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Black hole mergers are some of the most energetic and intense events known in the cosmos. When two black holes come close enough to collide, they start by circling each other at a distance, slowly drawing closer. This movement can happen in several ways, either by being born as binary stars or by meeting somewhere in deep space. To merge, however, they must shed a large amount of energy, which they begin losing through interactions with nearby matter, such as gas, dust, or even stars.

Losing Energy to Get Close

As the black holes get closer, their gravitational pull affects the space around them. Any nearby objects, whether small amounts of gas or larger celestial bodies, can either fall into them or escape with an energy boost. These interactions cause the black holes to lose some of their energy, slowly pulling them closer together. But, at a certain point, these external forces aren’t enough to continue drawing them in.

Gravitational Waves Take Over

When the black holes are close enough, they start generating gravitational waves, which are essentially ripples in the fabric of space-time. These waves become the primary force draining energy from the system, but they only become strong enough when the black holes are very near to each other. The “final parsec problem” remains an unresolved question, where scientists struggle to explain how black holes cover the final gap to collide.

The Moment of Impact

As the black holes near their collision point, their event horizons – the boundaries beyond which nothing can escape – start to deform and stretch toward each other. Eventually, these horizons merge, creating a single, larger black hole. The event releases an enormous amount of energy, with some of the mass of the original black holes converting into gravitational waves, as observed by LIGO in 2016.

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New Study Reveals Recent Ice Gains in Antarctica, But Long-Term Melting Continues

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May 17, 2025

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New Study Reveals Recent Ice Gains in Antarctica, But Long-Term Melting Continues

Global warming and climate change have been subjects of major concern for a long time. One of the key indicators of this phenomenon is the melting of ice in the polar regions. Researchers from Tongji University in Shanghai have been using NASA satellite data to track changes in Antarctica’s ice sheet over more than two decades. Their newest study states that despite the increase in global temperature, Antarctica has gained ice in recent years. However, it cannot be considered as a miraculous reversal in global warming because over these two decades, the overall trend is substantial ice loss. Most of the gains have been caused by unusual increased precipitation over Antarctica.

About the New study

According to the new study , NASA’s Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-On satellites have been monitoring this ice sheet since 2002. The ice sheet covering Antarctica is the largest mass of ice on Earth

The satellite data revealed that the sheet experienced a sustained period of ice loss between 2002 and 2020. The ice loss accelerated in the latter half of that period, increasing from an average loss of about 81 billion tons (74 billion metric tons) per year between 2002 and 2010, to a loss of about 157 billion tons (142 billion metric tons) between 2011 and 2020, according to the study. However, the trend then shifted.

The ice sheet gained mass from 2021 to 2023 at an average rate of about 119 billion tons (108 metric tons) per year. Four glaciers in eastern Antarctica also flipped from accelerated ice loss to significant mass gain.

General Trend in global warming

Climate change doesn’t mean that everywhere on Earth will get hotter at the same rate, so a single region will never tell the whole story of our warming world.

Historically, temperatures over much of Antarctica have remained relatively stable, particularly compared to the Arctic. Antarctica’s sea ice has also been much more stable relative to the Arctic, but that’s been changing in recent years.

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Astronomers Discover Exceptionally Symmetrical Supernova Remnant Teleios

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May 17, 2025

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Astronomers Discover Exceptionally Symmetrical Supernova Remnant Teleios

A Supernova remnant (SNR) with exceptional circular symmetry has been spotted by an international team of researchers. Supernova remnants (SNRs) are the remains of a supernova explosion, seen as diffuse,expanding structures. Observations show that SNRs harbor ejected material expanding from the supernova explosion. They also contain other interstellar material that has been swept up by the passage of the shockwave from the exploded star. This rather unusual SNR is named “Teleios”, the Greek term of perfect. The newfound SNR, officially designated as G305.4–2.2 was identified in the radio-continuum images of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU).

Unusual structure and properties

According to the research paper describing the “Teleios”, it stands out for its unusual symmetrical structure. SNRs generally are unsymmetrical due to uneven distribution of the interstellar medium (ISM) they expand into. A few remnants like lSNR J0624–6948, SN1987A, or MC SNR J0509–6731 exhibit similar morphology

According to the paper, G305.4–2.2 or “Teleios” is located at a distance of 7,170 or 25,100 light years away, corresponding to a diameter of 45.6 or 156.5 light years, respectively. The study found some extended radio emission inside the southeastern edge of Teleios’s shell. This suggests that at least some parts of this region might be affected by the interaction of Teleios with local interstellar medium (ISM) structures. A steep spectral index of -0.6 suggests the remnant is either relatively young or very old and exhibits low surface brightness. These features make Teleios a compelling target for deeper investigation.

Possible Origins and Future Research

The study’s authors propose that Teleios likely originated from a Type Ia supernova, possibly formed below the Milky Way’s galactic plane. However, no direct evidence currently confirms this hypothesis. To uncover more about Teleios’s origin and evolution, the researchers recommend future high-resolution, multi-frequency observations.

These could reveal its expansion velocity and provide a clearer picture of its age and composition. Such efforts would not only enhance understanding of this unique remnant but also offer broader insights into the diversity and behaviour of supernova explosions in our galaxy.

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NASA’s SWOT Satellite Reveals Big Impact of Small Ocean Currents and Waves on Ocean

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May 17, 2025

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NASA’s SWOT Satellite Reveals Big Impact of Small Ocean Currents and Waves on Ocean

Small-scale ocean features once overlooked are now seen as powerful forces shaping Earth’s climate and marine life. Developed in association with the French space agency CNES, the SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography) satellite caught two-dimensional images of submesoscale waves and eddies about a mile across in a recent NASA-led study. Now clearly seen in before-unheard-of clarity, these currents are essential in moving carbon, nutrients, and heat across the ocean. The high-resolution data of the satellite provides the most comprehensive picture yet of how small-scale vertical currents affect the ecosystems and climatic systems of the world.

NASA SWOT Satellite Discovers Vertical Ocean Currents Driving Climate and Ecosystem Change

As per a recent report from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, SWOT revealed how vertical ocean circulation, previously too fine for satellite observation but too broad for ship-based tools, drives exchanges between ocean depths and the atmosphere. “Vertical currents can bring heat from deep layers to the surface, warming the atmosphere,” notes oceanographer Matthew Archer in a statement. SWOT tracked a submesoscale eddy in the Pacific’s Kuroshio Current and measured vertical circulation of up to 14 metres per day, showing how such features help sustain surface ecosystems.

The satellite also observed an internal solitary wave in the Andaman Sea with twice the energy of a typical internal tide, underscoring its ability to estimate energy movement in global waters. Scientists use sea surface height data from SWOT to infer wave slope and fluid pressure, which reveals current speed and the volume of energy or material being transported. “Force is the fundamental quantity driving fluid motion,” explained coauthor Jinbo Wang of Texas A&M University in the blog.

Researchers emphasise SWOT’s role in reshaping ocean modelling. “Now models must adapt to these small-scale features,” denotes JPL’s Lee Fu in the official NASA blog, adding that SWOT data is already being integrated into NASA’s ECCO ocean model. Through continuous monitoring, SWOT is intended to help clarify among environmental changes, ocean-atmosphere interaction, and climate behaviour.

The SWOT mission is a joint project between NASA and CNES, with contributions from CSA and the UK Space Agency, and represents a new era in observing Earth. Its snapshots of the globe every 21 days offer a one-of-a-kind glimpse of how small, dynamic ocean systems help control life and climate on Earth.

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