Lowri Williams is struggling to cover her basic expenses. Earning a low income with very little support, she says she feels like she’s “living hand-to-mouth” and barely getting by.
She’s one of a large group of people in low-income households who are caught in a precarious position, earning too little to comfortably support themselves, but too much to qualify for significant financial help.
For people like Lowri, working more or earning a higher income could mean losing vital support like Universal Credit, leaving them no better off and in some cases even worse off.
Higher tax bills for the lowest paid
Lowri’s salary is not high enough to pay tax. But there’s a wider group of low-income earners who are facing a heavy tax burden.
Sky News analysis has found that in the last three years, working people in the bottom 25% of earners have effectively had a 60% tax hike.
This is due to the freeze on personal allowances, introduced in 2021 and scheduled to end in 2028. For each year the freeze is enacted, earners effectively see their tax rates rise in real terms as a higher proportion of their income becomes taxable.
Labour may extend the freeze in their budget this week. If the chancellor proceeds with the plan, around 400,000 people who are currently exempt will find themselves paying income tax, and many current taxpayers will pay higher rates.
On top of this, low to middle-income households are seeing significant stagnation in how much their income is going up, according to analysis of Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) data by the Resolution Foundation.
This finding is part of an upcoming report in November, obtained by Sky News, which will delve deeper into the financial pressures these households face.
Between the mid-1990s and early 2000s, low to middle-income households experienced an almost 50% rise in income. But in the last decade, that growth has slowed dramatically to just 11%.
Fluctuating earnings and a squeeze on benefits
The government is also reportedly considering restricting sickness benefits, a move which may exacerbate the issue.
“Economic vulnerability and insecurity are particularly high among people with ill health or disabilities,” said Alfie Stirling, director of insight and policy at the Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
“Any policy that reduces their support, or limits access to it, will likely worsen hardship and increase the number of people at risk,” he added.
Low income families in these situations can receive state support like Universal Credit to supplement their income.
Universal Credit, first introduced in 2013, combines several state-funded benefits, including housing support, child tax credits, and income support, into one payment. It provides support to households both in and out of work.
Around 2.5 million people in work receive this support, but some, like Lowri, a part-time charity worker, miss out at times due to fluctuating monthly earnings.
Universal Credit is reduced by 55p for every £1 earned, a calculation known as the taper rate. Some people receive an allowance before this reduction, depending on their circumstances.
Lowri, who is impacted by the taper rate, explained: “If you earn over the limit, you lose out immediately. Not only do you lose Universal Credit, but also your council tax benefit, which is another £150 a month.
“So, while you might earn £50 more, you could end up £100 worse off.”
“Every penny you have coming in is paying just bills,” she said.
Finding ways to save
Below is Lowri’s household expenditure for some essential bills.
While she’s able to receive UC, she’s eligible for social tariffs, which are a discounted package for household bills, which could help her save.
This could amount to a saving of nearly £70 for Lowri’s mobile and broadband budget, according to analysis by Nous, an AI-powered bill-tracking tool.
With social tariffs in place, her water bill could be cut in half.
The National Living Wage
While Lowri’s income means she doesn’t pay tax, people on the National Living Wage (NLW), £11.44 per hour (£22,308 annually), who earn more than her, are heavily affected by tax and benefits decisions made by the Conservative government, which Labour are reportedly proposing to extend.
At the budget in March, the NLW increased by 10%.
The chancellor may announce a further hike in the NLW at this week’s budget, which sounds like good news.
But Lalitha Try, economist at the Resolution Foundation says: “Our research shows that the introduction and ramping up of the minimum wage has delivered a major living standards boost to lower income families over the past 25 years.
“But it’s important to recognise that there are limits to what it can achieve. For workers on Universal Credit, over half of the wage gains will be clawed back through lower benefit entitlement.
And the minimum wage can’t help those who may earn more than the legal minimum but struggle with low hours or high housing costs. Other policies are needed to solve those challenges.”
Losing access to support like Universal Credit could also mean people no longer qualify for things like social tariffs and free school meals.
On top of that, the freezing of the personal allowance thresholds which heavily affects the lowest 25% of earners in the UK has also had a significant impact on people earning the NLW.
The amount of tax that someone working full time on the living wage will pay annually in 2024/2025 is over £1,000 more in real terms than it was in 2019/2020.
That’s a lot of money for someone earning just over £22,000 per year.
It means their effective tax rate has almost doubled, from 4.4% to 8.7%, in five years.
These are only a few examples of how an increase in NLW means they have less money in their pockets.
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2:26
How much does this family spend per month?
Two salaries and still struggling
It’s a similar story for people on what is meant to be a more comfortable income.
Chris and Tracey Matthewman, who live with their three daughters in Basildon, Essex, are among the tens of millions of people living below the Minimum Income Standard (MIS).
This is the amount the Joseph Rowntree Foundation defines as necessary for an acceptable standard of living.
It goes beyond just food, clothing, and shelter; it includes the ability to participate in society, such as being able to socialise and having access to technology.
In 2024, the MIS was £28,000 for a single person and £69,400 for a couple with two children.
Tracey teaches in a primary school and Chris looks after the fleet of vehicles his company uses.
The Matthewman household income is below the Minimum Income Standard (MIS) for a family of their size, a little over £80,000 in total.
After tax, their combined household income is around £4,000 a month. A lot of that gets spent on energy bills and council tax, not to mention other essentials.
Chris is clearly worried about how to keep the family afloat. When I visited his home he repeatedly showed me his detailed spreadsheet which he uses to meticulously track his family’s expenses.
Chris says: “It’s frustrating. We have to accept living paycheque to paycheque, just surviving month to month.”
And Tracey had this message for Rachel Reeves, the chancellor, ahead of Labour’s budget: “They need to remember that there are people living in this country who don’t receive any benefits and are still struggling.”
“We’re in that demographic that ends up paying more – more national insurance, more tax. We keep tightening up, but we’re not eligible for any benefits. That’s tough.”
Additional reporting: Daniel Dunford, Senior Data Journalist
The Data and Forensics team is a multi-skilled unit dedicated to providing transparent journalism from Sky News. We gather, analyse and visualise data to tell data-driven stories. We combine traditional reporting skills with advanced analysis of satellite images, social media and other open source information. Through multimedia storytelling, we aim to better explain the world while also showing how our journalism is done.
Police have made a direct appeal to those involved in the murder of a teenager to finally bring her family closure, exactly 30 years after she disappeared.
Lindsay Rimer, 13, went out to buy a box of Corn Flakes late in the evening on 7 November 1994 and never returned home. Her body was found in a canal close to her home six months later.
Lindsay’s family have also marked this year’s anniversary with a renewed appeal for information from the public, particularly in the town of Hebden Bridge in West Yorkshire where Lindsay lived and died.
“This person should be in prison, not us because that’s where we feel we’ve been for the last 30 years,” her sister Kate Rimer told Sky News.
Juliet Rimer was just one when her sister was killed but has recently been reading letters and diaries to gain a better understanding of a life cut short.
“It’s just, it’s a bit of a horror film that we have to do this,” she said. “The fact that I had a sister that I never knew who was murdered, I just can’t wrap my head around that. It’s had a massive impact on me.”
Kate, who played the part of her sister in a police reconstruction a year after her disappearance, says the family believes someone has information that could lead to her killer’s arrest.
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“It’s usually been my mum who does this but the emotional toll it’s taken on my parents means that they just can’t do this anymore.
“It’s incredibly emotional, it opens everything up, and it reflects back over 30 years ago and everything that we lived through then. And just the horror of a loved family member, a child being murdered, is a really bizarre situation. You live your normal life around that and then we’re opening up again to bring murder and death back into our family.”
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In the years since Lindsay’s disappearance, police have spoken to more than 5,000 people and examined 1,200 vehicles. Two men were arrested and later released.
A new sighting of Lindsay after she left the convenience shop on the night she disappeared has been confirmed and police believe those in the community have vital information.
Detective Chief Inspector James Entwistle of West Yorkshire Police made a direct appeal to those who were involved in killing and disposing of her body.
“Has this been on your conscience for thirty years?” he said.
“It’s perfectly possible there’s more than one person involved, its perfectly possible there’s a vehicle involved. Maybe you didn’t murder Lindsay but you know exactly who did because you were there and that’s sat on your conscience for 30 years.
“Now is the time to come and talk to us, now is the time to draw a line under this and bring that closure for Lindsay’s family.”
New posters featuring Lindsay’s picture have gone up around Hebden Bridge as part of the appeal for information and an increased police presence will be in the town.
Juliet said: “It has been 30 years but Lindsey didn’t deserve this and we owe it to her as her family to keep doing this.”
Lucy Letby suggested she could give “tips” to a colleague on how to get away with murder, a public inquiry has heard.
The child serial killer exchanged WhatsApp messages in 2017 with union rep Hayley Griffiths about the US legal drama How To Get Away With Murder.
The discussion took place a year after the neonatal nurse was moved to clerical duties at the Countess of Chester Hospital following concerns she may have been deliberately harming babies.
In a message to Letby, Ms Griffiths wrote: “I’m currently watching a programme called how to get away with murder. I’m learning some good tips.”
Letby replied: “I could have given you some tips x”
Ms Griffiths said: “I need someone to practice on to see if I can get away with it.”
Letby wrote: “I can think of two people you could practice on and will help you cover it up x”
Ms Griffiths replied: “Deal. I will get thinking of a plan. Get the cruise booked as our getaway.”
The pair were working in the hospital’s risk and patient safety department a year before Letby was arrested on suspicion of multiple murders by Cheshire Police.
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7:22
How the police caught Lucy Letby
Ms Griffiths said she was aware of the concerns of foul play and the connection to Letby by September 2016.
Shahram Sharghy, representing some of the families of Letby’s victims, asked: “Given the severity of the allegations that were made, and would you agree they are possibly the most serious allegations that anybody could make against a healthcare professional, were you making light of those allegations when you were referring to potentially committing a crime?”
Ms Griffiths answered: “No.”
Mr Sharghy asked: “Can you even begin to imagine and put yourself in the position of the families of the babies who were harmed when they see those messages?”
Ms Griffiths said: “I know… I am so remorseful. As soon as I saw them myself I was upset and I can’t begin to imagine… I can only apologise and say I have learned. I can’t go back in time but I have reflected absolutely on it.”
Earlier, Ms Griffiths told counsel to the inquiry Rachel Langdale KC: “It was nothing more than a conversation. However, I truly and deeply regret having started that conservation… this is completely unprofessional, poor judgement on my behalf and completely insensitive. And for that, I can only apologise from the bottom of my heart.”
Letby, 34, from Hereford, is currently serving 15 whole-life orders.
She was convicted at Manchester Crown Court of murdering seven infants and attempting to murder six others between June 2015 and June 2016.
The Thirlwall Inquiry into the events surrounding her crimes is expected to sit until early 2015. The findings are expected by late autumn that year.
Three men have been arrested in connection with a deadly house explosion in Newcastle.
Seven-year-old Archie York and Jason Laws, who was in his 30s, were killed following the blast in Violet Close, in the Benwell and Elswick area of the city in October.
Police said at the time that six others were taken to hospital “with varying injuries” after the blast and subsequent fire.
Three men – two in their 30s and one in his 50s – have been arrested on suspicion of two counts of manslaughter, and the production of a Class B drug, namely cannabis, Northumbria Police said.
They all remain in police custody.
Detective Chief Inspector Katie Smith said: “This has been a truly tragic incident which resulted in the loss of two lives.
“As a result of our ongoing enquiries, three men have today been arrested in connection with the explosion.
“Our investigation will remain ongoing as we seek to provide answers to what has happened.
“We would continue to ask people to avoid speculation surrounding this incident both online and in the community.”
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0:54
From October: Deadly blast destroys Newcastle house
The blast tore through a row of six properties divided into two flats each.
Drone footage showed how six flats in the middle of the building appeared to have been completely destroyed by the explosion and fire, while piles of debris could be seen in the street outside.
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Superintendent Darren Adams, from Northumbria Police, said on the day of the fire: “As a result of the incident in the early hours of this morning, a seven-year-old boy has sadly passed away.
“Despite the efforts of the emergency services, he tragically died at the scene.