How Syrian rebels overthrew the Assad regime in just over a week
Seizing military bases, toppling regime statues, freeing prisoners and capturing major cities – this is just a fraction of what Syrian rebel forces have achieved in just over a week.
Sky News has tracked the shock offensive that has ousted President Bashar al Assad, using over 60 geolocated videos that show how they advanced through major cities and captured the capital Damascus.
While Assad, who has now left the country, had earlier vowed to “crush” the offensive, visual evidence shows how quickly his regime has fallen.
This is how the offensive unfolded.
Until just over a week ago, Assad’s Russian-backed forces controlled much of Syria.
Now the opposition groups – led by the Islamist group Hayat Tahrir al Sham (HTS) – a former al Qaeda affiliate previously known as the Nusra Front – have captured three of Syria’s major cities including its capital and ousted the regime.
The fall of Aleppo
Rebels began the surprise offensive from the northern province of Idlib before attacking areas to the north and northwest of Aleppo, Syria’s second largest city which has been under Assad’s control since 2016.
In the space of just three days, rebels pushed out government forces. Footage from 29 November shows lines of students evacuating from the University of Aleppo as opposition forces closed in.
Later that day, just two kilometres south of the university, HTS members filmed themselves at a statue of Assad’s deceased brother, taking down the regime flag.
The next day, Syria’s military announced a withdrawal from the city – Aleppo fell to the rebels.
Assad forces attempted defence
After defeat in Aleppo, Assad’s forces attempted to defend other cities and towns. They headed to Hama, a city 120km south of Aleppo – where geolocated videos posted on 30 November show a line of tanks as Assad’s forces awaited the rebels.
These are among the few videos which show efforts by regime forces during the offensive.
On 2 December, Russian and Syrian jets struck the rebel-held city of Idlib in the north, which for years had been the last anti-regime stronghold in Syria.
Videos show the aftermath of a deadly attack near Idlib University Hospital; the strikes that day killed at least 25 people.
Rebels move to Hama
Next, the rebels moved towards Hama city, 120km south of Aleppo. We verified footage taken on 3 December showing opposition forces in Al Amqiyah and Halfaya, a village and a town in the Hama governorate.
On 4 December, the rebels posted videos of a military base they’d seized in the Hama province signalling that they were not only able to take large cities, but also to seize key military sites. Taken from inside a vehicle, the footage shows the empty base – with regime forces nowhere to be seen.
The next day, on 5 December, rebels captured Hama city – the provincial capital – as the military withdrew its troops marking the seizure of a second major city and a significant setback for the regime.
Footage posted by rebels on 5 December shows prisoners being freed from the notorious Hama prison, as family members and friends hugged each other as they were reunited.
Rebels capture Homs
With Aleppo and Hama now under rebel-control, opposition forces made their way to Homs a city in western Syria – under 50km south of Hama and around 150km south of Aleppo.
Homs sits on a major crossroad, linking Damascus to the north and Syria’s Mediterranean coast provinces of Latakia and Tartus, where the majority back Mr Assad and home to a Russian naval base and air base.
On the evening of 5 December, videos emerged of hundreds of people attempting to flee Homs as the rebels drew closer. Footage shows long queues of cars stuck in traffic as people tried to leave the city and head west.
The next day, the rebels are seen in a number of villages within a 10km radius of Homs. We geolocated footage of anti-Assad convoys advancing through the towns of Talbiseh and Ter Maela and greeted by civilians – showing just how close they were to the major city.
While the world’s attention was mostly focused on rebel advances heading south from Aleppo and Hama, the regime’s hold over territory in the east and south of the country was also deteriorating.
By 6 December, we geolocated footage that showed the rebels had taken Deir el-Zor, a major city on the eastern fringes of the regime’s territory. The same day, several locations were captured in Daraa Governate, putting new pressure on Damascus from the south.
Then, the next day, on 7 December, the rebels declared they’d captured Homs.
Regime’s last stand
Finally, the opposition forces moved around 130km south to Damascus – home to the presidential palace.
From here little resistance against the rebels was seen. Videos from 8 December show Syrians walking inside the Muhajireen Presidential Palace while other videos show posters of Assad being ripped from a hospital.
Celebrations have continued on the streets of the city as other videos show people leaving Damascus’s ministry of finance with bags.
Russia, one of Assad’s key allies, said the Syrian president has left office and Syria after giving orders for there to be a peaceful transfer of power.
Mr Assad has since arrived in Moscow with his family, a Kremlin source told Russia’s state-run TASS news agency.
While many did not anticipate the scale and speed of the rebel offensive in Syria and many questions remain over the political future of the country, this offensive marks the end of a 54-year Assad rule in Syria.
Eight people have been killed in US military strikes on three boats it has accused of smuggling drugs in the Pacific Ocean.
The US military’s Southern Command said the strikes targeted “designated terrorist organisations” killing three “narco-terrorists” in the first vessel, two in the second boat and three in the third.
No evidence the vessels were involved in drug trafficking has been given, but a video showing the strikes on the boats was posted on social media.
Southern Command added that defence secretary Pete Hegseth ordered the strikes, and claimed intelligence confirmed the vessels were using known drug trafficking routes and engaged in drug trafficking.
The US military said it carried out strikes in the Pacific Ocean on three boats it accused of trafficking drugs. Pic: X/@Southcom
One of the boats targeted during the strikes. Pic: X/@Southcom
It is unclear where the vessels were from, but the strikes mark the latest in Donald Trump‘s “war” with drug cartels, which has also seen vessels targeted in the Caribbean Sea, including near Venezuela.
Over the past several months, the US has been carrying out a large-scale military build-up in the southern Caribbean, with the stated goal of combating drug trafficking.
In its first lethal strike on 2 September, the White House posted on X that it had conducted a strike against “narcoterrorists” shipping fentanyl to the US, without providing evidence of the alleged crime.
Sky’s Data & Forensics unit last week verified that in the four months up to 10 December, 23 boats were targeted in 22 strikes, killing 87 people.
US forces also seized a crude oil tanker, named Skipper, off the coast of Venezuela last week.
The government in Caracas, led by President Nicolas Maduro, who insists the real purpose of the US military operations is to force him out of office, branded the ship’s seizure a “blatant theft” and an “act of international piracy”.
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On Monday, Mr Trump signed an executive order declaring fentanyl a “weapon of mass destruction”.
The order instructs the State and Treasury departments to pursue the financial assets of and sanctions on financial institutions and groups involved in fentanyl trafficking.
It also calls for greater co-operation between the Pentagon and the Justice Department on fentanyl and drug trafficking issues.
The latest strikes on vessels allegedly trafficking drugs come on the eve of briefings on Capitol Hill for all members of Congress as questions mount over the Trump administration’s military actions.
Mr Hegseth, secretary of state Marco Rubio, and other top national security officials are expected to provide closed-door briefings for politicians in the House and Senate.
Donald Trump has asked his Chinese counterpart to release pro-democracy campaigner Jimmy Lai, who has been found guilty of national security offences in Hong Kong.
The US president said he felt “so badly” about the media tycoon and British citizen, 78, who was arrested in August 2020 after China imposed a national security law following massive anti-government protests in Hong Kong.
Lai, who had previously been sentenced for several lesser offences during his five years in prison, could now spend the rest of his life behind bars.
Jimmy Lai. Pic: Reuters
Mr Trump said he had spoken to Xi Jinping about Lai’s case and asked for his release.
“I spoke to President Xi about it, and I asked to consider his release,” he said. “He’s not well, he’s an older man, and he’s not well, so I did put that request out. We’ll see what happens.”
It comes as UK Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper said China’s ambassador to the UK had been summoned over Lai’s conviction to underline the government’s position in the “strongest terms”.
Speaking in parliament, she repeated calls for Lai to be released and called the conviction “a politically motivated prosecution”.
People wait to enter the court building ahead of the verdict. Pic: AP
Ms Cooper made the remarks after Sir Keir Starmer’s spokesperson said Lai’s case has been a priority for the government and “we will continue to call for his immediate release”.
Earlier in the day, China’s ambassador to the UK, Zheng Zeguang, met with a senior official at the UK Foreign Office “to lodge solemn representations over the UK side’s statement that made irresponsible remarks on the Hong Kong High Court’s guilty verdict in the Jimmy Lai case”, China’s embassy said.
Lai, who founded the now-defunct pro-democracy newspaper Apple Daily, was charged with two counts of conspiracy to commit collusion with foreign forces to endanger national security, as well as one count of conspiracy to distribute seditious publications. He was found guilty of all three charges.
Speaking after the verdict, Lai’s daughter Claire said if he were released he would devote himself to God and his family rather than political activism.
“He just wants to reunite with his family. He wants to dedicate his life to serving our Lord, and he wants to dedicate the rest of his days to his family,” Claire Lai told the Associated Press. “My father is fundamentally not a man who operates on illegal ground.”
Claire Lai. Pic: Reuters
She said five years of solitary confinement has taken a toll on his health, and he has lost a significant amount of weight.
“He is a lot weaker and has only gotten weaker in the last year,” she said. “He has back pains and waist pains, his nails… when we visit, we can tell that they’re turning colours and falling off. Some of his teeth are rotting.”
He also has heart palpitations, is diabetic and his vision and hearing are failing, she added.
Hong Kong’s security chief, Chris Tang, said Lai has received “full medical services” and has never complained of the medical care he has been given.
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Jimmy Lai’s son: UK government must ‘do more’
‘You’ve got to keep fighting’
Meanwhile, her brother Sebastian Lai is lobbying the UK government for their father’s release.
“Regarding the United Kingdom, we talk about normalising relationships. Well, my father’s freedom should be a precondition to that,” he said.
Asked if he is optimistic international pressure can help, he said: “I think you’ve got to keep fighting no matter what. I think, taking my father’s example, standing up for what is right is why we’re doing it. This is my way of fighting for it.”
Hong Kong’s leader John Lee welcomed the verdict, saying: “He has harmed the fundamental interests of the country and the well-being of the people of Hong Kong; his actions are shameful and his intentions malicious.”
World
European leaders back ‘multinational force’ to secure peace in Ukraine, as US commits to security guarantees
European leaders have called for a “multinational force” to secure Ukraine after any peace deal with Russia, as they struck an optimistic tone after talks in Berlin.
In a joint statement, they heralded “significant progress” – boosted by a new US commitment to provide unspecified security guarantees to Ukraine.
German Chancellor Friedrich Merz described the guarantees by the US as “truly remarkable” and a “very important advancement”.
Adding to the positive mood music, Donald Trump said he believed “we are closer now than we have been ever” to agreeing a ceasefire for the deadliest conflict in Europe since the Second World War.
The comments round off two days of talks in Berlin between Ukrainian and US envoys Steve Witkoff and Jared Kushner, and a separate meeting of European leaders in the German capital.
Another high-level meeting, this time of the Ukraine Defence Contact Group, will be held on Tuesday. The British defence secretary, John Healey, will attend.
Read more: UK’s ‘sons and daughters’ need to be ready to fight
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Siobhan Robbins: Change in mood music after US-Ukraine talks
Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy was not quite as cheery after Monday’s developments, called the talks on conceding territories to Russia “painful” and “very difficult”.
He told reporters in Berlin: “Frankly speaking, we still have different positions.”
Earlier, his security officials claimed to have dealt a lethal strike to a $400m (£299m) Russian submarine in the Black Sea – a claim that Russia rejected.
“The information from the Ukrainian special services about the alleged destruction of one of Russia’s submarines is not true”, said the Black Sea Fleet command.
Not a single ship or submarine of the Black Sea Fleet in the Novorossiysk base bay, nor their crews, were injured in the sabotage, the fleet command said.
Back in Berlin, European leaders issued a joint statement on behalf of the leaders of Germany, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, and the UK, as well as the presidents of the European Council and the European Commission.
European, US and Ukrainian officials convened in the chancellery in Berlin. Pic: AP
The document said the leaders “welcomed the close work between President Zelenskyy’s and President Trump’s teams, as well as European teams over the recent days and weeks”.
“They agreed to work together with President Trump and President Zelenskyy to get to a lasting peace, which preserves Ukrainian sovereignty and European security.
“Leaders appreciated the strong convergence between the United States, Ukraine and Europe.”
Outlining what they considered necessary security guarantees, the leaders said the “multinational force” should be made up of countries from the so-called Coalition of the Willing and “supported by the US”.
They also said they “strongly support” Ukraine joining the European Union, and that it should be able to maintain its armed forces at a level of 800,000.
“It will assist in the regeneration of Ukraine’s forces, in securing Ukraine’s skies, and in supporting safer seas, including through operating inside Ukraine.”
A US official said about 90% of issues between the warring parties had been resolved and that they believed Russia would be open to Ukraine joining the European Union, and to the security guarantees in the deal.
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