G4-class geomagnetic storm. This event, triggered by an enormous mass of charged particles ejected from the sun on October 8, has generated the potential for auroras to be visible much farther south than usual, possibly reaching areas like California and Alabama.

Impact on Power Grids and Communications

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has warned that this storm could disrupt power grids and communications systems, especially those weakened by the recent Hurricanes Helene and Milton. The auroras are expected to light up the northern half of the U.S., with the possibility of sightings in lower latitudes. NOAA has been in contact with federal and state officials to discuss the potential impacts on hurricane recovery efforts.

Potential for Intensification

There is a chance that the storm could intensify into “extreme” G5-class conditions, similar to a notable solar event in May that resulted in auroras visible as far south as Florida. As the situation evolves, NOAA will provide ongoing updates regarding the storm’s progression.

Nature of Solar Flares and CMEs

The solar outburst itself is the result of a coronal mass ejection (CME) linked to a powerful X 1.8-class solar flare, which is the strongest type of flare emitted by the sun. Solar flares occur when magnetic-field lines on the sun become tangled and snap back into place, sometimes releasing fast-moving blobs of plasma that take days to reach Earth. Upon contact, these CMEs can cause disturbances in Earth’s magnetic field, leading to geomagnetic storms and stunning auroras. The severity of these storms is measured on a scale of 1 to 5.

Tips for Aurora Chasers

For those hoping to catch a glimpse of the northern lights, experts suggest moving to locations away from city lights to improve visibility. While no special equipment is necessary to see the auroras, using a smartphone camera can enhance the colours, making for a more vivid experience.

Solar Cycle Context

Solar flares, CMEs, and auroras typically increase in frequency during the solar maximum phase of the sun’s approximately 11-year activity cycle. Although this cycle was initially expected to peak in 2025, some scientists believe we might already be witnessing its onset.

Comet C/2023 A3 at Risk

Interestingly, the CME also poses a potential threat to the bright comet C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS), which is currently making its closest approach to the sun in 80,000 years. Observers are curious to see whether the solar eruption has affected the comet’s tail, similar to an earlier event involving another comet. The outcome will become clear when C/2023 emerges from behind the sun this weekend.

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LOx Leak in Falcon 9 Delays Axiom-4 Launch Carrying Indian Astronaut

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June 12, 2025

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LOx Leak in Falcon 9 Delays Axiom-4 Launch Carrying Indian Astronaut

The Axiom-4 mission, which will carry Indian payload specialist Shubhanshu Shukla, was delayed yet again due to a propellant leak in the Falcon 9 rocket. SpaceX, the company behind the mission, also confirmed that a liquid oxygen (LOx) leak was detected in post-static fire testing, which tests the rocket while it’s still attached to the launch pad. Initially targeted for May 29, the mission has faced successive delays, the latest pushing the launch further from its recent 11 June schedule. ISRO scientists have mentioned the issue may delay liftoff by “another few days” depending on repair progress and safety validations.

LOx Leak in Falcon 9 Forces Fourth Delay of Axiom-4 Mission with India’s Shubhanshu Shukla

As per a statement from SpaceX, the LOx leak was identified after the static fire booster test, prompting the team to stand down from the latest launch window. According to The Print, ISRO officials said that an LOx issue this close to launch generally requires the rocket to be pulled back for thorough inspection. However, the ISRO team, unfamiliar with SpaceX’s proprietary systems, refrained from commenting on specific technical procedures, the publication said. The first signs of the leak were reportedly detected on 8 June.

Falcon 9’s Merlin engines rely on LOx (liquid oxygen), along with RP-1 (rocket-grade kerosene), as an oxidiser to propel the vehicle. During static fire tests, the engines are briefly ignited to validate their performance. Detection systems, including oxygen sensors and thermal imaging, help identify leaks in these stages. The Ax-4 mission had already been rescheduled multiple times — initially from 29 May to 8 June, then to 10 June, and again to 11 June — due to weather concerns.

SpaceX vice president Bill Gerstenmaier told reporters during a pre-launch briefing that a solution was underway. “We’re putting in a purge that will stop the leak,” he mentioned, adding that the problem was under control. Still, the ultimate launch date is up in the air and will rely on the results of continuing safety assessments.

Axiom Space is in charge of the project, a major step for India’s human spaceflight program. It features Shubhanshu Shukla as part of a commercial crew going to the International Space Station. Technical problems are common in space operations, but this fourth delay shows how hard it is to make sure that everything is perfect for crewed missions to take off.

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Over 4,300 Koalas Found in Newcastle’s Fringe Forests by Drone Survey

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June 11, 2025

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Over 4,300 Koalas Found in Newcastle’s Fringe Forests by Drone Survey

In a landmark survey, University of Newcastle researchers mapped a previously hidden koala population on the outskirts of Newcastle, NSW. The study estimated about 4,357 koalas across roughly 67,300 hectares of bushland (208 sites). They also found more than 290 koalas in Sugarloaf State Conservation Area, a region with few prior records. Local researcher Daryn McKenny, who grew up nearby and first reported seeing a koala there years ago, contributed his knowledge and sightings to the project. The findings show koalas can survive – and even thrive – in peri-urban forests, underscoring the need to protect these fringe habitats.

Hidden Koalas on Newcastle’s Fringe

According to the study, the survey estimated 4,357 koalas in 208 bushland sites around Newcastle. Lead author Shelby Ryan said that the drone surveys allowed the team to find koalas within minutes in areas that had taken hours on foot. Seven national parks were sampled (about 10% of each) with multiple night surveys, and a statistical model extrapolated these counts across the landscape. Maria National Park had the highest density (about 521 koalas per 3,350 hectares), while fire-affected parks from the 2019-20 fires hosted roughly two-thirds fewer koalas.

Survey Methods and Conservation Implications

Thermal imaging revealed koalas as yellow hotspots, which were then confirmed by a spotlight to identify the animal. The team used a statistical model accounting for terrain slope, tree coverage, and soil moisture to extrapolate koala numbers across the landscape. University of Newcastle’s Dr. Ryan Witt said that this model can even extend estimates to private or otherwise inaccessible lands that were not directly surveyed.

WWF-Australia – which co-funded the work – hailed the findings as critical for its goal of doubling koala numbers by 2050, noting that accurate abundance estimates are the “holy grail” of koala conservation. 

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NASA F-15 Flights Validate Supersonic Tools for X-59 Quiet Flight Quesst Mission

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22 hours ago

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June 11, 2025

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NASA F-15 Flights Validate Supersonic Tools for X-59 Quiet Flight Quesst Mission

High above the Mojave Desert, NASA’s two F-15 jets completed a pivotal series of May flights to validate airborne tools essential for the agency’s Quesst mission, aimed at enabling quiet supersonic travel. Flying faster than the speed of sound, the jets replicated the conditions under which NASA’s experimental X-59 aircraft will fly. The campaign tested shockwave sensors, geospatial guidance systems, and schlieren imaging tools designed to detect and visualise the aircraft’s sonic “thump”—a softer alternative to the traditional boom—when the X-59 cruises at Mach 1.4 and above 50,000 feet.

As per NASA’s Armstrong Flight Research Centre, the dual-jet validation effort was led by the SCHAMROQ team, which transformed an F-15D from a combat aircraft into a research platform. Along with an F-15B, the aircraft were used to perform simultaneous flight operations—called dual ship flights—to validate three core systems: a near-field shock-sensing probe, an airborne schlieren photography setup, and a GPS-driven Airborne Location Integrating Geospatial Navigation System (ALIGNS). These efforts collectively confirm the systems’ readiness for X-59 data capture.

Cheng Moua, NASA’s project lead for SCHAMROQ, likened the series to a “graduation exercise”, where all tools were tested in their final configuration. The schlieren system, in particular, demanded intense precision, requiring a high-speed handheld camera to track the X-59’s airflow against the sun’s backdrop while the aircraft flew through a tight 100-foot alignment corridor.

The successful validation shows that NASA’s specialised tools are ready to record the X-59’s sound signature. This is a key step towards establishing that it is conceivable, quantifiable, and repeatable to fly supersonic over land without making too much noise. The information will help determine the future of commercial aviation regulation and technology, making the promise of quicker, quieter flight travel more likely.

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