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Supermassive black holes are believed to exist at the centre of most galaxies, including our Milky Way. However, in certain cases, two such black holes are thought to orbit one another, forming binary systems. These gravitationally bound pairs could provide significant insights into the dynamics of galaxy formation and the behaviour of space-time. Detecting them, however, presents challenges due to their nature, as they cannot be observed directly using traditional telescopes.

Gravitational Waves and Galactic Collisions

According to research, as reported by The Conversation, binary black holes can form when galaxies merge. During such collisions, the black holes from the merging galaxies are brought closer by gravitational forces. Eventually, they may create a binary system before combining into one larger black hole over millions of years.

These systems emit gravitational waves, ripples in space-time predicted by Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity. Observatories like the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detect these waves, though pinpointing individual binaries remains elusive.

Evidence from Active Galactic Nuclei

Researchers have identified a potential binary black hole system in an active galaxy, PG 1553+153, as reported by The Conversation. Observations have revealed periodic light variations approximately every 2.2 years, which could indicate the presence of two orbiting black holes.

Active galactic nuclei, which emit immense energy due to gas accretion, often display such cyclical patterns. These patterns, however, might also result from other phenomena like jet wobbles, requiring further investigation.

Historical Data and Findings

As reported by The Conversation, they used archival data spanning over a century, a secondary 20-year light variation pattern was identified in PG 1553+153. This additional evidence supports the binary black hole hypothesis, suggesting the system includes two black holes with masses in a 2.5:1 ratio. Final confirmation, however, may depend on advancements in pulsar timing arrays to detect specific gravitational waves.

The study highlights how historical data and modern simulations contribute to understanding complex cosmic events. The findings advance knowledge of galactic evolution and black hole behaviour, with future technological improvements expected to refine these discoveries.

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2,200-Year-Old Chinese Burial Uncovers Woman with Toxic Red-Stained Teeth

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March 14, 2025

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2,200-Year-Old Chinese Burial Uncovers Woman with Toxic Red-Stained Teeth

A burial site in northwestern China has revealed a woman’s remains with an unusual feature—her teeth were painted with cinnabar, a toxic red mineral composed of mercury and sulfur. The grave, dated between 2,200 and 2,050 years ago, was found in Turpan City, Xinjiang, along a major Silk Road trade route. Archaeologists identified the remains as belonging to the Gushi people, known for their equestrian culture. The significance of cinnabar-stained teeth in ancient societies has not been previously documented.

First Recorded Case of Cinnabar on Teeth

According to a study published in Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, this is the first known instance of cinnabar being applied to human teeth. Qian Wang, professor of biomedical sciences at Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, told Live Science that no other ancient burial worldwide has exhibited this practice. The analysis of the red pigment, conducted through spectroscopy methods, confirmed the presence of cinnabar mixed with an animal protein, possibly egg yolk or egg white, to facilitate application.

Possible Cultural and Ritualistic Significance

The purpose behind the red pigment remains unclear. Experts suggest connections to cosmetic practices, social status, or shamanistic rituals. Other burials in the region have shown evidence of facial paintings and tattoos, indicating the possibility of broader body adornment traditions. The Xinjiang region does not have natural cinnabar deposits, implying that the substance was imported, possibly from West Asia, Europe, or other parts of China.

Health Risks of Cinnabar Exposure

Li Sun, professor of geology at Collin College, noted the potential health risks associated with cinnabar use. Mercury exposure is linked to neurological damage, yet no traces of mercury poisoning were detected in the woman’s bones. The frequency and duration of exposure remain uncertain.

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Smallest Galaxy Ever Found: Andromeda XXXV Defies Cosmic Evolution Models



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Smallest Galaxy Ever Found: Andromeda XXXV Defies Cosmic Evolution Models

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March 14, 2025

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Smallest Galaxy Ever Found: Andromeda XXXV Defies Cosmic Evolution Models

Astronomers have identified the smallest and faintest galaxy ever observed, located approximately 3 million light-years away. This discovery challenges existing theories on galaxy formation, as such tiny galaxies were expected to have been destroyed in the intense heat and density of the early universe. Named Andromeda XXXV, this newly identified galaxy is part of a group of small satellite galaxies orbiting Andromeda. Researchers suggest that its survival could reshape the understanding of cosmic evolution and the conditions that allowed small galaxies to persist.

Characteristics of Andromeda XXXV

According to the study published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Andromeda XXXV is significantly smaller than other known dwarf galaxies, measuring about 1,000 light-years across at its longest axis. Researchers used data from multiple astronomical surveys and observations from the Hubble Space Telescope to confirm its existence. Reportedly, Eric Bell, a professor at the University of Michigan, described it as “a fully functional galaxy, but about a millionth the size of the Milky Way.” Scientists were surprised by its ability to retain the necessary conditions for star formation despite its size.

The Challenge of Detecting Dwarf Galaxies

Dwarf galaxies, though common, remain difficult to detect due to their faint nature. The Milky Way has several known satellite galaxies, but identifying similar structures around Andromeda has been challenging. Previously discovered dwarf galaxies in that region were larger and brighter, aligning with existing models. Andromeda XXXV, however, is distinct because of its prolonged star formation period. According to lead researcher Marcos Arias, some similar-sized galaxies in Andromeda formed stars up to 6 billion years ago, while most of the Milky Way’s satellite galaxies stopped star formation around 10 billion years ago.

Implications for Galaxy Formation Theories

Scientists are now investigating why Andromeda XXXV was not affected by extreme conditions that disrupted other small galaxies. Bell explained that this period in the universe was “like a vat of boiling oil,” expected to strip galaxies of gas needed for star formation. The survival of Andromeda XXXV suggests that current theories about galaxy formation and evolution may need reevaluation. Further studies and upcoming space missions could provide more insights into how galaxies like Andromeda XXXV persisted despite harsh cosmic conditions.

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Life on Mars? Studies Suggest Bacteria-Like Organisms Could Exist

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March 14, 2025

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Life on Mars? Studies Suggest Bacteria-Like Organisms Could Exist

The search for extraterrestrial life continues, with Mars remaining a primary focus due to its geological features and past evidence of water. While no living organisms have been found, compounds and minerals suggest conditions that may have once supported microbial life. Scientists are also investigating other locations, including the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, which are believed to contain vast subsurface oceans. The study of extremophiles—organisms thriving in extreme environments on Earth—has further expanded possibilities for where life could exist beyond our planet.

Exploring Mars and Beyond

As reported, according to research on Mars’ surface, data from NASA’s Perseverance and Curiosity rovers indicate that the planet’s past climate may have been suitable for microbial life. Despite its current barren landscape, interest remains high due to the discovery of organic molecules. Beyond Mars, celestial bodies such as Europa and Enceladus are being closely studied. These moons contain subsurface oceans beneath thick ice layers, where conditions may allow for microbial survival. Over 5,500 exoplanets have also been identified, with a select few considered potentially habitable.

Life in Extreme Environments

The possibility of life in extreme conditions gained momentum after the discovery of thermophilic bacteria in Yellowstone National Park’s hot springs. Microorganisms have since been found in highly acidic rivers, deep-sea trenches, and even within human bodies. These findings have reshaped theories about the limits of life and influenced the study of extraterrestrial habitability.

Microbial Life in the Human Stomach

Research conducted by Australian doctors Barry Marshall and Robin Warren in the 1980s led to the identification of Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium thriving in the highly acidic environment of the human stomach. Their findings, which earned them the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, demonstrated that life can persist in conditions once thought uninhabitable. The study of such microbes continues to inform the search for life in extreme environments beyond Earth.

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