LISBON, Portugal — Tech giants are increasingly investing in the development of so-called “sovereign” artificial intelligence models as they seek to boost competitiveness by focusing more on local infrastructure.
Data sovereignty refers to the idea that people’s data should be stored on infrastructure within the country or continent they reside in.
“Sovereign AI is a relatively new term that’s emerged in the last year or so,” Chris Gow, IT networking giant Cisco’s Brussels-based EU public policy lead, told CNBC.
Currently, many of the biggest large language models (LLMs), like OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Anthropic’s Claude, use data centers based in the U.S. to store data and process requests via the cloud.
This has led to concern from politicians and regulators in Europe, who see dependence on U.S. technology as harmful to the continent’s competitiveness — and, more worryingly, technological resilience.
Where did ‘AI sovereignty’ come from?
The notion of data and technological sovereignty is something that has previously been on Europe’s agenda. It came about, in part, as a result of businesses reacting to new regulations.
The European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, for example, requires companies to handle user data in a secure, compliant way that respects their right to privacy. High-profile cases in the EU have also raised doubts over whether data on European citizens can be transferred across borders safely.
The European Court of Justice in 2020 invalidated an EU-U.S. data-sharing framework, on the grounds that the pact did not afford the same level of protection as guaranteed within the EU by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Last year the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework was formed to ensure that data can flow safely between the EU and U.S.
These political development have ultimately resulted in a push toward localization of cloud infrastructure, where data is stored and processed for many online services.
Filippo Sanesi, global head of marketing and operations at OVHCloud, said the French cloud firm is seeing lots of demand for its European-located infrastructure, as they “understand the value of having their data in Europe, which are subject to European legislation.”
“As this concept of data sovereignty becomes more mature and people understand what it means, we see more and more companies understanding the importance of having your data locally and under a specific jurisdiction and governance,” Sanesi told CNBC. “We have a lot of data,” he added. “This data is sovereign in specific countries, under specific regulations.”
“Now, with this data, you can actually make products and services for AI, and those services should then be sovereign, should be controlled, deployed and developed locally by local talent for the local population or businesses.”
The AI sovereignty push hasn’t been driven forward by regulators — at least, not yet, according to Cisco’s Gow. Rather, it’s come from private companies, which are opening more data centers — facilities containing vast amounts of computing equipment to enable cloud-based AI tools — in Europe, he said.
Sovereign AI is “more driven by the industry naming it that, than it is from the policymakers’ side,” Gow said. “You don’t see the ‘AI sovereignty’ terminology used on the regulator side yet.”
Countries are pushing the idea of AI sovereignty because they recognize AI is “the future” and a “massively strategic technology,” Gow said.
Governments are focusing on boosting their domestic tech companies and ecosystems, as well as the all-important backend infrastructure that enables AI services.
“The AI workload uses 20 times the bandwidth of a traditional workload,” Gow said. It’s also about enabling the workforce, according to Gow, as firms need skilled workers to be successful.
Most important of all, however, is the data. “What you’re seeing is quite a few attempts from that side to think about training LLMs on localized data, in language,” Gow said.
The aim of the Italia project is to store results in a given jurisdiction and rely on data from citizens within that region so that results produced by the AI systems there are more grounded in local languages, culture and history.
“Sovereign AI is about reflecting the values of an organization or, equally, the country that you’re in and the values and the language,” David Hogan, EMEA head of enterprise sales for chipmaking giant Nvidia, told CNBC.
“The core challenge is that most of the frontier models today have been trained primarily on Western data generally,” Hogan added.
In Denmark for example, where Nvidia has a major presence, officials are concerned about vital services such as health care and telecoms being delivered by AI systems that aren’t “reflective” of local Danish culture and values, according to Hogan.
On Wednesday, Denmark laid out a landmark white paper outlining how companies can use AI in compliance with the incoming EU AI Act — the world’s first major AI law. The document is meant to serve as a blueprint for other EU nations to follow and adopt.
“If you’re in a European country that’s not one of the major language countries that’s spoken internationally, probably less than 2% of the data is trained on your language — let alone your culture,” Hogan said.
How regulation fueled a mindset shift
That’s not to say regulations haven’t proven an important factor in getting tech giants to think more about building localized AI infrastructure within Europe.
OVHCloud’s Sanesi said regulations like the EU’s GDPR catalyzed a lot of the interest in onshoring the processing of data in a given region.
The concept of AI sovereignty is also getting buy-in from local European tech firms.
Earlier this week, Berlin-headquartered search engine Ecosia and its Paris-based peer Qwant announced a joint venture to develop a European search index from scratch, aiming to serve improved French and German language results.
Meanwhile, French telecom operator Orange has said it’s in discussions with a number of foundational AI model companies about building a smartphone-based “sovereign AI” model for its customers that more accurately reflects their own language and culture.
“It wouldn’t make sense to build our own LLMs. So there’s a lot of discussion right now about, how do we partner with existing providers to make it more local and safer?” Bruno Zerbib, Orange’s chief technology officer, told CNBC.
“There are a lot of use cases where [AI data] can be processed locally [on a phone] instead of processed on the cloud,” Zerbib added. Orange hasn’t yet selected a partner for these sovereign AI model ambitions.
In this photo illustration a Huawei logo is displayed on a smartphone with a Chinese flag in the background.
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Beijing has banned semiconductor research firm TechInsights from working with or receiving data from Chinese entities, in a move that could add to the opaqueness of the country’s chip industry.
China’s Commerce Ministry, citing national security concerns, announced Thursday that TechInsights was designated an “unreliable entity,” which prohibits Chinese individuals or organizations from sharing information with the Canadian-based company.
TechInsights is well known in the global tech space for its in-depth coverage of Chinese-made chips and was among the first to report breakthroughs by companies like Huawei Technologies.
Beijing’s crackdown on TechInsights came less than a week after the firm revealed that a breakdown of Huawei’s latest artificial intelligence chips found components sourced from outside mainland China.
TechInsights didn’t respond to a request for comment from CNBC outside normal office hours, while Huawei didn’t immediately respond to an inquiry about TechInsights’ report.
The findings by TechInsights about Huawei’s latest “Ascend” AI chips were consistent with those from other research firms like SemiAnalysis, which said that the Chinese company relies on technology from memory chipmakers like Samsung Electronics and contract chipmaker Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC).
These companies are under U.S. export controls, restricting them from selling their most advanced technologies to Chinese customers. Moreover, Huawei has been on a U.S. trade blacklist since 2019, barring chip makers that do business with the U.S. from working directly with it.
In response, Beijing and its chipmakers have stepped up efforts to build a self-sufficient semiconductor supply chain.
Huawei, one of China’s leading players in these efforts, has been developing alternatives to U.S. chip giant, Nvidia, though TechInsights’ latest findings may be seen by some as a knock on such efforts.
Despite its prominence in China’s chip space, few details are disclosed about Huawei’s chipmaking efforts outside of what third-party research firms uncover.
For example, reports have said that Huawei works closely with China’s leading chip foundry SMIC — a competitor of TSMC — though both companies have been silent about any collaboration since Huawei was placed on the U.S. trade blacklist.
Last year, TechInsights reportedly found that a Huawei product contained a chip component from TSMC, triggering questions about the effectiveness of U.S. export controls. The research firm’s latest findings on Huawei’s AI chip could further fuel such concerns.
Analysts say Chinese chip companies have exploited loopholes in U.S. restrictions and drawn on stockpiles of imported chips and components before certain restrictions kicked in.
Demonstrators hold a banner reading “Liberated Zone” during a protest at the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington, on Aug. 19, 2025. Microsoft Corp. employees rallied at the company’s Redmond, Washington, headquarters in an effort to ratchet up pressure on the software maker to stop doing business with Israel over its war in Gaza.
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A Microsoft engineer is resigning after 13 years at the software giant, claiming the company continues to sell cloud services to the Israeli military and that executives won’t discuss the war in Gaza.
Scott Sutfin-Glowski, a principal software engineer, informed colleagues at Microsoft on Thursday that this will be his last week at the company.
“I can no longer accept enabling what may be the worst atrocities of our time,” he wrote.
In the letter, he referred to a February Associated Press article that said the Israeli military had at least 635 Microsoft subscriptions, and he claimed the vast majority of them remain active.
Microsoft declined to comment.
Sutfin-Glowski’s announced departure comes a day after President Donald Trump said Israel and Hamas committed to the first phase of a peace plan two years into the latest conflict. The AP reported on Thursday, citing government officials, that the U.S. is sending roughly 200 troops to Israel to help support the ceasefire deal.
The conflict has been a matter of ongoing tension at Microsoft.
For months, employees have protested the company’s cloud business from the Israeli military. Five employees were fired.
In September, Microsoft said it had stopped providing certain services to a division of the Israeli Ministry of Defense, though it didn’t provide specifics. That decision came after Microsoft investigated an August report from The Guardian saying the Israeli Defense Forces’ Unit 8200 had built a system for tracking Palestinians’ phone calls.
Sutfin-Glowski said the company cut off communication systems that allowed employees to bring up their concerns regarding the Israeli military’s use of Microsoft products.
Outside a building at Microsoft headquarters in Redmond, Washington, on Thursday, employees and community members opened up banners calling on the company to drop ties with Israel, according to a statement from No Azure for Apartheid. The group has been asking Microsoft to listen to the more than 1,500 employees who petitioned the company to endorse a ceasefire.
“Today, the ceasefire in Gaza finally takes effect after two years of genocide, but the atrocities, human rights abuses, war crimes, apartheid, and occupation continue,” Sutfin-Glowski wrote.
Tesla is facing a federal investigation into possible safety defects with FSD, its partially automated driving system that is also known as Full Self-Driving (Supervised).
Media, vehicle owner and other incident reports to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration showed that in 44 separate incidents, Tesla drivers using FSD said the system caused them to run a red light, steer into oncoming traffic or commit other traffic safety violations leading to collisions, including some that injured people.
In a notice posted to the agency’s website on Thursday, NHTSA said the investigation concerns “all Tesla vehicles that have been equipped with FSD (Supervised) or FSD (Beta),” which is an estimated 2,882,566 of the company’s electric cars.
Tesla cars, even with FSD engaged, require a human driver ready to brake or steer at any time.
The NHTSA Office of Defects Investigation opened a Preliminary Evaluation to “assess whether there was prior warning or adequate time for the driver to respond to the unexpected behavior” by Tesla’s FSD, or “to safely supervise the automated driving task,” among other things.
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The ODI’s review will also assess “warnings to the driver about the system’s impending behavior; the time given to drivers to respond; the capability of FSD to detect, display to the driver, and respond appropriately to traffic signals; and the capability of FSD to detect and respond to lane markings and wrong-way signage.”
Tesla did not respond to a request for comment on the new federal probe. The company released an updated version of FSD this week, version 14.1, to customers.
For years, Tesla CEO Elon Musk has promised investors that Tesla would someday be able to turn their existing electric vehicles into robotaxis, capable of generating income for owners while they sleep or go on vacation, with a simple software update.
That hasn’t happened yet, and Tesla has since informed owners that future upgrades will require new hardware as well as software releases.
Tesla is testing a Robotaxi-brand ride-hailing service in Texas and elsewhere, but it includes human safety drivers or valets on board who either conduct the drives or manually intervene as needed.
In February this year, Musk and President Donald Trump slashed NHTSA staff as part of a broader effort to reduce the federal workforce, impacting the agency’s ability to investigate vehicle safety and regulate autonomous vehicles, The Washington Post first reported.