Former U.S. Army intelligence analyst Chelsea Manning says censorship is still “a dominant threat,” advocating for a more decentralized internet to help better protect individuals online.
Her comments come amid ongoing tension linked to online safety rules, with some tech executives recently seeking to push back over content moderation concerns.
Speaking to CNBC’s Karen Tso at the Web Summit tech conference in Lisbon, Portugal, on Wednesday, Manning said that one way to ensure online privacy could be “decentralized identification,” which gives individuals the ability to control their own data.
“Censorship is a dominant threat. I think that it is a question of who’s doing the censoring, and what the purpose is — and also censorship in the 21st century is more about whether or not you’re boosted through like an algorithm, and how the fine-tuning of that seems to work,” Manning said.
“I think that social media and the monopolies of social media have sort of gotten us used to the fact that certain things that drive engagement will be attractive,” she added.
“One of the ways that we can sort of countervail that is to go back to the more decentralized and distribute the internet of the early ’90s, but make that available to more people.”
Nym Technologies Chief Security Officer Chelsea Manning at a press conference held with Nym Technologies CEO Harry Halpin in the Media Village to present NymVPN during the second day of Web Summit on November 13, 2024 in Lisbon, Portugal.
Asked how tech companies could make money in such a scenario, Manning said there would have to be “a better social contract” put in place to determine how information is shared and accessed.
“One of the things about distributed or decentralized identification is that through encryption you’re able to sort of check the box yourself, instead of having to depend on the company to provide you with a check box or an accept here, you’re making that decision from a technical perspective,” Manning said.
‘No longer secrecy versus transparency’
Manning, who works as a security consultant at Nym Technologies, a company that specializes in online privacy and security, was convicted of espionage and other charges at a court-martial in 2013 for leaking a trove of secret military files to online media publisher WikiLeaks.
She was sentenced to 35 years in prison, but was later released in 2017, when former U.S. President Barack Obama commuted her sentence.
Asked to what extent the environment has changed for whistleblowers today, Manning said, “We’re at an interesting time because information is everywhere. We have more information than ever.”
She added, “Countries and governments no longer seem to invest the same amount of time and effort in hiding information and keeping secrets. What countries seem to be doing now is they seem to be spending more time and energy spreading misinformation and disinformation.”
Manning said the challenge for whistleblowers now is to sort through the information to understand what is verifiable and authentic.
“It’s no longer secrecy versus transparency,” she added.
U.S. President-elect Donald Trump attends Turning Point USA’s AmericaFest in Phoenix, Arizona, U.S., December 22, 2024.
Cheney Orr | Reuters
President-elect Donald Trump is tapping tech heavyweights to join his new administration, continuing a trend of Silicon Valley’s growing influence in a second Trump White House.
Trump said Sunday he would nominate Scott Kupor, a managing partner at Andreessen Horowitz, to be director of the Office of Personnel Management, which coordinates recruitment and provides resources for government employees.
Kupor thanked Trump in a post on X and said the opportunity would allow him to work with Elon Musk and Vivek Ramaswamy in their leadership of the Department of Government Efficiency, or DOGE, a nascent commission aimed at cutting government spending and regulation.
Trump also picked Sriram Krishnan as senior policy advisor for artificial intelligence at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Krishnan, who most recently served as a general partner at Andreessen Horowitz, has had a long career in tech, with roles at Microsoft, Meta, Twitter, Snap and Yahoo. He has previous ties to Musk, helping him “temporarily” run the social media service X after Musk acquired the platform, formerly known as Twitter, for $44 billion in 2022.
Musk, a tech billionaire who was one of Trump’s top donors and most vocal supporters during his campaign, has emerged as one of the president-elect’s closest advisors. His outsized influence over Trump has led to growing consternation among Democrats, foreign leaders and business executives, some of whom compete with Musk’s companies. Along with X, Musk runs vehicle maker Tesla, defense contractor SpaceX and brain tech startup Neuralink.
Krishnan will likely work closely with David Sacks, another tech executive who has a long history with Musk. Trump earlier this month named Sacks — a venture capitalist, former PayPal COO and popular podcaster — as “czar” of crypto and AI.
U.S. President-elect Donald Trump is joined by Tesla and SpaceX CEO and proposed co-chair of the DOGE commission Elon Musk, and Vice President-elect J.D. Vance at the Army-Navy football game in Landover, Maryland, U.S., December 14, 2024.
Brian Snyder | Reuters
Trump on Sunday also tapped Ken Howery, a co-founder of PayPal and Founders Fund, as his pick for U.S. ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark. And he appointed Michael Kratsios, who was most recently a managing director at tech startup Scale AI, as the director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy. Kratsios served as chief technology officer during Trump’s first administration.
In addition, Trump named former Uber executive Emil Michael as undersecretary for research and engineering.
Tech business leaders cheered the choices in social media posts. Former Meta executive David Marcus called Trump’s selections “remarkable picks,” while Box CEO Aaron Levie said the choices were “very strong.”
Since Trump’s election victory, a slew of tech companies have thrown their support behind the president-elect — a significant departure from his first term, when the industry at large maintained a tense relationship with Trump.
Amazon, Meta and OpenAI Sam Altman have announced donations of $1 million each to Trump’s inaugural committee. And in recent weeks, Silicon Valley executives have made pilgrimages to Trump’s residence Mar-a-Lago in Palm Beach, Florida.
Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg tries on Orion AR glasses at the Meta Connect annual event at the company’s headquarters in Menlo Park, California, U.S., September 25, 2024. REUTERS/Manuel Orbegozo
Manuel Orbegozo | Reuters
“Aut Zuck Aut Nihil” spanned the front of Mark Zuckerberg’s loose-fitting black shirt during his keynote at Meta’s Connect event in September.
The words, donned in all-caps and gray font, were a play on the Latin phrase “Aut Caesar Aut Nihil,” which translates to “Either Caesar or nothing” or rather “All or nothing.” It was a fitting phrase for a company that in 2024 put the full weight of its resources behind its artificial intelligence strategy.
Meta in April said it would raise its spending levels in 2024 by as much as $10 billion to support infrastructure investments for its AI efforts. Although the announcement sent shares plunging as much as 19% that evening, investors have come around to the company’s costly AI ambitions. Meta’s stock price hit a record on Dec. 11, and it’s up nearly 70% year to date as of the market’s close on Friday.
“It’s clear that there are a lot of new opportunities to use new AI advances to accelerate our core business that should have strong ROI over the next few years, so I think we should invest more there,” Zuckerberg said on a call with analysts in October.
He noted AI’s “positive impact on nearly all aspects of our work,” highlighting how the technology was key to rebuilding the company’s online advertising business that took a lashing from Apple‘s iOS privacy update in 2021. Additionally, he said AI underpins Meta’s more nascent projects, such as its Ray-Ban Meta smart glasses and experimental Orion augmented reality headset that Zuckerberg believes could represent “the next computing platform.”
Zuckerberg’s comments about AI underscore how the technology has become Meta’s top priority, directly impacting the company’s business and potentially paving the way for future revenue opportunities. Unlike the company’s more conventional services, like Instagram and Facebook, AI is an infrastructure technology that Zuckerberg wants hardwired into its various products, particularly as competitors like OpenAI continue to make inroads with consumers.
While OpenAI’s GPT family of AI models help power apps like ChatGPT, Meta’s family of Llama AI models feeds the company’s newer generative AI features like the Meta AI digital assistant. That chatbot represents Zuckerberg’s primary way to introduce generative AI technologies to its billions of users.
“Meta AI is on track to being the most used AI assistant in the world by the end of this year,” Zuckerberg said at Connect.
The company has been increasingly releasing new generative AI features for advertisers to continue improving the efficiency of its online advertising platform. And with the hiring last month of Clara Shih, who had been Salesforce’s CEO of AI, to lead a new business AI group, Meta aims to build a more enterprise-focused unit in the new year.
The Meta AI logo is being displayed on a smartphone in this photo illustration in Brussels, Belgium, on June 10, 2024.
Jonathan Raa | Nurphoto | Getty Images
Meta’s all-encompassing approach to AI has led analysts to predict that Meta is positioned for more success in 2025.
Analysts at Jefferies chose Meta as one of generative AI’s “winners” heading into 2025, writing in a Dec. 15 note that the company’s massive user base represents “one of the richest surfaces to introduce Gen AI tools.” Truist Securities analysts said in a note last week that the Meta AI digital assistant could challenge Google’s search as “an answer engine for all kinds of queries” and that the social media company is likely to outperform in 2025, potentially benefiting from offering businesses more advanced customer service chatbots.
“We believe META has a unique opportunity to introduce Gen AI tools to the almost 4B users & >200M businesses across its family of apps,” the Jefferies analysts wrote.
Meta declined to comment for this article, but pointed to previous statistics and executive comments about AI.
Meta AI’s expanding user base
Meta has been increasingly talking up the number of people who use Meta AI, with Zuckerberg saying in December that the digital assistant “now has nearly 600 million monthly actives.”
He launched the Meta AI chatbot in 2023 to rival the generative AI chatbots of competitors, most notably OpenAI’s ChatGPT. In April, the company brought it to the forefront of each of the apps in its empire by putting Meta AI in the search bars of Instagram, Facebook, WhatsApp and Messenger.
But because the company doesn’t offer a stand-alone Meta AI app, it’s difficult to directly compare its usage to similar services like ChatGPT or Anthropic’s Claude, said David Curry, the data editor for insights firm Business of Apps.
When it comes to monthly active users, the most popular of these generative AI chatbot apps is ChatGPT by a wide margin, followed by Google Gemini, Microsoft Copilot, Claude and Perplexity, Curry said.
The Meta AI “standalone website gets less than 10 million views per month, putting it far below the major services (ChatGPT, Gemini, etc) and even lower than some mid-range players like Anthropic,” Curry said, based on data he accessed via the Similarweb web-tracking service.
Meta’s finance chief, Susan Li, told analysts in July that India has become the company’s “largest market for Meta AI usage.” That usage has coincided with promising signs of retention and engagement on WhatsApp, Li added.
Tourists are seen at the forecourt of the iconic Gateway of India as a digital display of messaging app WhatsApp is displayed, in Mumbai on August 25, 2023.
Indranil Mukherjee | AFP | Getty Images
Among those users is Sonny Ravan,a music producer in Pune, India. Ravan said he finds Meta AI, which he uses through WhatsApp, helpful for learning about the history of songs that he enjoys. He also uses it as a tool to learn about people in the music industry who he plans to work with or meet, describing it as great for preparation.
Sathish Thiyagarajan, 30, a technical support engineer for marketing tech firm GoX.AI, said he’s increasingly using Meta AI as a search tool via WhatsApp, which he noted dominates the Indian market for mobile internet communications.
“While I’m talking with my family or my friends, if they’re saying something to me and I have to search something, I’m not going to go to Google,” said Thiyagarajan, of Chennai, India. “I’m just going to put the phone in the speaker mode, and I’ll immediately search through Meta AI.”
However, Thiyagarajan said he only uses Meta AI when he’s on his phone. If he’s at his computer, OpenAI’s ChatGPT is his preferred AI chatbot.
Not everyone is a fan of Meta AI’s bundling into WhatsApp’s search functions.
Jawhar Sircar, 72, a retired government official in Kolkata, India, called the Meta AI search feature in WhatsApp “quite a nuisance.” That’s because whenever a user pauses while typing out a name in the search-find box, the Meta AI technology quickly “picks up whatever has been typed” and generates what he describes as unnecessary search prompt suggestions.
As far as the popularity of Meta AI in India, Sircar said he thinks the feature is mostly used by companies, technologists and other professionals who “are getting hooked to AI” alongside the Indian government’s continued investment in regional computing infrastructure.
“Professionals and companies have started using AI, but the general user has no need, at least not on the Meta platforms,” Sircar wrote in an email.
Meta’s AI strategy for advertisers
Advertising is still the key to revenue.
Meta said in December that over 1 million advertisers had used the company’s GenAI tools to create more than 15 million ads in a single month.
“We estimate that businesses using image generation are seeing a +7% increase in conversions,” Meta said at the time, regarding its image generation features.
While people may associate generative AI with the visually striking and sometimes surreal imagery derived from popular services like Dall-E or Midjourney, it’s more likely that the average small business advertiser uses Meta’s GenAI tools for more subtle tasks, said Stacy Reed, an online advertising and Facebook ads consultant.
That includes using AI to create multiple versions of an ad’s headline, auto-resizing the size of ads so they look appropriate within users’ Instagram and Facebook apps, and repositioning certain images within the ads so that the promotions perform better, Reed said.
Advertisers that already write strong, creative copy can ask Meta’s GenAI tools for “a little bit more” help, Reed said.
“That’s where you win with their AI tools,” she said.
Reed said the many small advertisers she supports aren’t associating the new features with AI. They “think that Meta is just enhancing the way you build ads,” Reed said.
Celina Guerrero, an independent corporate sales and training consultant, said she uses Meta’s GenAI tools to help with writing headlines for her ads, but she said she finds Meta’s advertising interface to be confusing and constantly changing.
“It is visually overwhelming from a user experience,” Guerrero said.
Ahead of a Facebook ad campaign planned for January, Guerrero said she is debating how to use Meta’s GenAI tools for more in-depth tasks, like modifying her ad’s entire in-line copy.
“I don’t want my copy to sound like ChatGPT,” Guerrero said, referring to the sterile, run-of-the-mill AI-generated text that’s proliferating the web. “I have two options: One, I don’t use the variations, or two, I spend an inordinate amount of hours editing it.”
Most big companies and advertising agencies are turning to more marketing-specific tools for their generative AI-based ad campaigns, said Jay Pattisall, principal analyst at Forrester. Those services are more robust than Meta’s built-in AI ad tools, he said.
Still, the mere introduction of simple GenAI tools is beneficial to Metaconsidering it dominates the digital ads market along with Google. Meta’s generative AI tools just have “to be good enough to squeeze out more investment” from advertisers, said Maurice Rahmey, CEO of performance marketing firm Disruptive Digital and a former Facebook customer manager.
“It’s better for their business, even if it’s just those small, incremental changes,” Rahmey said “It’s a business of scale.”
Clara Shih, Former CEO of Salesforce AI
Bloomberg | Bloomberg | Getty Images
What’s next for Meta’s enterprise play?
With Meta’s hiring of Shih from Salesforce in November, some analysts say Meta could make an enterprise technology push with its Llama family of open-source AI models.
Llama’s advancements “represent a significant opportunity for businesses to drive more efficiencies and significantly improve the experiences they offer their customers,” Meta monetization head John Hegeman said in a statement.
Shih, who was one of CNBC’s 2024 changemakers, rejoined Salesforce in 2020 after previously working at the company from 2006 through 2009. As part of her most recent role at Salesforce, Shih helped oversee Einstein GPT for Service and Sales, a GenAI product intended for sales and customer support staff.
During her first stint at Salesforce, Shih created a business app that let users connect their Salesforce customer relationship software with their Facebook connections. In 2009, she wrote “The Facebook Era,” a book intended for professionals to better understand how to use social networks for business.
Multiple former Meta AI and product leaders told CNBC that Shih’s vast experience will be helpful considering the company has failed in previous attempts at building enterprise software.
Meta announced in May that it plans to shut down Workplace, its business communications product, by 2026. And after buying enterprise startup Kustomer for about $1 billion in 2020, Meta spun it out in 2023 in a deal that was reportedly valued at $250 million.
The most logical step for Meta would be to create a larger business around WhatsApp, said Ralph Schackart, an internet equity analyst at investment bank William Blair. Specifically, WhatsApp could help businesses build customer-service chatbots using Meta’s GenAI, Schackart said.
“Longer term, this is going to evolve into customized sales agents, which is a $3 trillion-plus industry,” Schackart said about Meta’s WhatsApp business AI chatbot opportunity.
Michael Saylor, chairman and chief executive officer at MicroStrategy, during an interview at the Bitcoin 2023 conference in Miami Beach, Florida, US, on Thursday, May 18, 2023.
Eva Marie Uzcategui | Bloomberg | Getty Images
On the eve of MicroStrategy‘s stock market debut in June 1998, founder Michael Saylor stayed in a penthouse suite at the Lotte New York Palace in Midtown Manhattan. Saylor, who was 33 at the time, says it was the most exquisite hotel room he’d ever seen, paid for by lead underwriter Merrill Lynch.
The next morning, Saylor went to the floor of the Nasdaq to watch his company’s stock open. He recalled seeing a note scrolling across the ticker, warning traders: “Please do not confuse MSTR with MSFT.” The latter belonged to Microsoft, the software giant that had gone public 13 years earlier.
MicroStrategy shares popped 76% in their debut, joining the parade of tech companies benefiting from the dot-com boom.
“It was a good day,” Saylor told CNBC.
More than 26 years later, MicroStrategy and Microsoft were again linked together, but for an entirely different reason. In December 2024, Saylor stood before Microsoft’s shareholders to try and convince them that the company, now valued at over $3 trillion, should put some of its $78.4 billion in cash, equivalents and short-term investment into bitcoin.
“Microsoft can’t afford to miss the next technology wave, and bitcoin is that wave,” Saylor said in a video presentation that he released on X last week. The post has more than 3.6 million views.
Saylor has gone all in on that strategy. MicroStrategy has purchased 439,000 bitcoin since mid-2020, a stockpile that’s now worth about $42 billion and is the basis for the company’s market cap explosion to $82 billion from roughly $1.1 billion when the plan was put in place.
MicroStrategy’s software unit, which specializes in business intelligence, generates just over $100 million in revenue a quarter. After zooming up in 1998 and 1999, the stock crumbled in the dot-com bust, losing almost all its value. In the decades that followed, it slowly bounced back before rocketing up due to bitcoin.
At Microsoft, the shareholder vote supported by Saylor failed by a wide margin — less than 1% of its investors voted for it.
But the spectacle provided Saylor, now 59, with yet another opportunity to preach the gospel of bitcoin and tout the benefits of converting as much cash as possible into that single digital asset. It’s a story that Wall Street has been gobbling up.
MicroStrategy shares are up 477% this year as of Friday’s close, second to only AppLovin among all U.S. tech companies valued at $5 billion or more, according to FactSet data. That follows a 346% gain in 2023.
While the rally was in full force well before November of this year, Donald Trump’s election victory, funded heavily by the crypto industry, propelled the stock even more. The shares have climbed 60% since the Nov. 5 election, and finally exceeded their dot-com era high from 2000 on Nov. 11.
Saylor has long talked about bitcoin in an evangelical fashion and co-authored a book about it in 2022 titled “What is Money?” But his critics have gotten louder than ever of late, describing Saylor as a cult-like leader and his strategy as a “ponzi loop” that involves issuing debt and equity to buy bitcoin, watching MicroStrategy’s stock price go up, and then doing more of the same.
“Wash, rinse, repeat — what could possibly go wrong?” wrote Peter Schiff, chief economist and global strategist at Euro Pacific Asset Management, in a Nov. 12 post on X to his 1 million followers.
Saylor, who has 3.8 million followers, addressed the growing chorus of skeptics last week in an interview with CNBC’s “Money Movers.”
“Just like developers in Manhattan, every time Manhattan real estate goes up in value, they issue more debt to develop more real estate, that’s why your buildings are so tall in New York City,” Saylor said, in a clip that’s been posted to X by his legion of fans. “It’s been going for 350 years. I would call it an economy.”
Saylor is a frequent guest on CNBC, making appearances on various programs throughout the year. He also agreed to two interviews with CNBC.com, one in September and another soon after the election.
The first of those chats came back at the Lotte, just a few elevator stops from the penthouse where he stayed the night before his stock hit the Nasdaq. Saylor was delivering a conference keynote at the hotel and taking meetings on the side.
He wore a designer suit and an orange Hermes tie, matching bitcoin’s designated color. The election was less than two months away, and crypto companies were pumping money into the Trump campaign after the Republican nominee and ex-president, who previously called bitcoin a “scam against the dollar,” started guaranteeing a much more crypto-friendly administration.
‘Inspired the crypto community’
Two months earlier, in July, Trump delivered a keynote at the biggest bitcoin conference of the year in Nashville, Tennessee, where he promised to fire SEC Chair Gary Gensler, an industry critic, and said the U.S. would become the “crypto capital of the planet” if he won.
“I think the election year has inspired the crypto community to find its voice, and I think it has catalyzed a lot of enthusiasm that was latent,” Saylor said in the September interview. “When Trump came out tentatively positive, that was a big boost to the industry. When he came out fully positive, that was another boost.”
Until this year, MicroStrategy was one of the few ways many institutions could buy bitcoin. Because MicroStrategy was an equity, investment firms didn’t need any special provisions to own it. The environment changed in January, when the SEC approved spot bitcoin exchange-traded funds, allowing investors to buy ETFs that track the value of bitcoin.
Since Trump’s victory, it’s all been up and to the right. Bitcoin is up about 41% and BlackRock’s ETF has climbed 39%. Gensler is preparing to leave the SEC, and Trump has picked deregulation advocate and former SEC Commissioner Paul Atkins to replace him.
Venture capitalist David Sacks, an outspoken conservative who hosted a fundraiser for Trump in San Francisco, will be the “White House A.I. & Crypto Czar,” Trump announced earlier this month in a post on his Truth Social platform.
“With the red sweep, bitcoin is surging up with tailwinds, and the rest of the digital assets will also begin to surge,” Saylor told CNBC in a phone interview, soon after the election. He said bitcoin remains the “safe trade” in the crypto space, but as a “digital assets framework” is put into place for the broader crypto market, “there’ll be a surge in the entire digital assets industry,” he said.
“Taxes are coming down. All the rhetoric about unrealized capital gains taxes and wealth taxes is off the table,” Saylor said. “All of the hostility from the regulators to banks touching bitcoin” also goes away, he added.
Republican presidential nominee and former U.S. President Donald Trump gestures at the Bitcoin 2024 event in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S., July 27, 2024.
Kevin Wurm | Reuters
MicroStrategy has gotten even more aggressive with its bitcoin purchases. Saylor said in a post on Dec. 16, that over a six-day stretch starting Dec. 9, his company had acquired 15,350 bitcoin for $1.5 billion.
So far this year, MicroStrategy has acquired 249,850 bitcoin, with almost two-thirds of those purchases occurring since Nov. 11.
“We were going to do it regardless,” Saylor said, referring to the election results. “But what was a headwind has become a tailwind.”
A week before the election, MicroStrategy announced in its quarterly earnings release a plan to raise $42 billion over three years. That included a stock sale of up to $21 billion through financial firms including TD Securities and Barclays, opening up that much more liquidity for bitcoin purchases.
Saylor told CNBC it was “probably the single most important earnings call in the history of the company.”
No amount of ownership is too much for Saylor, who predicted in September that bitcoin could hit $13 million by 2045, which would equal 29% growth annually.
“We’ll just keep buying the top forever,” he said in the same TV interview where he compared bitcoin to New York real estate. “Every day is a good day to buy bitcoin. We look at it as cyber-Manhattan.”
Saylor talks glowingly about bitcoin as the foundation of a new digital economy that will only get bigger. But even since his bitcoin strategy got underway in 2020, there have been pockets of severe pain for investors — the stock lost 74% of its value in 2022 before soaring the past two years.
Still, he’s advising companies to mimic his strategy. Microsoft didn’t listen, but Saylor said there are plenty of “zombie companies,” with core businesses that aren’t going anywhere that could make better use of their cash.
“The traditional advice would be, you do a transformational acquisition, you find that you need a merger partner. You’re dead in the water. Go find somebody to merge with,” Saylor said at the Lotte in September. “Bitcoin is the universal merger partner, right? The real appeal of digital capital is you can fix any company.”