Unexplained dark streaks on Mars, thought to be evidence of liquid water flow in recent years, could just be marks left by blowing sand and dust, according to new artificial intelligence (AI) research. First detected by NASA’s Viking mission in 1976, these streaks are dark, narrow lines that creep down some Martian slopes and cliffs. Scientists had initially suspected that salty water runoff caused them, especially given their seasonal nature. An AI that has been taught to find streak patterns has recently called that notion into question, saying that the characteristics show up where dust and wind are strong.

AI Analysis Reveals Mars’s Dark Slope Streaks Likely Caused by Dust, Not Flowing Water

As per a Nature Communications report published on May 19, researchers used a machine learning algorithm trained on thousands of confirmed streaks to analyse over 86,000 satellite images. In one such study by Brown University, slope streaks were more likely to occur in heavily dusty regions with strong wind activity. The authors compared a global map of 500,000 streaks to climate and geology and found that dry processes were most likely to be forming these streaks.

The streaks are called slope streaks and recurrent slope lineae (RSL), and they would suggest that there is water activity on Mars. Now it seems more plausible that they were formed by thin layers of dust slipping off steep slopes rather than liquid water running over the top.

If validated, these findings could reshape the priorities of Mars exploration. Areas once believed to hold signs of ancient water — and thus possible microbial life — may be misleading. Valantinas noted that AI lets researchers rule out improbable theories from a distance, which cuts down on the need to deploy missions to less viable places. The findings might potentially make it easier to find real biosignatures on future expeditions.

This new research is helping to winnow out dead ends on Mars’s geologic history and ability to support life, scientists stated, as AI and more advanced missions shape up to hone our understanding.

Archaeologists from Slovakia and Guatemala, working together with the Uaxactún Archaeological Project (PARU), have uncovered three previously unknown Maya cities in Guatemala’s Petén jungle. The sites lie roughly 3 miles (5 kilometers) apart, forming a triangle, and span a long period of Maya history from the Middle Preclassic era (about 1000–400 B.C.) to the Late Classic period (A.D. 600–900). Experts say that the discovery sheds new light on Maya civilization’s early history.

Los Abuelos: A Ceremonial and Astronomical Hub

According to the translated statement from Guatemala’s Ministry of Culture and Sports, the largest site, called Los Abuelos (meaning “The Grandparents”), was active in both Preclassic and Classic times. It yielded striking stone statues of a man and a woman, thought to represent ancestral figures. The city included an astronomical complex with buildings aligned to mark the solstices and equinoxes. Excavators found a ceremonial frog-shaped altar and a carved stela with Maya writing that has not yet been deciphered. An elaborate burial contained the bones of a person and two large cats, along with pottery vessels, shells, and arrowheads.

Art historian Megan O’Neil notes that the human-size statues are “especially poignant,” reflecting how the Maya honored their ancestors. She also highlights the intact pottery finds: the area had been heavily looted in the past, and many ceramics from this region now sit in museum collections with unknown origins. These new excavations may help trace those artifacts back to their source.

Petnal and Cambrayal: Political and Engineering Marvels

The second city, Petnal, features a 108-foot (33-meter) pyramid with a flat summit chamber decorated with red, black, and white murals. Archaeologists believe Petnal was a regional political center. A frog-shaped altar suggests rituals linked to fertility and renewal. At nearby Cambrayal, researchers uncovered the remains of a palace topped by a water reservoir and an ingenious canal system. Rainwater was channeled from a rooftop cistern down through hidden pipes, probably to flush waste.

These findings reveal truly surprising complexity in early Maya cities. By comparing art and architecture at all three sites, researchers gain a clearer picture of the cultural and engineering achievements of the ancient Maya civilization.

NASA and India’s space agency ISRO are collaborating on a suite of science investigations aboard Axiom Mission 4, a private astronaut mission to the International Space Station set to launch no earlier than June 10 aboard a SpaceX Dragon spacecraft. The mission will carry experiments probing human biology, plant growth, and technology use in microgravity. Investigations include Myogenesis-ISRO (studying muscle stem cells and mitochondrial function), Sprouts-ISRO (growing greengram and fenugreek seeds), Space Microalgae-ISRO (examining nutrient-packed green microalgae growth), Voyager Tardigrade-ISRO (testing tiny water bears in space), and Voyager Displays-ISRO (analyzing astronauts’ use of electronic screens). These studies aim to maintain astronaut muscle and health, support food production in orbit, and improve life-support systems for long-duration missions.

Space Biology: Muscles, Seeds and Algae

According to NASA’s official site, the Sprouts-ISRO investigation will germinate and grow greengram and fenugreek seeds aboard the ISS to study their development, genetics, and nutritional value in microgravity. Myogenesis-ISRO uses human muscle stem cell cultures to examine how spaceflight impairs muscle repair and mitochondrial metabolism, and tests chemicals to bolster muscle health during long missions. Space Microalgae-ISRO studies how green microalgae grow and adapt in microgravity, since rapidly growing, nutrient-packed algae could serve as a fresh food source and help recycle air and water on spacecraft.

Together, these space biology experiments could advance new ways to grow fresh food in orbit, maintain muscle mass during long missions, and even support treatments for muscle loss and nutrition on Earth.

Extremes and Human Factors in Orbit

The Voyager Displays-ISRO experiment examines how crew members interact with tablets and other electronic displays in microgravity, measuring pointing tasks, gaze behaviour, and stress or well-being indicators. Voyager Tardigrade-ISRO carries microscopic water bears (tardigrades) into space, reviving them in orbit and comparing their survival, reproduction, and gene expression to ground controls under cosmic radiation and extreme conditions.

By revealing what makes tardigrades so resilient, scientists hope to uncover ways to protect astronauts on long missions. The display study will guide better user-interface designs for spacecraft and could also benefit touchscreen technology on Earth.