Blue Origin’s much-anticipated New Glenn rocket took a significant step toward its inaugural flight with the assembly of its first and second stages. The rocket, designed for heavy-lift missions, was recently stacked in Blue Origin’s facility near NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Named “GS-1” and “GS-2,” the stages were joined for the first time, marking a milestone as the company readies the rocket for a maiden launch, possibly in November 2024, from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station.

Advanced Design for Heavy-Lift Capabilities

The company revealed the news on its official X handle. Standing at 270 feet in its two-stage form, New Glenn is a major addition to the current heavy-lift rocket lineup. Unlike traditional expendable rockets, its first-stage booster is fully reusable, promising to lower launch costs and increase launch frequency. The three-stage configuration, if used, will bring the rocket’s height to 313 feet. For context, SpaceX’s Falcon 9 varies between 209 and 230 feet tall, depending on configuration.

Blue Ring Spacecraft and National Security Mission

The upcoming mission, known as DarkSky-1, will carry Blue Origin’s Blue Ring spacecraft platform. The flight is part of a certification test under the National Security Space Launch programme, sponsored by the Defence Innovation Unit. The Blue Ring platform, designed to serve as a flexible service module for satellites, can be deployed into orbit or remain attached for extended missions. The company has promoted Blue Ring’s advanced capabilities in manoeuvring across various orbits, appealing to both commercial and government clients.

Next Steps and Test Firing

As Blue Origin progresses with New Glenn’s development, a static fire test of the rocket’s BE-4 engines will be conducted, igniting the first stage’s seven engines for a preliminary test. Originally scheduled for October, the launch was delayed after NASA decided to stand down to avoid possible cost overruns, with plans to launch the twin ESCAPADE Mars probes now postponed to 2025.

A supernova, an explosive end to a star’s life cycle, has the potential to impact planets in its proximity, including Earth. If a star were to go supernova within close range of our planet, the radiation it emits could lead to catastrophic consequences for life as we know it. However, any significant threat would depend on the star’s distance and type. A supernova would need to be within approximately 25 to 30 light-years of Earth to disrupt the atmosphere to the point of causing severe ecological damage, particularly through the depletion of the ozone layer, which protects us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Fortunately, no stars with imminent supernova potential exist within this distance from Earth.

Supernova Risks and Distance

Betelgeuse, located roughly 650 light-years away, is one of the most prominent supernova candidates, but its distance means it poses no real threat. If it explodes, it would produce a spectacular, but harmless, light display visible from Earth. According to Professor Paul Sutter, an astrophysicist, the closest potentially dangerous star is Spica, located 250 light-years from Earth, well beyond the range that would pose a significant risk to our planet’s biosphere.

Potential Effects of a Nearby Supernova

Should a star explode within the critical 30-light-year radius, the consequences would be severe. The radiation emitted, including X-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays, could disrupt molecular bonds in Earth’s atmosphere. This disruption would likely lead to the formation of nitrogen oxides, which are known to break down the ozone layer. With a weakened ozone layer, UV radiation from the Sun would be more intense, threatening the survival of photosynthetic organisms and potentially destabilising ecosystems.

The Threat of Gamma-Ray Bursts

While rare, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are also recognised for their destructive potential. Caused by hypernovae or neutron star mergers, these events release powerful beams of radiation that can reach across thousands of light-years. Although GRBs are harder to predict and less understood, they pose a greater risk due to their highly concentrated energy, which could threaten life on Earth even from a more significant distance.

Long-Term Outlook and Galactic Positioning

As the solar system moves through the Orion Arm of the Milky Way, astronomers suggest the likelihood of a nearby supernova could increase. Despite this, the odds of Earth experiencing such a close and dangerous supernova event remain low, estimated to occur only a few times every billion years. While unlikely, a supernova event in this range could alter Earth’s biosphere, as some scientists theorise occurred during a mass extinction event approximately 360 million years ago.