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By Tarun Sai Lomte Reviewed by Susha Cheriyedath, M.Sc. Dec 4 2024

Discover how creatine and resistance training are transforming muscle health and cognitive vitality in older adults.

Study: The power of creatine plus resistance training for healthy aging: enhancing physical vitality and cognitive function. Image Credit: TanyaKim / Shutterstock

A recent study published in the journal Frontiers in Physiology advocates combining resistance training with creatine supplementation as a safe and effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia is an age-related musculoskeletal condition characterized by reduced functional ability, muscle strength, and lean mass. It can lead to adverse outcomes, such as a lower quality of life and impaired physical function, and is also associated with cognitive decline in older individuals. Sarcopenia is a reversible condition, and its prevalence increases with age. Various non-pharmacological interventions are available to counteract sarcopenia progression in older adults.

Physically inactive and sedentary older adults have a lower myofibrillar protein synthesis response to dietary protein, which accelerates sarcopenia progression. Further, muscle anabolic resistance related to age becomes more pronounced with moderate/low protein intake, a typical dietary pattern in older populations. The study emphasizes that a daily intake of at least 1.0 g of protein per kilogram of body weight, rich in essential amino acids such as leucine, is essential to maintain muscle protein balance. In this context, the present study advocates combining resistance training with creatine supplementation as an effective strategy to treat and prevent sarcopenia. Creatine: Essential for Vitality

Around 95% of creatine is present in the skeletal muscle, with the remaining amount found in tissues with high energy demands. It is naturally found in meat, poultry, and fish and endogenously derived from reactions in the brain and liver. The estimated daily requirement of creatine is about 2 g/day for a 70-kg male. Nevertheless, research suggests that endogenous synthesis of creatine may be inadequate under pathological or certain physiological conditions.

Creatine monohydrate gained widespread popularity as a dietary supplement in Europe and the United States (US) following a landmark study in 1992. It has been approved for inclusion in nutritional supplements in several countries, including Brazil, Australia, Canada, Japan, the European Union, and South Korea. Research has demonstrated that creatine monohydrate is effective and safe for humans and older adults.

Creatine monohydrate supplementation can safely improve exercise capacity and training adaptations, regardless of age, sex, and exercise interventions. Supplementation protocols, such as an initial loading phase of 20 g/day for 5–7 days followed by a maintenance dose of 3–5 g/day, have shown consistent benefits in enhancing muscle performance and lean mass. Increasing intracellular creatine levels via supplementation promotes satellite cell activation, reduces protein degradation, and increases lean mass.

The improvements in cellular bioenergetics resulting from creatine supplementation offer benefits beyond the musculoskeletal tissue, impacting the immune system, vascular system, brain, and heart. Furthermore, studies suggest that creatine supplementation can yield clinically more significant effects when combined with resistance training. Recent evidence also indicates a potential role for creatine in mitigating neurodegenerative conditions, though further research is needed to standardize clinical measurements. Resistance Training

Resistance training is a form of strength training that involves applying various external forces to augment physical capabilities. It has several physical benefits, such as enhanced endurance, power, muscle strength, and bone mineral density. From a clinical perspective, resistance training improves functionality, contributes to cardiometabolic health, and helps prevent mental health issues and neurodegenerative disorders.

Existing guidelines recommend engaging in resistance training at least twice weekly, with training intensities ranging from moderate to vigorous, and the programs should include progressive weight training, with up to 10 exercises targeting major muscle groups and 8–12 repetitions per exercise. Studies suggest that resistance training should also include multi-joint movements and power/explosive training to optimize benefits in older adults. Recent studies have shown that both high- and low-frequency resistance training can effectively improve skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and quality in older females with sarcopenia. Benefits of Resistance Training and Creatine Supplementation

Combining creatine supplementation during resistance training can preserve both physical and mental capabilities and alleviate sarcopenia and related risks. For example, a recent meta-analysis found that creatine supplementation during resistance training led to approximately 1.4 kg greater lean mass gains compared to resistance training alone. Recent studies have also explored the potential cognitive benefits of creatine, although further research is needed to delineate the underlying mechanisms. Previously, the authors identified plausible biological regulators that mediate the effects of creatine supplementation.

They found that cellular allostasis was highly dependent on the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system, which is essential to maintaining the balance between cellular mechanics and subcellular energy production. This reliance was clinically evidenced in cerebral high-energy phosphates, processing speed, and cognitive performance after a high dose of creatine monohydrate during sleep deprivation. Furthermore, one study has reported that creatine plays a potential role as a neurotransmitter. These findings suggest a promising avenue for creatine supplementation in addressing age-related cognitive decline, though standardized assessment tools are needed to confirm these benefits. Concluding Remarks

In sum, creatine supplementation combined with resistance training is an effective and safe approach to treat sarcopenia. Evidence supports that the supplementation of creatine monohydrate during a resistance training program increases strength and lean mass in older adults relative to resistance training alone or placebo, regardless of dose and frequency. Public health initiatives should encourage dietary patterns that include creatine-rich foods, such as fish and meat, and promote accessible resistance training programs tailored to older adults. Therefore, the authors recommend the implementation of public health initiatives that promote the inclusion of creatine-rich foods in the diet. Journal reference: Bonilla, D. A., Stout, J. R., Candow, D. G., Daniel, J., M., L., Forbes, S. C., Ostojic, S. M., & Kreider, R. B. (2024). The power of creatine plus resistance training for healthy aging: Enhancing physical vitality and cognitive function. Frontiers in Physiology, 15, 1496544. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1496544, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/physiology/articles/10.3389/fphys.2024.1496544/full

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Woman admits trying to defraud Elvis Presley’s family by auctioning off Graceland

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Woman admits trying to defraud Elvis Presley's family by auctioning off Graceland

A woman has admitted attempting to defraud Elvis Presley’s family by trying to auction off his Graceland mansion and property before a judge halted the mysterious foreclosure sale.

Lisa Jeanine Findley had initially denied charges of mail fraud and aggravated identity theft in relation to the scheme but has now changed her plea in the two-count indictment.

Prosecutors had said Findley, of Kimberling City, Missouri, falsely claimed Presley’s daughter Lisa Marie had borrowed $3.8m (£3m) from a bogus private lender and had pledged Graceland as collateral for the loan before her death in January 2023.

Findley then threatened to sell Graceland to the highest bidder if Presley’s family did not pay a $2.85m (£2.25m) settlement, according to authorities.

She posed as three different people allegedly involved with the fake lender, fabricated loan documents and published a fraudulent foreclosure notice in a Memphis newspaper announcing the auction of Graceland in May 2024, prosecutors said.

A judge stopped the sale after Presley’s granddaughter and Lisa Marie’s daughter, actress Riley Keough, sued.

Experts were baffled by the attempt to sell off one of the most famous pieces of property in the country using names, emails and documents that were quickly suspected to be fake.

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Lisa Jeanine Findley. Pic: NBC News
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Lisa Jeanine Findley. Pic: NBC News

Graceland opened as a museum and tourist attraction in 1982 and draws hundreds of thousands of visitors each year.

A large Presley-themed entertainment complex across the street from the museum is owned by Elvis Presley Enterprises.

Presley, known as the King of Rock and Roll, died in August 1977 at the age of 42

Elvis Presley
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Elvis Presley

Keough, who inherited the trust and ownership of the home after the death of her mother, filed a lawsuit claiming fraud against Findley and a judge halted the proposed auction with an injunction.

Naussany Investments and Private Lending – the bogus lender authorities say Findley created – said Lisa Marie Presley had used Graceland as collateral for the loan, according to the foreclosure sale notice.

The judge said Elvis Presley’s estate could be successful in arguing that a company’s attempt to auction Graceland was fraudulent.

Read more from Sky News:
Businessman’s body found in ‘sack of pineapples’
Large bruise on Trump’s hand prompts speculation over health
Couple ‘forced’ to sit next to dead woman on flight

Lisa Marie Presley. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Lisa Marie Presley. Pic: Reuters

Ms Keough’s lawsuit alleged that Naussany presented fraudulent documents regarding the loan in September 2023 and that Ms Presley never borrowed money from Naussany.

After the scheme fell apart, Findley tried to make it look like the person responsible was a Nigerian identity thief, prosecutors said.

An email sent on 25 May 2024 to the Associated Press from the same email as the earlier statement said in Spanish that the foreclosure sale attempt was made by a Nigerian fraud ring that targets old and dead people in the US and uses the internet to steal money.

Riley Keough. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Riley Keough. Pic: Reuters

In a statement, Tennessee Attorney General Jonathan Skrmetti called the scheme “nonsense” and praised the work of federal authorities.

“Graceland matters so much to so many people around the world – just go to Memphis during Elvis Week and listen to all the different accents and languages of fans who make the pilgrimage,” Mr Skrmetti said.

“All of Tennessee is glad that Graceland remains safely in the possession of Elvis’s heir and that it will remain a celebrated Memphis landmark for generations to come.”

Findley will be sentenced on 18 June and would have faced up to 20 years if convicted, but she is expected to receive less than that under the plea deal.

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Post Office scandal: 21 ‘Capture’ cases now being investigated for miscarriages of justice

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Post Office scandal: 21 ‘Capture’ cases now being investigated for miscarriages of justice

The number of convictions linked to a second Post Office IT scandal being investigated for miscarriages of justice – has more than doubled, Sky News has learned.

Twenty-one Capture cases have now been submitted to the Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC) for review.

Before Christmas, it was around eight.

They relate to the Capture computing software, which was used in Post Office branches in the 1990s before the infamous faulty Horizon system was introduced.

Hundreds of sub-postmasters were wrongly accused of stealing after Horizon software caused false shortfalls in branch accounts between 1999 and 2015.

A report last year found that there was a reasonable likelihood that the Capture accounting system, used from the early 1990s until 1999, was also responsible for shortfalls.

If the CCRC finds significant new evidence or legal arguments not previously heard before, cases can be referred back to the Court of Appeal.

More on Post Office Scandal

Lawyer for victims, Neil Hudgell from Hudgell Solicitors, says the next steps for the Capture cases and the CCRC are still “some months away”.

He said he is also hopeful that the first cases could be referred to the Court of Appeal before the end of this year.

Screengrabs from Adele Robinson i/v with lawyer for victims of the Capture IT system, Neil Hudgell from Hudgell Solicitors
Source P 175500FR POST OFFICE CAPTURE CASES ROBINSON 0600 VT V2 JJ1
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Lawyer Neil Hudgell described victims of the Capture IT system as ‘hideously damaged people’


“Certainly we will certainly be lobbying,” he said. “The CCRC will be lobbying, the advisory board will be lobbying any interested parties, that these are hideously damaged people of advancing years who need some peace of mind and the quicker that can happen the better.”

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In December the government said it would offer ‘redress’ to Post Office Capture software victims

‘We didn’t talk about it’

Among those submitted to the CCRC – Pat Owen’s Capture case was the first.

Her family have kept her 1998 conviction for stealing from her post office branch a secret for 26 years.

Juliet Shardlow daughter of Pat Owen and Adele
Screengrabs from Adele Robinson i/vs with case study. Family of Pat Owen from Kent who was convicted of 1998 from stealing from her post office branch. Now the Capture IT system is suspected of adding errors to the accounts. 
Source P 175500FR POST OFFICE CAPTURE CASES ROBINSON 0600 VT V2 JJ1
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Juliet Shardlow shows Sky News paperwork which could explain discrepancies logged by Capture

Speaking to Sky News they have opened up for the first time about what happened to her.

Pat was a former sub-postmistress, who was found guilty and given a two-year suspended sentence.

She died in 2003 from heart failure.

Pat Owen and husband David
Screengrabs from Adele Robinson i/vs with case study. Family of Pat Owen from Kent who was convicted of 1998 from stealing from her post office branch. Now the Capture IT system is suspected of adding errors to the accounts. 
Source P 175500FR POST OFFICE CAPTURE CASES ROBINSON 0600 VT V2 JJ1
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David Owen and his wife Pat in happier times

Her daughters describe her as coming home from court after her conviction “a different woman”.

“We didn’t talk about it,” said Juliet Shardlow. “We didn’t talk about it amongst ourselves as a family, we didn’t talk about it with the extended family.

“Our extended family don’t know.”

Pat Owen's daughter Juliet Shardlow
Screengrabs from Adele Robinson i/vs with case study. Family of Pat Owen from Kent who was convicted of 1998 from stealing from her post office branch. Now the Capture IT system is suspected of adding errors to the accounts. 
Source P 175500FR POST OFFICE CAPTURE CASES ROBINSON 0600 VT V2 JJ1
Image:
Juliet Shardlow said her mum Pat was a different person after her conviction

David Owen, Pat’s husband, said she lost a lot of weight after her conviction and at 62 years old “looked like an old gal of 90”.

Capture evidence never heard in court

Pat’s family kept all the documents from her case safe for over two decades and now a key piece of evidence may turn the tide on her conviction, and potentially help others.

A document summarising the findings of an IT expert described the computer Pat used as having “a faulty motherboard”.

It also stated that this “would have produced calculation errors and may have been responsible for the discrepancies subsequently identified by Post Office Counters’ Security and Investigation team.”

Read more from Sky News:
Sub-postmasters: ‘Still going through hell’
Compensation for victims of Capture
Calls on Fujitsu for compensation

The computer expert was due to give evidence in Pat Owen’s defence at court as part of her trial – but failed to turn up on the day.

The family say they never found out exactly why he didn’t show up at court.

David said there was a computer all set up in the courtroom for the expert to use to show malfunctions.

Husband David Owen
Screengrabs from Adele Robinson i/vs with case study. Family of Pat Owen from Kent who was convicted of 1998 from stealing from her post office branch. Now the Capture IT system is suspected of adding errors to the accounts. 
Source P 175500FR POST OFFICE CAPTURE CASES ROBINSON 0600 VT V2 JJ1
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David Owen said his wife Pat never expected to lose her court case

“I heard, now I can’t remember who from, that he’d done work for the Post Office,” he said.

“If he turned up to be a witness in court for us to he wouldn’t get any more work from the Post Office.”

Despite best efforts the expert has never been tracked down. The Post Office has declined to comment.

David also described how his wife never expected to lose her case.

“She was so confident. She knew she didn’t do anything wrong,” he said.

“But when the guilty verdict came out she actually fell to her knees in the dock crying her eyes out shaking.”

He said the judge then asked if he wanted to say anything, and David said he got up in court and spoke at length about his wife’s innocence.

The government announced in December that they will be setting up a redress scheme for Capture victims, similar to Horizon.

So far around 100 people who suffered after being accused of stealing from their branch, while using Capture, could be eligible for redress.

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UK

How the climate fight is coming into your home

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How the climate fight is coming into your home

Something has changed dramatically in your home in a way you won’t have even noticed.

The electricity in your plug socket no longer comes from coal, the workhorse of the industrial revolution that powered our economy for decades but which is also the most polluting fossil fuel.

Now it is generated by cleaner gas, renewable and nuclear power.

That shift has helped the UK cut greenhouse gas emissions by 50% since 1990 – a world-leading feat – and you won’t have batted an eyelid.

That’s about to change.

The country’s climate advisers, the Climate Change Committee (CCC), say in new advice today that emissions of greenhouse gases need to fall 87% by 2040.

Emissions need to fall by 87% by 2040, during the period covered by the "seventh carbon budget", published today by the CCC
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Emissions need to fall by 87% by 2040, during the period covered by the ‘seventh carbon budget’, published today by the CCC

One third of those emissions cuts will come from decisions made by households.

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While the first stage of the country’s national climate action has “gone largely unnoticed”, the next phase will be “a lot more difficult”, said Adam Berman from Energy UK, which represents energy suppliers.

“It’s going to be technically more difficult, it is going to be much more visceral and tangible to people in their everyday lives. It affects how they get to work, what they use to heat their homes and even diet.”

Experts say if we get it right, it will make our lives better with cleaner air and better public transport.

It would also shave hundreds of pounds off annual household bills.

But it depends on what the government does next to help people.

The way we travel

The two “most impactful” things households can do are replacing their car with an electric one and a gas boiler with a heat pump (only when they pack up, and not before), the advice said.

By 2040, the share of electric cars on the road needs to jump from 2.8% in 2023 to 80% in order to meet net zero, according to the recommendations, which the government is not obliged to accept.

They are already cheaper to run than petrol or diesel cars, while the falling cost of batteries means EVs should finally cost the same upfront in the next three years.

The committee’s chief executive Emma Pinchbeck said: “Frankly, by the time a lot of people are going to be choosing a new car, the electric vehicle is just going to be the cheapest [option].”

The share of heat pumps must jump to 52%, while electric cars need to reach 80% by 2040, the CCC said
Image:
The share of heat pumps must jump to 52%, while electric cars need to reach 80% by 2040, the CCC said

How we heat our homes

But while the switch to electric vehicles is powering ahead, the move to greener home heating has barely left the starting blocks.

Homes are currently the second highest-emitting sector in the UK economy, and much of that comes from the way we heat them.

The CCC today put to bed calls to keep gas boilers but run them on hydrogen, recommending there be “no role for hydrogen heating in residential buildings”.

Hydrogen is hard to produce in a green way, and so would be reserved for other sectors that have no other viable alternatives.

The government is yet to confirm this decision, which would dismay the gas networks and boiler manufacturers.

Instead, the advisers said people should eventually replace boilers with heat pumps, which run on electricity and work a bit like a fridge in reverse: grabbing and compressing warmth from the outside air and using it to heat your home.

Amid a political row over the costs of net zero, the analysis concluded these two switches could save households around £700 a year on heating bills and a further £700 on motoring costs.

Cutting down on meat and on excessive flying will also play an important, but smaller role they said.

The upfront investment will cost the equivalent of 0.2% of GDP, most of which would come from the private sector.

Overcoming the costs

But at the moment the benefits of these green switches are not spread fairly, and some people can’t access them at all.

The upfront costs of a heat pump – and home upgrades needed alongside – are “sizeable” and price out poorer households, even with current government subsidies, campaigners and the CCC said.

Zachary Leather, an economist at the Resolution Foundation thinktank, said: “While politicians fret and argue about the cost of net zero, today’s report shows that there are long-term benefits for consumers and the environment.”

But the government needs to “get serious” about helping lower-income households to adopt heat pumps and EVs so they can save money too, he said.

Meanwhile, it is still cheaper for someone with a driveway to charge their EV than someone who charges theirs on the street – and electricity prices overall should be made cheaper to help people reap the benefits.

Mr Berman from Energy UK said: “All through the energy system there are these small examples that tend to mean working class households find it more expensive to take up low carbon alternatives.”

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Climate protesters confront Bill Gates

The energy transition is ‘not fair yet’

It also comes at a time of wavering support for climate action. While Labour was elected on a mandate to go faster on climate action, the Conservatives have retreated from green issues, and Reform UK wants to dismantle net zero altogether.

Mr Berman said a way to “resolve that question of public consent is to ensure we’re rolling out that infrastructure in a really, really fair and inclusive way. And we’re not there yet”.

The public are also confused about if, when and how to switch to these green technologies, and which government should tackle this with clearer guidance, the CCC said.

Energy Secretary Ed Miliband said: “This advice is independent of government policy, and we will now consider it and respond in due course.

“It is clear that the best route to making Britain energy secure, bringing down bills and creating jobs is by embracing the clean energy transition. This government’s clean energy superpower mission is about doing so in a way that grows our economy and makes working people better off.

“We owe it to current generations to seize the opportunities for energy security and lower bills, and we owe it to future generations to tackle the existential climate crisis.”

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