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The economy remained in reverse gear during October, according to official figures covering the month ahead of the government’s first budget.

The Office for National Statistics (ONS) said output fell 0.1% following the 0.1% decline recorded for the previous month.

It marked the first time since the COVID pandemic that the economy had shrunk for two consecutive months.

The figures showed zero growth in the powerhouse services sector, with manufacturing and construction declining at a pace of 0.6% and 0.4% respectively.

Economists had expected a positive headline figure.

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The data adds to the picture of a far more jittery economy during the second half of the year, in the wake of the general election.

Critics blame the government, accusing Sir Keir Starmer and his chancellor Rachel Reeves of a spectacular, early, own goal that spooked the public and businesses alike.

After three weeks in office, both warned of a “tough” budget to come on 30 October due to an inherited “£22bn black hole” in the public finances that a snap Treasury review had uncovered.

There has been strong evidence since then of a hit to sentiment as a result of the warning in data covering things like consumer spending and wage awards.

SLOWING ECONOMY MAY BOLSTER PACE OF RATE CUTS



Gurpreet Narwan

Business and economics correspondent

@gurpreetnarwan

The economy is now 0.1% smaller than it was before Labour came to power.

It’s been almost six months but the new government is yet to deliver on its promise to turbocharge economic growth.

The chancellor will today urge the public to be patient with her. The message will be: It will take a lot longer than six months to revive an economy that has been stagnating for a decade.

How confident should we be in her plan? On the one hand, falling inflation and interest rates should provide a more fertile environment for consumer spending and business investment.

The government’s plan to increase public investment should also boost demand in the economy and, if successful, lead to longer term sustained growth.

Yet, there are a number of risks. A big increase in business taxes next year will weigh on employment and growth.

Pubs, restaurants and retailers are already stagnating and that was before they reacted to the budget, which at the end of the month slapped them with a big increase in employers’ national insurance contributions..

The latest figures show output in consumer-facing services fell by 0.6% in October 2024, following growth of 0.4% in September 2024. Manufacturing also shrank by 0.6% as, across the economy, businesses went in ‘wait and see’ mode ahead of the budget. The risk is they didn’t like what they saw in the budget.

Then there is Trump and the risk of tariffs. Britain could escape the worst of the cross hairs but we will have to wait and see. If things go against us, it’s very possible that the Bank of England could soon start worrying more about weak growth than inflation, possibly a prelude – as we’ve seen in Europe – to a faster pace of interest rate cuts.

The economy, which had been the fastest-growing in the G7 between January and June, grew by 0.1% during the third quarter of the year.

Economists had been expecting a similar performance in the final three months of 2024 following a budget that largely spared working people additional pain but put businesses and those of wealthier means on the hook for extra taxes.

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CBI chief’s approach to budget tax shock

Business has since accused the chancellor of hurting the very working people she wants to protect as measures, such as higher employer National Insurance contributions, will only lead to weaker pay growth, fewer jobs and higher prices as additional costs are passed on.

Employers also argue that the extra tax burden, along with tougher employee rights legislation, will hurt investment at a time when Labour has prioritised growth in the economy.

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HMV owner slams budget ‘burden’

Ms Reeves said the figures were “disappointing”, but defended the budget.

She said: “We have put public finances back on a stable footing, capped the rate of corporation tax at the lowest level in the G7, established a £70bn National Wealth Fund to drive growth in our towns and cities, launched a 10-year infrastructure strategy and are creating pension mega funds to boost investment in British businesses, infrastructure and clean energy.”

The chancellor added: “We are determined to deliver economic growth as higher growth means increased living standards for everyone, everywhere.”

Mel Stride, the shadow chancellor, said: “It is no wonder businesses are sounding the alarm.

“This fall in growth shows the stark impact of the chancellor’s decisions and continually talking down the economy.”

He went on to say that Labour was left “the fastest growing economy in the G7”, adding: “Because of their decisions, growth is now under serious pressure.

“The impact will be felt by families through higher taxes, fewer jobs, higher prices and higher interest rates.”

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The government has shifted the growth emphasis to the public sector through a jump in investment in services such as the NHS.

Ms Reeves is borrowing more to help fund that and insists the budget was a one-off to help fix pressing problems that were unfunded by her predecessor.

The Bank of England has said that the reaction of business to the budget tax hikes is its main area of concern when judging the prospects for inflation and economic growth.

Financial markets are expecting four interest rate cuts next year but no change when policymakers meet for the final time in 2024 next week.

Commenting on today’s figures Yael Selfin, chief economist at KPMG UK, said: “October activity was held back by uncertainty ahead of the budget, with consumer and business confidence near recent lows.

“The fourth quarter could see a weaker pace of growth, as businesses come to terms with the higher tax burden announced at the budget as well as rising geopolitical uncertainties.

“Nevertheless, we expect higher public spending to lift GDP growth next year, with lower interest rates providing some boost to private sector demand.”

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Trump trade war escalation sparks global market sell-off

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Trump trade war escalation sparks global market sell-off

Donald Trump’s trade war escalation has sparked a global sell-off, with US stock markets seeing the biggest declines in a hit to values estimated above $2trn.

Tech and retail shares were among those worst hit when Wall Street opened for business, following on from a flight from risk across both Asia and Europe earlier in the day.

Analysis by the investment platform AJ Bell put the value of the peak losses among major indices at $2.2trn (£1.7trn).

The tech-focused Nasdaq Composite was down 5.8%, the S&P 500 by 4.3% and the Dow Jones Industrial Average by just under 4% at the height of the declines. It left all three on course for their worst one-day losses since at least September 2022 though the sell-off later eased back slightly.

Trump latest: UK considers tariff retaliation

Analysts said the focus in the US was largely on the impact that the expanded tariff regime will have on the domestic economy but also effects on global sales given widespread anger abroad among the more than 180 nations and territories hit by reciprocal tariffs on Mr Trump‘s self-styled “liberation day”.

They are set to take effect next week, with tariffs on all car, steel and aluminium imports already in effect.

Price rises are a certainty in the world’s largest economy as the president’s additional tariffs kick in, with those charges expected to be passed on down supply chains to the end user.

The White House believes its tariffs regime will force employers to build factories and hire workers in the US to escape the charges.

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The latest numbers on tariffs

Economists warn the additional costs will add upward pressure to US inflation and potentially choke demand and hiring, ricking a slide towards recession.

Apple was among the biggest losers in cash terms in Thursday’s trading as its shares fell by almost 9%, leaving it on track for its worst daily performance since the start of the COVID pandemic.

Concerns among shareholders were said to include the prospects for US price hikes when its products are shipped to the US from Asia.

Other losers included Tesla, down by almost 6% and Nvidia down by more than 6%.

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PM: It’s ‘a new era’ for trade and economy

Many retail stocks including those for Target and Footlocker lost more than 10% of their respective market values.

The European Union is expected to retaliate in a bid to put pressure on the US to back down.

The prospect of a tit-for-tat trade war saw the CAC 40 in France and German DAX fall by more than 3.4% and 3% respectively.

The FTSE 100, which is internationally focused, was 1.6% lower by the close – a three-month low.

Financial stocks were worst hit with Asia-focused Standard Chartered bank enduring the worst fall in percentage terms of 13%, followed closely by its larger rival HSBC.

Among the stocks seeing big declines were those for big energy as oil Brent crude costs fell back by 6% to $70 due to expectations a trade war will hurt demand.

The more domestically relevant FTSE 250 was 2.2% lower.

A weakening dollar saw the pound briefly hit a six-month high against the US currency at $1.32.

There was a rush for safe haven gold earlier in the day as a new record high was struck though it was later trading down.

Sean Sun, portfolio manager at Thornburg Investment Management, said of the state of play: “Markets may actually be underreacting, especially if these rates turn out to be final, given the potential knock-on effects to global consumption and trade.”

He warned there was a big risk of escalation ahead through countermeasures against the US.

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Sandra Ebner, senior economist at Union Investment, said: “We assume that the tariffs will not remain in place in the
announced range, but will instead be a starting point for further negotiations.

“Trump has set a maximum demand from which the level of tariffs should decrease”.

She added: “Since the measures would not affect all regions and sectors equally, there will be winners and losers as in 2018 – although the losers are more likely to be in the EU than in North America.

“To protect companies in Europe from the effects of tariffs, the EU should not respond with high counter-tariffs. In any case, their impact in the US is not likely to be significant. It would be more efficient to provide targeted support to EU companies in the form of investment and stimulus.”

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British businesses issue warning over ‘deeply troubling’ Trump tariffs

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British businesses issue warning over 'deeply troubling' Trump tariffs

British companies and business groups have expressed alarm over President Donald Trump’s 10% tariff on UK goods entering the US – but cautioned against retaliatory measures.

It comes as Business Secretary Jonathan Reynolds launched a consultation with firms on taxes the UK could implement in response to the new levies.

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A 400-page list of 8,000 US goods that could be targeted by UK tariffs has been published, including items like whiskey and jeans.

On so-called “Liberation Day”, Mr Trump announced UK goods entering the US will be subject to a 10% tax while cars will be slapped with a 25% levy.

The government’s handling of tariff negotiations with the US to date has been praised by representative and industry bodies as being “cool” and “calm” – and they urged ministers to continue that approach by not retaliating.

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The latest numbers on tariffs

Business lobby group the CBI (Confederation of British Industry) said: “Retaliation will only add to supply chain disruption, slow down investment, and stoke volatility in prices”.

Industry body the British Retail Consortium (BRC) also cautioned: “Retaliatory tariffs should only be a last resort”.

‘Deeply troubling’

While a major category of exports, in the form of services – like finance and information technology (IT) – has been exempted from the tariffs, the impact on UK business is expected to be significant.

Mr Trump’s announcement was described as “deeply troubling for businesses” by the CBI’s chief executive Rain Newton-Smith.

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The Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) also said the tariffs were “a major blow” to small and medium companies (SMEs), as 59% of small UK exporters sell to the US. It called for emergency government aid to help those affected.

“Tariffs will cause untold damage to small businesses trying to trade their way into profit while the domestic economy remains flat,” the FSB’s policy chair Tina McKenzie said. “The fallout will stifle growth” and “hurt opportunities”, she added.

Companies will need to adapt and overcome, the British Export Association said, but added: “Unfortunately adaptation will come at a cost that not all businesses will be able to bear.”

Watch dealer and component seller Darren Townend told Sky News the 10% hit would be “painful” as “people will buy less”.

“I am a fan of Trump, but this is nuts,” he said. “I expect some bad months ahead.”

Industry body Make UK said the 25% tariffs on cars, steel and aluminium would in particular be devastating for UK manufacturing.

Cars hard hit

Carmakers are among the biggest losers from the world trade order reshuffle.

Auto industry body the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) said the taxes were “deeply disappointing and potentially damaging measure”.

“These tariff costs cannot be absorbed by manufacturers”, SMMT chief executive Mike Hawes said. “UK producers may have to review output in the face of constrained demand”.

The new taxes on cars took effect on Thursday morning, while the measures impacting car parts are due to come in on 3 May.

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Trump trade war: The blunt calculation that should have spared UK from reciprocal tariffs

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Trump trade war: The blunt calculation that should have spared UK from reciprocal tariffs

Economists immediately started scratching their heads when Donald Trump raised his tariffs placard in the Rose Garden on Wednesday. 

On that list he detailed the rate the US believes it is being charged by each country, along with its response: A reciprocal tariff at half that rate.

So, take China for example. Donald Trump said his team had run the numbers and the world’s second-largest economy was implementing an effective tariff of 67% on US imports. The US is responding with 34%.

Trump latest: UK considers tariff retaliation

How did he come up with that 67%? This is where things get a bit murky. The US claims it studied its trading relationship with individual countries, examining non-tariff barriers as well as tariff barriers. That includes, for example, regulations that make it difficult for US exporters.

However, the actual methodology appears to be far cruder. Instead of responding to individual countries’ trade barriers, Trump is attacking those enjoying large trade surpluses with the US.

A formula released by the US trade representative laid this bare. It took the US’s trade deficit in goods with each country and divided that by imports from that country. That figure was then divided by two.

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So, in the case of China, which has a trade surplus of $295bn on total US exports of $438bn, that gives a ratio of 68%. The US divided that by two, giving a reciprocal tariff of 34%.

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This is a blunt measure which targets big importers to the US, irrespective of the trade barriers they have erected. This is all part of Donald Trump’s efforts to shrink the country’s deficit – although it’s US consumers who will end up paying the price.

But what about the small number of countries where the US has a trade surplus? Shouldn’t they actually be benefiting from all of this?

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That includes the UK, with whom the US has a surplus (by its own calculations) of $12bn. By its own reciprocal tariff formula, the UK should be benefitting from a “negative tariff” of 9%.

Instead, it has been hit by a 10% baseline tariff. Number 10 may be breathing a sigh of relief – the US could, after all, have gone after us for our 20% VAT rate on imports, which it takes issue with – but, by Trump’s own measure, we haven’t got off as lightly as we should have.

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