Connect with us

Published

on

The wait is officially over. Volkswagen Group’s revival of the Scout brand has finally unveiled production-intent concept versions of its two flagship EV models. We are in Nashville, Tennessee, where Scout Motors shared details of its first SUV, the Traveler, and its all-electric pickup truck, the Terra. If Scout can hit its targets, these new EVs will also be quite reasonably priced.

Table of contents

A couple of updates post reveal:

  • The Scout team would not confirm where the gas engines were going to be sourced from, but said a majority of the components will sourced locally and they will have help from a major investor. That would most likely be Volkswagen Group.
  • For the EREV version, Scout is targeting about 150 miles of BEV range, the rest will come from the Harvester range extender.
  • I asked if the EREV would cost less, but Scout isn’t sharing pricing at this time. That said, we were told that the EREV will cost less to build. Put two and two together, and customers will probably see savings if they go with the Harvester extender option.
  • I asked if the UI is coming from Rivian and the Scout team would not confirm, but said they’d leave it to that joint venture’s team to make an announcement like that. Based on what we’ve heard from Scout so far about the EV, its “modern zonal software architecture” sure sounds a lot like Rivian’s tech.

Scout’s new EVs have been 80 years in the making

As you may or may not know, today’s iteration of the Scout was derived from the beloved nameplate of off-road vehicles built by International Harvester from 1961 to 1980. While only about 530,000 Scout trucks were built during that production run, the all-but-forgotten brand still holds a small but passionate fanbase, many of which were present at the media event outside Nashville today.

Two years ago, Volkswagen Group shared plans to capitalize off that heritage and revive the namesake for the modern EV age while planning to stay true to the rugged, off-road performance its remaining predecessors are still celebrated for. By November of 2023, we learned that Scout had two EV models in development with the help of contract manufacturer Magna International.

Until today, we had only seen broad renderings of the two flagship vehicles, an SUV and a pickup, as physical models were being designed and developed in Novi, Michigan, close to a new Innovation Center being erected nearby.

We know the two flagship models will be built at a new Scout production facility in the US, specifically in South Carolina. We were present at the site’s groundbreaking ceremony this past February. Even then, however, we had no real clues as to what these two new models would look like, other than that they would arrive as true off-road capable EVs.

However, Scout president and CEO Scott Keogh promised we would glimpse the first two Scout EVs this summer. Well, summer has come and gone, but the young EV marque has made good on its promise in the fall, officially debuting the Traveler SUV and Terra pickup in front of a massive crowd today.

Scout unveils two awesome looking new EVs

Over 300 people from the media, brand ambassadors, and original Harvester Scout owners gathered in Franklin, Tennessee, this afternoon where, just moments ago, the young automaker unveiled production intent concept versions of its first two EVs. Keogh spoke:

Two years in the making, the day has finally come to share the next generation of Scout vehicles with the world. The original core idea — rugged, versatile vehicles capable of off-road adventure and family duty — is more relevant than ever. We couldn’t be prouder to revitalize this iconic American brand, create thousands of American jobs, and put American ingenuity back to work.

The first EV model, seen above, is the Traveler SUV. This EV is expected to deliver over 7,000 pounds of towing and a payload capacity of nearly 2,000 pounds. It is also expected to deliver up to 350 miles of all-electric range, but even more, if you add a range extender (more on that in a bit). As you can see from the image above, the Traveler’s rear features a split tailgate for easy access to cargo and “protection from the elements when opened.”

The second Scout EV model to debut today is the Terra pickup truck (seen below). It will offer the same range and payload as the Traveler but is expected to be able to tow up to 10,000 pounds. The Terra will also feature a 5.5-foot pickup bed equipped with two 120V and one 240V power outlets.

Thanks to nearly 1,000 lb-ft of torque, both models will also be able to accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in as quickly as 3.5 seconds.

The Traveler and Terra will be built on a proprietary body-on-frame platform with a solid rear axle designed for off-road performance. The new platform also enables tires up to 35 inches, over one foot of ground clearance, close to three feet of water fording capability, a front sway bar disconnect, front and rear mechanical lockers, and “robust suspension options.”

Both Scout EVs will feature a four-wheel-drive system with an electric drive unit on each axle. The automaker also shared that it expects its fully electric models to be able to climb 100% grades.

As anticipated, all Scout EVs will utilize the North American Charging Standard (NACS), which will power their 800V architecture with rates as high as 350 kW. The EVs will also arrive with bi-directional charging capabilities.

Notice how we mentioned the “all-electric versions” a couple of times? That’s because today, we learned that Scout hopes to stomp any customer woes about range anxiety (especially when towing) by offering a gasoline range extender option.

Scout’s EVs can nab up to 500 miles of range as an EREV

While Scout said it would sell 100% BEV versions of the Traveler and Terra, it will also offer an
extended range electric vehicle (EREV) system upgrade with a gas-powered generator called “Harvester.”

The 350 miles of expected range in the full EV versions is already more than adequate and competitive in the segment, but for those Scout customers who want more peace of mind, they can secure an expected 500+ miles of range with the gas generator add-on.

Other features include modern zonal software architecture that enables over-the-air (OTA) updates and remote diagnostics. Both Scout EVs have ample frunk storage capable of fitting golf clubs, a gym bag, a small cooler, and 120V and USB-C power outlets.

The interior of both new models features a design philosophy described by the Scout team as “simple and bold, tactile, and fit for purpose.” The aesthetic of the instrument panel and its upper brow with a deep undercut is a nod to the original Harvester Scout II.

The Traveler SUV offers additional front storage with a multifunctional console, and both EVs will come with a front-row bench seat option Scout describes as part of its “Connection Machine.”

Lastly, Scout shared plans to offer several personalization opportunities and accessories, including auxiliary lighting, assist steps, power off-boarding solutions, off-road bumpers with recovery points, and a heavy-duty winch.

Scout Traveler and Terra pricing and availability

Even though Scout Motors remains a Volkswagen Group sub-brand, it describes itself as an independent American company and startup and operates as such. As Traveler and Terra EV production approaches, Scout shared plans to establish and nurture a one-to-one relationship with its customers. In this case, that means a direct-to-consumer sales model.

The automaker shared plans for retail spaces called Scout Workshops, where current and prospective customers can take advantage of “a test drive, a handshake, and hands-on service when needed.”

The company also shared that due to their initial design, 80% of Scout EV repairs will be able to be completed outside of a Workshop, whether it’s out in the terrain or in your driveway. So, Scout will establish a direct sales and service network for its customers, some of whom will join the brand’s community today with a Terra or Traveler pre-order.

Speaking of which, you’re probably wondering what these new EVs will cost. Since these remain production-intent concepts, we only have a partial breakdown of the trim options and how they differ. However, Scout did share some initial EV pricing today.

The Traveler SUV will start at a retail MSRP below $60,000, and its entry-level trim could arrive priced as low as $50,000, including “available incentives” – assuming that includes the full $7,500 federal tax credit since these EVs will be built entirely in the US.

The Terra truck is expected to hit the market with a starting retail price under $60k as well, and its entry-level option could be as low as $51,500 with available incentives. We will need to wait a while to learn exactly what those trims entail and what incentives are available at the time, but even at full price, these Scout EVs are relatively affordable compared to their competitors.

Pre-orders for the Scout Traveler and Terra are now open, and you can secure a reservation on the company’s website. However, targeted production of these EVs is not expected to begin in South Carolina until 2027.

Electrek’s take

Overall, Scout Motors did not disappoint today. The Terra and, to a higher degree, the Traveler SUV offer a nod to the brand’s past design elements but with an infusion of modern-day technology and performance.

From a design perspective, these new EVs look very similar to how I had imagined them based on what I had previously heard from the Scout team the past year. Today’s biggest surprise for me was the choice to offer an EREV version.

While I never condone gas engines, especially as so many more BEV models are becoming available at more affordable prices, this move by Scout makes a lot of sense and could truly pay off when it’s time to report initial sales figures.

We say it all the time on this site, but the average driver does not need 350 miles of range in their daily routine, so the BEV versions are already more than adequate if Scout can, in fact, hit those numbers. However, a vast topic of discussion amongst current and prospective BEV truck customers is the range loss during towing – it’s admittedly significant. It has probably deterred a sizable number of consumers from going all-electric in the past three years.

Adding a range extender is an intelligent solution that can give those drivers who actually need to tow a boat or large trailer extended distances more peace of mind. Should someone in the suburbs who mostly commutes to work and the store opt for that gas extender? No, but I can’t stop them.

It’s nice to have the option, and I have to respect Scout for taking the BEV approach first and adding gas for long hauls. These Scout EVs will still get 300+ miles of range before you’d even need the extender, so it will hopefully collect dust most of the time. But it’s nice to have that option, even if, at the very least, it shuts up skeptics or naysayers who say BEV trucks can’t compete with their gas counterparts.

It’s also a much better option than a PHEV, which prioritizes gas range in its system, so you’re only getting 15-40 miles of electric range before it’s just a hybrid. The Scout EVs are full-fledged BEVs first, with the option for gas to get you farther in specific driving scenarios. If you have to include combustion, this is the way to do it.

I also hope Scout can hit these price targets because for the size, range, and capabilities the Terra and Traveler are offering, those starting MSRPs are doable. Add the potential for incentives, and you could be looking at a $50,000 BEV truck that can compete with Rivian and Ford on the spec sheet but at a lower price.

A lot can change between now and 2027, but design-wise, Scout Motors looks to have come out swinging with its first two EVs, and I can’t wait to test them both out for myself.

What do you think? Let us know in the comments below.

FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.

Continue Reading

Environment

China installs the world’s most powerful wind turbine

Published

on

By

China installs the world's most powerful wind turbine

China’s Dongfang Electric has installed a 26-megawatt offshore wind turbine, snatching the title of world’s most powerful from Siemens Gamesa’s 21.5 turbine in Denmark.

Photo: Dongfang Electric Corporation

The Chinese state-owned manufacturer announced today that it has installed the world’s most powerful wind turbine prototype at a testing and certification base. This turbine, the world’s largest for capacity and size, boasts a blade wheel diameter of more than 310 meters (1,107 feet) and a hub height of 185 meters (607 feet). Dongfang shipped the turbine’s nacelle earlier this month – the world’s heaviest – along with three blades.

This offshore wind turbine is designed for areas with wind speeds of 8 meters per second and above. With average winds of 10 meters per second, just one of these giants can generate 100 GWh of power annually, which is enough to power 55,000 homes. That’s enough to cut standard coal consumption by 30,000 tons and reduce CO2 emissions by 80,000 tons. Dongfang says it’s wind resistant up to 17 (200 km/h) on the extended Beaufort scale.

In May, Dongfang said it had completed static load testing on the turbine’s blades, and the turbine is now undergoing fatigue testing, which could take up to a year before the turbine is fully certified.

Advertisement – scroll for more content

Read more: Trump just killed all offshore wind zones as US power needs surge


The 30% federal solar tax credit is ending this year. If you’ve ever considered going solar, now’s the time to act. To make sure you find a trusted, reliable solar installer near you that offers competitive pricing, check out EnergySage, a free service that makes it easy for you to go solar. It has hundreds of pre-vetted solar installers competing for your business, ensuring you get high-quality solutions and save 20-30% compared to going it alone. Plus, it’s free to use, and you won’t get sales calls until you select an installer and share your phone number with them. 

Your personalized solar quotes are easy to compare online and you’ll get access to unbiased Energy Advisors to help you every step of the way. Get started here.

FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.

Continue Reading

Environment

John Deere joins the robot revolution with GUSS acquisition

Published

on

By

John Deere joins the robot revolution with GUSS acquisition

The autonomous ag equipment experts behind the GUSS robotic sprayers have been developing their AI tech as part of a JV with John Deere for years — and now, that marriage is official. John Deere has acquired 100% of GUSS, and has big plans to pick up that tech and run with it like a … well, you know.

The latest battery-powered GUSS autonomous sprayer made its debut at the 2024 World Ag Expo show in Tulare, California, last summer, where executives from Deere called it, “the world’s first and only fully electric autonomous herbicide orchard sprayer.”

Since then, interest in automated ag equipment has only grown — fueled not just by rising demand for affordable food and produce, but by a national labor shortage made worse by the Trump Administration’s tough anti-immigration policies as well. It’s specifically those challenges around labor availability, input costs, and crop protection that GUSS and John Deere have been spending millions to address.

“Fully integrating GUSS into the John Deere portfolio is a continuation of our dedication to serving high-value crop customers with advanced, scalable technologies to help them do more with less,” explains Julien Le Vely, director, Production Systems, High Value & Small Acre Crops, at John Deere. “GUSS brings a proven solution to a fast-growing segment of agriculture, and its team has a deep understanding of customer needs in orchards and vineyards. We’re excited to have them fully part of the John Deere team.”

Advertisement – scroll for more content

About GUSS


GUSS autonomous farm sprayer; via John Deere.
GUSS autonomous farm sprayer; via John Deere.

The GUSS electric sprayer is powered by a Kreisel Battery Pack 63 (KBP63), which has a nominal energy capacity of 63 kWh, enabling the machine to operate for 10-12 continuous hours between overnight (L2) charges.

The GUSS electric sprayers feature the Smart Apply weed detection system that measures chlorophyll in the various plants it encounters, identifying weeds embedded among the crops, and only sprays where weeds are detected. The company claims its weed detecting tech significantly reduces the amount of chemicals being sprayed onto farmers’ crops, resulting in “up to 90% savings” in sprayed material.

John Deere’s deep pockets will support GUSS as it continues to expand its global reach, and help the group to accelerate Smart Apply’s innovation and integration with other John Deere precision agriculture technologies.

“Joining John Deere enables us to tap into their unmatched innovative capabilities in precision agriculture technologies to bring our solutions to more growers around the world,” says Gary Thompson, GUSS’ COO. “Our team is passionate about helping high-value crop growers increase their efficiency and productivity in their operations, and together with John Deere, we will have the ability to have an even greater impact.”

GUSS-brand autonomous sprayers will be sold and serviced exclusively through John Deere dealers, and the GUSS business will retain its name, branding, employees, and independent manufacturing facility in Kingsburg, California.

More than 250 GUSS machines have been deployed globally, having sprayed more than 2.6 million acres over 500,000 autonomous hours of operation.

Electrek’s Take


John Deere and GUSS Automation Unveil Electric Option and Smart Apply Upgrade

Population growth, while slowing, is still very much a thing – and fewer and fewer people seem to be willing to do the work of growing the food that more and more people need to eat and live. This autonomous tech multiplies the efforts of the farmers that do show up for work every day, and the fact that it’s more sustainable from both a fuel perspective and a toxic chemical perspective makes GUSS a winner.

SOURCE I IMAGES: John Deere.


If you’re considering going solar, it’s always a good idea to get quotes from a few installers. To make sure you find a trusted, reliable solar installer near you that offers competitive pricing, check out EnergySage, a free service that makes it easy for you to go solar. It has hundreds of pre-vetted solar installers competing for your business, ensuring you get high-quality solutions and save 20-30% compared to going it alone. Plus, it’s free to use, and you won’t get sales calls until you select an installer and share your phone number with them. 

Your personalized solar quotes are easy to compare online and you’ll get access to unbiased Energy Advisors to help you every step of the way. Get started here.

FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.

Continue Reading

Environment

Tesla asks court to throw out $243 million verdict in fatal Autopilot crash case

Published

on

By

Tesla asks court to throw out 3 million verdict in fatal Autopilot crash case

Lawyers for Tesla filed a motion asking a court to throw out a recent $243 million verdict against the company related to a fatal crash in Florida in 2019. The case is the first instance of Tesla being ruled against by a court in an Autopilot liability case – previous cases had ended up settled out of court.

To catch up, the case in question is the $243 million Autopilot wrongful death case which concluded early this month. It was the first actual trial verdict against the company in an Autopilot wrongful death case – not counting previous out-of-court settlements.

The case centered around a 2019 crash of a Model S in Florida, where the driver dropped his phone and while he was picking it up, the Model S drove through a stop sign at a T-intersection, crashing into a parked Chevy Tahoe which then struck two pedestrians, killing one and seriously injuring the other.

Tesla was also caught withholding data in the case, which is not a good look.

Advertisement – scroll for more content

In the end, for the purposes of compensatory damages, the driver was found 67% responsible and Tesla was found 33% responsible. But Tesla was also slapped with $200 million in punitive damages. The plaintiffs reached a settlement with the driver separately.

Tesla said at the time that it planned to appeal the case, and its first move in that respect happened today, with lawyers for Tesla filing a 71-page motion laying out the problems they had with the trial.

In it, Tesla requests either that the previous verdict be thrown out, that the amount of damages be reduced or eliminated, or that the case go to a new trial, based on what Tesla contends were numerous errors of law during the trial.

The table of contents of Tesla’s filing lays out the company’s rough arguments for why it’s requesting the verdict to be thrown out, with Tesla seeming to throw several arguments at the wall to see what sticks:

  • I. Tesla Is Entitled to Judgment as a Matter of Law (or at Least a New Trial) on Liability.
    • A. The Verdict Is Unsupported by Reliable Expert Evidence.
    • B. Plaintiffs’ Design-Defect Theories Fail as a Matter of Law.
      • 1. Tesla’s 2019 Model S Was Not Defective.
      • 2. McGee Was the Sole Cause of Plaintiffs’ Injuries.
    • C. The Failure-to-Warn Claim Fails as a Matter of Law.
      • 1. Tesla Had No Duty to Warn.
      • 2. Tesla Provided Extensive Warnings.
      • 3. The Asserted Failure to Warn Didn’t Cause the Crash.
    • D. Tesla Is Entitled to a New Trial If the Record Cannot Sustain the Verdict as to Any Theory on Which the Jury Was Instructed.
  • II. Highly Prejudicial Evidentiary Errors Warrant a New Trial on All Issues.
    • A. The Improper Admission of Data-Related Evidence Prejudiced Tesla.
    • B. The Improper Admission of Elon Musk’s Statements Prejudiced Tesla.
    • C. The Improper Admission of Dissimilar Accidents Prejudiced Tesla.
  • III. This Court Should Grant Tesla Judgment as a Matter of Law on Punitive Damages or at Least Significantly Reduce Punitive Damages.
    • A. Florida Law Prohibits the Imposition of Any Punitive Damages in This Case.
    • B. Florida Law Caps Punitive Damages at Three Times the Compensatory Damages Actually Awarded Against Tesla.
    • C. The Due Process Clause Limits Punitive Damages Here to No More Than the Net Award of Compensatory Damages.
      • 1. Tesla’s Conduct Was Not Reprehensible.
      • 2. A Substantial Disparity Exists Between the $200 Million Award of Punitive Damages and the $42.3 Million Award of Compensatory Damages.
      • 3. Comparable Civil Penalties Do Not Justify the Punitive-Damages Award.
  • IV. This Court Should Reduce the Grossly Excessive Award of Compensatory Damages to No More Than $69 Million.

In short, Tesla blames the driver (who was found 67% liable) fully for the crash, says that the Model S and its Autopilot system were state-of-the-art and not defective because “no car in the world at the time” could have avoided the accident, that it provided proper warnings even though it didn’t need to, that evidence was improperly admitted to prejudice the jury against Tesla, and that the punitive damages are excessive.

After looking through the document, Tesla’s main contention seems to be with the admission of various evidence that it says prejudiced the jury against Tesla.

Indeed, the only exhibit attached to the filing is a transcript of a podcast episode where one of plaintiffs’ experts talks about evidence that Tesla withheld data, which Tesla says should have been inadmissible and prejudiced the jury against it.

The plaintiffs repeatedly asserted that Tesla had deliberately withheld or tried to delete data, which required them to bring in third party experts to discover and examine the data.

Tesla says that the only reason these arguments were brought into court was to make the jury feel like there was a coverup, even though Tesla claims that there was no coverup. By repeatedly mentioning this, Tesla says the jury had a more negative view of the company than was fair.

It also says that Tesla CEO Elon Musk’s statements about Autopilot shouldn’t have been admissible, and that they prejudiced the jury against Tesla. Tesla says that the statements by Musk shown at the trial were irrelevant to plaintiffs’ case, exceeded the limits the court had set on which statements would be admissible, and that the admission of these statements “would disincentivize companies from making visionary projections about anticipated technological breakthroughs.”

You can read through the full filing here.

Update: After this story was published, plaintiffs’ attorneys reached out with their own statement

“This motion is the latest example of Tesla and Musk’s complete disregard for the human cost of their defective technology. The jury heard all the facts and came to the right conclusion that this was a case of shared responsibility, but that does not discount the integral role Autopilot and the company’s misrepresentations of its capabilities played in the crash that killed Naibel and permanently injured Dillon. We are confident the court will uphold this verdict, which serves not as an indictment of the autonomous vehicle industry, but of Tesla’s reckless and unsafe development and deployment of its Autopilot system.”  

Brett Schreiber of Singleton Schreiber, lead trial counsel for plaintiffs Dillon Angulo & Naibel Benavides.

Electrek’s Take

Reading through the filing is persuasive at first, but remember that this is only one side of the story – and Tesla is well-known for never budging an inch in legal or reputational matters. (Update: for a quick reaction from “the other side,” see the statement by plaintiffs’ attorneys directly above).

Thinking a little deeper, the filing does rely on a similar “puffery” argument which Tesla has used before. The idea here is that Musk’s statements should be ignored because he, as the CEO of the company, has an incentive (and well-known tendency) to overstate the capabilities of its vehicles.

Lawyers did not use that exact word here, but they do claim that Musk’s statements are “forward-looking” and “visionary.”

But, for a guy who talks so much that he wasted $44 billion on a $12 billion social media site (twice) so that he could force his words in front of every user every day, denying that his words have an effect is a strange legal argument.

Indeed, Tesla has a history of not doing paid advertisements in traditional media, and has relied on Musk, and specifically Musk’s twitter account, to be the company’s impromptu communications platform. Musk even closed the company’s PR department, instead taking on the full burden of that himself.

So to argue that Musk’s statements shouldn’t be admissible, or that they didn’t set the tone for the organization, is more than a little silly.

While Tesla and Musk did state many times that Autopilot was not full self-driving (although, neither was the feature they marketed under the name, ahem, “Full Self-Driving”), the balance of Musk’s statements describing Tesla’s features definitely could have led a driver to think that the vehicles were more capable than any other vehicle on the road.

This is why it’s strange that Tesla also argues that “no other car” could have stopped in the situation of the crash. If your company is constantly claiming that you have the best, safest, most autonomy-enabled vehicle in the world (including in this filing, where it is referred to as “state of the art”), then who cares whether other cars could have done it or not? We’re talking about your car, not anything else.

Further, Tesla said that admitting these statements will put a chilling effect on every corporation’s ability to project anticipated breakthroughs in tech. To this I say, frankly: good. Enough with the nonsense, lets focus on reality, and lets stop excusing lies as corporate puffery, across all industries.

But this is an example of Tesla trying to have it both ways, to pretend that Musk’s statements are just puffery but also that they are important to breakthroughs and that silencing Musk would harm the company. Yes, it probably would harm Tesla’s outreach – because Musk’s statements are roughly the only source of Tesla’s advertising, which is why they ought to be heard to establish what the public thinks about the capabilities of Teslas.

And while Tesla says that cases like these would “chill” development of safety features if manufacturers are punished for bringing them to market, the punishment here isn’t for bringing the feature to market, it’s for overselling the feature in a way that set public expectations too high. Other features have not received this sort of scrutiny because other features don’t get pumped up daily with ridiculous overstatements by the company’s sole source of advertising.

On the other points, I’m not a lawyer. I’m not up to date on the specific limits to punitive damages in Florida. But on the surface, it seems fair to me that if a company was found to withhold data in an important case, after declining a settlement, that some level of significant punishment is fair.

After all, withholding data in a single non-fatal crash that wasn’t even their fault is what led Cruise to shut down operations everywhere. That may have been an overreaction and would certainly be an overreaction in this case with Tesla, given the driver’s responsibility for the crash. But in this case, the damage done to people (a death) was greater, and the damages Tesla is being told to pay ($243 million) will not lead to a shutdown of the entire company. Especially considering this is the same company that just managed to find tens of billions of dollars to give to a bad CEO.


The 30% federal solar tax credit is ending this year. If you’ve ever considered going solar, now’s the time to act. To make sure you find a trusted, reliable solar installer near you that offers competitive pricing, check out EnergySage, a free service that makes it easy for you to go solar. It has hundreds of pre-vetted solar installers competing for your business, ensuring you get high-quality solutions and save 20-30% compared to going it alone. Plus, it’s free to use, and you won’t get sales calls until you select an installer and share your phone number with them.

Your personalized solar quotes are easy to compare online and you’ll get access to unbiased Energy Advisors to help you every step of the way. Get started here.

FTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. More.

Continue Reading

Trending