NASA‘s Curiosity rover has completed its study of the Gediz Vallis channel. In this process it has captured a 360-degree panorama before moving towards a new target called the boxwork. This mysterious region, located on the slopes of Mount Sharp, has been under scrutiny to uncover the role of water in Mars‘ transition from a wetter climate to a dry one. The rover’s findings, which include a unique discovery of sulphur stones, are expected to offer more fresh insights into the planet’s geological history and past habitability.

Rare Sulphur Deposits Found in Gediz Vallis

A major highlight of the mission has been the detection of pure sulphur stones in Gediz Vallis, which had gone unnoticed in previous imaging by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Once Curiosity reached the region, these bright white stones revealed yellow crystals when crushed under its wheels. Ashwin Vasavada, Curiosity’s project scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, described the discovery as an intriguing mystery, noting that typical terrestrial sources of sulphur—volcanic activity and hot springs—are absent on Mount Sharp. Researchers are now analysing data to determine how these unusual deposits formed.

Mars’ Geological Story

Observations from Gediz Vallis have painted a complex picture of Martian history. Scientists believe that rivers, wet debris flows, and dry avalanches contributed to the formation of features such as the mound nicknamed “Pinnacle Ridge.” By studying these structures, the mission team is piecing together a timeline of events that shaped the channel during Mars’ climatic transformation.

Boxwork Formation

Curiosity’s next objective is the box work. It is a network of mineral ridges resembling spiderwebs. Kirsten Siebach, a scientist at Rice University, explained that these structures likely formed from minerals crystallising in fractures as water receded. Their vast expanse—spanning up to 20 kilometres—offers a rare opportunity to explore environments where early microbial life could have survived.
The rover, which has travelled over 33 kilometres since its landing in 2012, continues its mission to uncover Mars’ secrets and search for signs of ancient habitability.

A 2,600-year-old inscription engraved on a monument in Turkey, known as Arslan Kaya or “lion rock,” has been deciphered, according to research by Professor Mark Munn of Pennsylvania State University. This ancient carving, which has endured significant damage from weathering and looting, contains references to Materan, a goddess revered by the Phrygians, an ancient civilisation that thrived in the region between 1200 and 600 B.C. Materan, often simply called “the Mother,” was central to Phrygian religious beliefs.

Monument Details and Historical Significance

The Arslan Kaya monument is decorated with images of lions and sphinxes, which were symbols of strength and protection in Phrygian culture. The name Materan, deciphered through careful analysis of the damaged inscription, appears alongside a depiction of the goddess. Materan was later venerated by other cultures, known as “Mother of the Gods” by the Greeks and as “Magna Mater” or “Great Mother” by the Romans.

At the time the inscription was created, the region was under the influence of the Lydian kingdom, which also held Materan in high regard. The inscription, believed to have been part of a longer text, may have detailed the commissioning party and explained the goddess’s significance.

Challenges in Deciphering the Inscription

The text has been the subject of scholarly debate for over a century. Munn utilised detailed photographs and historical records to piece together its meaning, noting that optimal lighting on April 25, 2024, played a crucial role in capturing the monument’s details.

Rostyslav Oreshko, a lecturer at the Practical School of Advanced Studies in France, told LiveScience that Munn’s work affirms earlier readings from the 19th century, which identified the name Materan. Despite this, Oreshko emphasised that the study solidifies previous interpretations rather than offering entirely new insights.

The deciphered inscription sheds light on the enduring cultural significance of Materan and highlights the Phrygians’ influence on subsequent civilisations.

A bottlenose dolphin residing alone in the Baltic Sea has been documented producing thousands of vocalisations, potentially as a result of loneliness. Known locally as Delle, this dolphin was first noticed in the Svendborgsund channel near Funen Island, Denmark, in 2019. Bottlenose dolphins typically thrive in social pods, but no other dolphins have been seen in the area.

The University of Southern Denmark deployed underwater recorders to monitor the impact of Delle’s presence on local harbour porpoises. Unexpectedly, 10,833 sounds were recorded over 69 days between December 8, 2022, and February 14, 2023. Dr Olga Filatova, cetacean biologist and lead researcher, reported hearing an extensive range of sounds, including whistles and tonal noises. These sounds are often associated with social interactions among dolphins, yet Delle was entirely alone.

Unpacking the Recordings

Among the captured vocalisations were 2,291 whistles and 2,288 burst-pulses—clicks often linked to aggression or excitement. Delle also produced three distinctive whistles resembling “signature whistles”, unique sounds used by dolphins as individual identifiers. These findings, detailed in the journal Bioacoustics on October 31, led researchers to initially speculate that multiple dolphins might be present. However, Delle’s solitary state ruled out such assumptions.

Possible Explanations for the Vocalisations

The sounds may indicate attempts to connect with others or might simply reflect involuntary expressions linked to emotions, similar to humans laughing while alone. Dr Filatova suggested it is unlikely that Delle was calling other dolphins, as his years in the area would have revealed the absence of companions.

The study highlights a gap in understanding solitary dolphins’ behaviour. Thea Taylor, Managing Director of the Sussex Dolphin Project, noted the potential for these findings to provide insights into dolphin emotions and behaviour, stressing that solitary individuals remain under-researched.
Delle’s case underscores the complexity of dolphin communication, with researchers aiming to uncover the motivations behind such vocal patterns in isolated circumstances.