Ever since the Galileo spacecraft flew by Jupiter’s icy moons in 1989, scientists interested in life beyond our planet have been desperate to go back.
Europa Clipper, which blasted off from Kennedy Space Center at Cape Canaveral, is doing just that.
Galileo found clear evidence that while Ganymede, Calisto and Europa have barren frozen surfaces, beneath them likely lie vast oceans of water.
And, as far as any astrobiologist knows, where there’s water there’s a chance of life.
Kept liquid by Jupiter’s huge tidal forces, Europa’s ocean may be the Solar System’s largest.
Up to 100 miles deep, containing twice the volume of water in all Earth’s oceans, this ocean makes it a prime candidate for exploration.
After a six-year, 1.8 billion-mile journey, Europa Clipper – the largest planetary science mission ever launched by NASA – will spend four years orbiting Jupiter making flybys of its icy moon.
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It will use nine instruments to image the surface of the moon to study its atmosphere, measure the thickness of the icy crust, confirm the presence of the ocean and attempt to measure its depth and saltiness.
But before we get too excited, if there’s life on Europa, Europa Clipper won’t “see” it squirming around beneath the ice.
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First, the crust is thought to be at least 10 miles thick, too deep for the weak Sun at Jupiter to penetrate.
Without photosynthesis, if life exists, it is expected to be more akin to the bacteria that lurk in the blackness around hydrothermal vents deep on the sea floor here on Earth.
On Europa, it may live off geothermal heat, or even Jupiter’s radiation fields for energy, and simple organic molecules for food.
But we’re getting beyond Europa Clipper’s remit, which is to confirm whether the environment on the moon is compatible with these theories.
A major bonus would be whether Europa Clipper spots a plume of water erupting from the surface of the moon, which it is known to do on other icy moons. That would mean the chemicals present in the water below can be analysed directly.
“If there are life-forming conditions we expect they’re deep down in the dark,” said Dr Adam Masters, a space scientist at Imperial College London.
“So when the water comes to you, that saves a lot of hassle,” he said.
The chances of getting answers are doubled however. Dr Masters works on another mission, the European Space Agency’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE).
It arrives at Jupiter shortly after Europa Clipper and will study Europa as well as another prime candidate for life, Jupiter’s moon Ganymede.
But even if these missions find tantalising chemical evidence of life, confirming its existence, let alone understanding its alien biology, would be decades away.
For that reason, one of the probes’ other objectives is to look for potential landing sites on one of these icy moons.
If Europa Clipper and JUICE finds evidence that Jupiter’s moons have the right conditions for life, the challenge for future space scientists will be figuring out how to get through miles of ice to see it.
A woman from the fire-ravaged Pacific Palisades area of Los Angeles has offered to “fill up the hydrants myself” as she confronted state governor Gavin Newsom over his response to the disaster.
Rachel Darvish, a lawyer who has lived in the Palisades all her life, was forced to flee her home along with many thousands of others because of the devastating flames.
She was speaking to Sky correspondent Martha Kelner when she saw Mr Newsom in the street and rushed up to his vehicle.
Shouting to him that her daughter’s school had been destroyed in the fires, she demanded to know “what you’re going to do”.
Holding up his phone, he told her he was “literally talking to the president [Joe Biden] right now to specifically answer the question of what we can do for you and your daughter”, adding he had tried “five times” but couldn’t get through.
Authorities have been criticised for an alleged sluggish response to the catastrophe, including from Hollywood celebrities whose homes have been damaged.
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Ms Darvish, whose own home survived the fires, but who has many neighbours whose properties had burned to the ground, said she didn’t believe him and demanded to watch him make the call.
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Aerial views reveal LA destruction
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‘Every single house burned to the ground’
He repeated that he was calling “to immediately get reimbursements, individual assistance and to help”, adding that he was “devastated for you… especially for your daughter”.
Ms Darvish then asked him why there was “no water in the hydrants?”. She said she “would fill up the hydrants myself”, before asking him if it was going be different “next time?”.
He replied: “It has to be. Of course,” adding that he was calling the president “to address everything I can right now, including making sure people like you are safe”.
Soon afterwards, he got in his car and drives off.
Five people have died in the series of wildfires, driven by ferocious winds, that have raged through the Los Angeles area, ravaging communities from the Pacific Coast to Pasadena, forcing more than 179,000 people to leave their homes.
The blazes have burned across more than 17,000 acres in Pacific Palisades, where the fires are 0% contained, according to the Fire Department’s latest update.
More than 10,000 acres are ablaze across the fires – named Eaton, Hurst, Lidia and Sunset.
Hollywood celebrities are among thousands of people who have been evacuated in Los Angeles, some fleeing homes now burned to the ground.
Paris Hilton and actor Billy Crystal have both lost their houses as fires rip through parts of California, including exclusive suburbs home to film stars and billionaires.
Oscar-winning songwriter Diane Warren, talk show host Ricki Lake, actor Cary Elwes, and reality stars Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag have also confirmed their homes have been destroyed.
US media is reporting that Eugene Levy, and Adam Brody and Leighton Meester, have lost their homes. The stars are yet to confirm this.
Sky News’ US correspondent Martha Kelner reported that Tom Hanks, Ben Affleck and Reese Witherspoon were among those evacuated.
The blaze in Pacific Palisades, a hillside area between Santa Monica and Malibu dotted with celebrity homes, is one of at least five raging in California.
Thousands of firefighters are trying to contain the flames, with a new fire breaking out overnight in the Hollywood Hills, threatening a host of tourist sites including the Walk Of Fame.
‘The loss is overwhelming’
Hilton said she was “heartbroken beyond words” to see her Malibu home, where she has brought up her young children Phoenix and London, “burn to the ground on live TV”.
In a post on social media, she said: “This home was where we built so many precious memories. It’s where Phoenix took his first steps and where we dreamed of building a lifetime of memories with London.
“While the loss is overwhelming, I’m holding onto gratitude that my family and pets are safe.”
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In a joint statement, US actor Crystal, known for films including When Harry Met Sally and Analyze This, and his wife Janice confirmed their home of 46 years was gone.
“Words cannot describe the enormity of the devastation we are witnessing and experiencing,” the couple said.
They added: “We raised our children and grandchildren here. Every inch of our house was filled with love. Beautiful memories that can’t be taken away.”
The Hills stars Pratt and Montag documented the escalation of the fire at their home on Snapchat, with Pratt saying: “I’m watching our house burn down on the security cameras.”
“I talked to my neighbour last night and she told me that [Palisades Charter High School] had burnt down, and that’s directly behind me, and so had Gelson’s Supermarket which is adjacent,” she said.
“I just can’t reach anyone to see if my house is okay. I just Googled it and it said that it’s destroyed and terrible… I don’t know if my house is there.”
Jamie Lee Curtis confirmed her home was safe but said “our beloved neighbourhood is gone” as she shared videos of the blaze on her Instagram.
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Writer and actor Steve Guttenberg told Sky News he witnessed panic attacks and despair as he tried to help residents as the flames closed in.
The Police Academy star said: “There were mothers trying to find their kids.
“There were panic attacks. It was terrible. And that’s when the fires just lit up.”
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Guttenberg calls on national guard
Other celebrities who have fled their properties include the award-winning actor James Woods, who said he had been safely evacuated from his home in Pacific Palisades.
But he added in a post on X: “I do not know at this moment if our home is still standing.”
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Actor Mark Hamill, best known for playing Luke Skywalker in the Star Wars films, also posted on social media on Wednesday saying he evacuated his home in Malibu and his family were “fleeing for our lives”.
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This Is Us actress Mandy Moore was also forced to leave her home with her children and pets, saying on Instagram they had found temporary refuge with friends.
The actress said: “Trying to shield the kids from the immense sadness and worry I feel.
“Praying for everyone in our beautiful city. So gutted for the destruction and loss. Don’t know if our place made it.”
According to Velvet Ropes, which maps celebrity properties, Matt Damon, Steven Spielberg, Hilary Swank and Sally Field all have homes close to where fires are raging.
Dr Dre, Tyra Banks, Martin Short, Anna Faris, Milo Ventimiglia, Linda Cardellini, Mary McDonnell, Adam Sandler, Miles Teller, and Jennifer Love Hewitt are also said to have houses in affected areas.
In neighbouring Malibu, which was also affected by fires in December, stars including Beyonce and Jay-Z, Kim Kardashian, Lady Gaga and Billie Eilish are said to be among the celebrity residents.
The Palisades blaze has already burnt through nearly 16,000 acres of land, while the Eaton fire, covering over 10,000 acres, has caused the death of five people.
Three other fires, the Hurst fire, Lidia fire and Sunset fire, are all raging as emergency services battle to bring them under control.
Before the service, Mr Trump was also seen shaking hands with former vice president Mike Pence – the first time the pair have been seen in public together since leaving the White House in 2021.
Prior to that, Mr Pence had refused to back Mr Trump’s claim he had won the 2020 election.
Mr Obama and Mr Trump were also seen talking before the service began.
During his eulogy, Mr Biden said Mr Carter taught him the importance of treating “everyone with dignity and respect.”
“To young people, to anyone in search of meaning and purpose, study the power of Jimmy Carter’s example,” the president said. “Character, faith, love – a true patriot.”
Joshua Carter, the former president’s grandson, also said at the service: “He built houses for people who needed homes.
“He eliminated diseases in forgotten places. He waged peace anywhere in the world, wherever he saw a chance. He loved people.”
From 4 January, Mr Carter’s body was carried by a motorcade through Plains, before heading to the Carter Presidential Center in Atlanta.
The former president’s remains were then flown to Maryland and transferred in a ceremony to a hearse, which was carried in a motorcade to the US Navy Memorial in Washington to honour Mr Carter’s service as a lieutenant in the Navy.
He has since been lying in state at the Capitol Building, where the public could pay respects from Tuesday evening through to Thursday morning
Mr Carter’s body will now be returned to his hometown in Georgia for a second service and burial.
There, a private ceremony will be held at Maranatha Baptist Church before another procession through Plains, where supporters are being encouraged to line the streets for the motorcade.
Mr Carter will then be buried on his property next to his late wife, Rosalynn, who died in 2023.