Researchers Identify Amygdala Cell Clusters To Treat Anxiety
Researchers at the University of California, Davis, have identified distinct cell types within the amygdala that may hold the potential to revolutionise treatment for anxiety, depression, and other emotional disorders. This discovery could pave the way for more focused therapies targeting the specific cells responsible for anxiety-related conditions, a major step forward in understanding and managing these complex disorders. The findings were detailed in the American Journal of Psychiatry on October 30, highlighting the amygdala’s role as a critical structure in emotion regulation and its potential as a focal point for therapeutic advances.
Exploring the Role of the Amygdala in Emotional Disorders
The report was published on Psychiatry Online. As per the research, Drew Fox, Associate Professor in UC Davis’ Department of Psychology, explained the amygdala’s fundamental role in processing emotions like fear and anxiety, pointing out that these conditions impact millions globally. Despite the longstanding interest in whether amygdala size or structure links to emotional disorders, Fox noted that previous studies show limited correlation between overall amygdala size and anxiety or depression. Instead, the focus is shifting toward the amygdala’s cellular composition, where certain clusters may serve distinct emotional functions and could be directly involved in the onset of anxiety and related disorders.
Advanced Techniques Reveal Cellular Insights
The UC Davis team, led by graduate student Shawn Kamboj in collaboration with Professor Cynthia Schumann from the UC Davis School of Medicine, used single-cell RNA sequencing to isolate specific cell clusters in both human and non-human primates. This advanced approach allowed researchers to sort cells based on their gene expression patterns, identifying cells that likely contribute to emotional dysregulation. By isolating genes actively expressed within each cell, the team mapped a comprehensive cellular profile that could help in translating findings from animal models to human applications.
FOXP2 and Potential Drug Targets for Anxiety
Among their discoveries, researchers highlighted cells expressing the FOXP2 gene, which they believe plays a ‘gatekeeper’ role within the amygdala. Located at the amygdala’s edges, these FOXP2-positive cells are thought to regulate signals associated with anxiety. In rodent models, this group of cells appears to act as a checkpoint, controlling the flow of information related to fear responses. The team also identified Neuropeptide FF Receptor 2 (NPFFR2) in these cells, offering a promising target for future drug therapies.
Implications for Anxiety Treatments
This research could give advance treatment options by showing how specific cell types contribute to anxiety, potentially allowing for therapies aimed at ‘chokepoints’ in emotional processing. According to Fox, the aim is to develop interventions that specifically address the cells influencing anxiety,making way for highly targeted and effective treatments.
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Water ice coats many outer solar system bodies – from Jupiter’s icy moon Ganymede (above) to interstellar dust. On Earth, ice freezes into a neat crystal lattice, but in the deep cold of space it was assumed to form a completely amorphous (glassy) solid. A new study by University College London and Cambridge scientists challenges this picture. Their computer simulations and X-ray tests on cosmic “low-density” ice suggest it actually contains tiny crystalline grains. In some models roughly 20–25% of the ice was in crystal form, overturning the long-held view that space ice is entirely structureless.
Simulations reveal hidden nanocrystals
According to the paper, computer simulations of space ice showed it contains nanocrystals. In one approach, researchers cooled virtual water to –120 °C at different rates to form model “ice cubes.” Depending on the cooling speed, the simulated ice ranged from fully amorphous to partly ordered. Structures with roughly 16–19% of the molecules in tiny crystal clusters best matched published X-ray data for low-density ice. In another simulation, thousands of nanometer-sized ice grains were packed together and then the remaining water molecules were randomized. This produced ice about 25% crystalline, yet still reproduced the known diffraction pattern.
In laboratory experiments the team also made actual low-density amorphous ice by vapor deposition and gentle compression. When these samples were slowly warmed to crystallize, the resulting ice showed a “memory” of its formation method.
Implications for planets and origins of life
The findings give “a good idea of what the most common form of ice in the Universe looks like at an atomic level,” which is important for models of planet and galaxy formation. They also bear on theories of life’s origins. Partly crystalline ice has less internal space to trap organic molecules, potentially making it a less efficient vehicle for amino acids or other prebiotic compounds. However, Dr. Davies notes that pockets of fully amorphous ice still exist, so cosmic dust grains and cometary ices could continue to harbor organic ingredients in those disordered regions.
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space ice, amorphous ice, crystalline ice, UCL, University of Cambridge, nanocrystals, planetary science, origins of life, X-ray diffraction, space research, Physical Review B
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