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Donald Trump signed more than 100 executive orders on his inauguration day.

It has become standard practice for new presidents to use them within hours of taking office – Joe Biden signed 17 on his first day.

They are arguably the president’s most powerful tool for enacting change – as they have the same force behind them as legislation – and bypass both Houses of Congress.

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Mr Trump’s inauguration day executive orders included declaring a national emergency at the US-Mexico border, withdrawing US birthrights from migrants’ children, and taking the US out of both the Paris Climate Agreement and the World Health Organisation.

But they do have limits – and can be subject to legal challenges.

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Donald Trump’s executive orders

What are they – and how do they work?

Executive orders are official instructions from the president about how US federal agencies, such as government departments and the FBI, should use their resources.

They are enshrined in the second article of the constitution, which states: “The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America.”

Effectively, they are a way for the president to dictate how the federal government should be run.

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They can take various forms – from laying out major policies and requesting official reports to giving federal employees days off for public holidays.

The president’s role as commander in chief means they can also be used to control what the military does.

Donald Trump signs an executive order on a hiring freeze.
Pic: AP
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Donald Trump signs an executive order on a hiring freeze on inauguration day. Pic: AP

How quickly do they take effect?

It depends on the subject matter – and the work required to achieve the president’s aims.

Executive orders that are relatively straight forward and face no opposition can be acted upon straight away.

For example, one of Mr Trump’s latest ones pardoned all of the 6 January rioters, declaring any still behind bars in federal prisons should be released immediately.

But others that are more abstract will take longer – and require further direction on how to achieve them.

One example from Monday was the order that all agencies should “address the cost-of-living crisis”.

Those that take longer than the four-year presidential term are often overridden if a new president is elected. Many of Mr Trump’s executive orders from his first presidency were focused on undoing the work of President Barack Obama, Mr Biden’s overturned many of Mr Trump’s – and so on.

President Donald Trump signs executive orders in the Oval Office of the White House, Monday, Jan. 20, 2025, in Washington. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci)
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Pic: AP

Can they be overturned?

Congress and the courts have the power to block executive orders – but this is not absolute.

For example, Congress can pass laws to override them but these can still be vetoed by the president.

Congress can also deny the required funding from being allocated.

However, Congressional opposition is less likely this time around, as the Republican Party has control of the House of Representatives, the Senate – and the White House.

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Executive orders are supposed to work within the confines of the law, which means they can also be subject to legal review.

State government officials, campaign groups, and other entities can challenge an executive order if they can prove the president is going beyond his legal powers – or the constitution.

For example, President Harry Truman was stopped from trying to seize steel mills by the Supreme Court during the Korean War after it was argued he lacked the authority to take private property without Congress’s permission.

Member of Trump staff carries his executive orders on inauguration day. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Member of Trump staff carries his executive orders on inauguration day. Pic: Reuters

Will Trump’s latest orders face opposition?

Many of Mr Trump’s latest executive orders are highly controversial.

Although he is less likely to face political opposition due to Republican majorities in Congress, civil rights groups and Democratic attorney generals have already signalled they will launch legal proceedings.

For example, legal action was lodged within minutes of Mr Trump officially ordering the creation of his new Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) led by Elon Musk on Monday.

Legal action is less likely to be successful when challenging the revocation of Joe Biden’s policies – as these were lawfully approved during his administration.

Opposition groups are more likely to win against the Trump administration’s use of new, untested legal arguments, according to Sky’s US partner network NBC News.

One example is the order rescinding birthrights for children whose parents are not permanent residents or US citizens.

Protesters in Washington DC on Monday. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Protesters in Washington DC on Monday. Pic: Reuters

Birthrights – the right of citizenship to anyone born on US soil – come from the 14th amendment of the constitution, which states they apply to anyone “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States.

Mr Trump’s executive order argues this means it does not apply to undocumented migrants – but legal experts have already indicated the language only refers to those exempt from US law – such as foreign diplomats.

Another example is Mr Trump’s proposed use of the Alien Enemies Act, which is part of the Alien and Sedition Acts 1798.

It gives the president powers to detain or deport foreign citizens during times of war – and was used during the Second World War.

However, Mr Trump’s order will likely struggle to hold up in court – as the US is currently not at war.

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Authorities name 16 killed in Tennessee explosives factory blast

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Authorities name 16 killed in Tennessee explosives factory blast

Authorities have identified the 16 people killed in a massive blast at a munitions factory in rural Tennessee.

They were killed in an explosion on Friday at an Accurate Energetic Systems facility around 60 miles southwest of Nashville. The company researches and supplies explosives for the military.

Investigators are still working to discover the cause of the explosion.

A satellite image showing the plant before the explosion, in April 2021. Pic: Vantor/Reuters
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A satellite image showing the plant before the explosion, in April 2021. Pic: Vantor/Reuters

A satellite image showing the aftermath of the blast. Pic: Vantor/Reuters
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A satellite image showing the aftermath of the blast. Pic: Vantor/Reuters

Those killed were: Jason Adams, Erick Anderson, Billy Baker, Adam Boatman, Christopher Clark, Mindy Clifton, James Cook, Reyna Gillahan, LaTeisha Mays, Jeremy Moore, Melinda Rainey, Melissa Stanford, Trenton Stewart, Rachel Woodall, Steven Wright and Donald Yowell.

Reyna Gillahan. Pic: Facebook
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Reyna Gillahan. Pic: Facebook

Donald Yowell. Pic: Facebook
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Donald Yowell. Pic: Facebook

At a news conference, Humphreys County Sheriff Chris Davis said people in the community probably at least knew relatives of the victims killed in the explosion.

“It’s just small county, rural America, where everybody knows each other and everybody’s gonna take care of each other,” he said.

A candlelit vigil was held to honour the victims. Pic: AP
Image:
A candlelit vigil was held to honour the victims. Pic: AP

Authorities said there were no survivors of the blast, which left twisted and burning metal in its wake.

They said they were working to clear the area of hazards, including explosives, and identify remains.

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Once the area is clear they can begin investigating what caused the explosion, said Matthew Belew, acting special agent in charge of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

He said some of the relevant evidence was spread out over miles.

“It’s almost like putting a puzzle back together,” he added.

“We have worked closely with AES to look at pictures, look at blueprints, any of the identifying things that were in the building. And then we slowly methodically start to put some of that stuff together.”

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Britain has been playing a role behind the scenes of Trump’s deal between Israel and Hamas | Beth Rigby

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Britain has been playing a role behind the scenes of Trump's deal between Israel and Hamas | Beth Rigby

Sir Keir Starmer will join world leaders at a historic summit in Egypt today – to witness the signing of the Gaza peace plan to end two years of conflict, bloodshed and suffering that has cost tens of thousands of lives and turned Gaza into a wasteland.

Travelling over to Egypt, flanked by his national security adviser Jonathan Powell, the prime minister told me it was a “massive moment” and one that is genuinely historic.

US President Donald Trump moved decisively last week to end this bloody war, pushing Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Hamas into a ceasefire as part of his 20-point peace plan.

Pic: AP
Image:
Pic: AP

In the flurry of the following 48 hours, Sir Keir and another 20 or so leaders were invited to Egypt to bear witness to the signing of this deal, with many of them deserving some credit for the effort they made to bring this deal around – not least the leaders of Qatar, Egypt and Turkey, who pressed Hamas to sign up to this deal.

Today, the remaining 20 living hostages are finally set to be released, along with the bodies of another 28 who were either killed or died in captivity, and aid is due to flow back into a starving Gaza.

Some 1,200 Israelis were killed on 7 October 2023, with another 250 taken hostage. In the subsequent war, most of Gaza’s two million population has been displaced. More than 67,000 Gazans have been killed, according to Palestinian health officials.

Then, the signing ceremony is due to take place this afternoon in Sharm el Sheikh. It will be a momentous moment after a long and bloody war.

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But it is only just the beginning of a long process to rebuild Gaza and try to secure a lasting peace in the region.

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Humanitarian aid rolls into Gaza

The immediate focus for the UK and other nations will be to get aid into Gaza, with the UK committing £20m for water, sanitation and hygiene services for Gazans.

But the focus for the UK and other European allies is what happens after the hostages are released and Israel withdraws its troops.

What happens next is a much bigger and more complicated task: rebuilding Gaza; turning it into a terrorist-free zone; governing Gaza – the current plan is for a temporary apolitical committee; creating an international stabilisation force and all the tensions that could bring about – which troops each side would allow in; a commitment for Israel not to occupy or annex Gaza, even as Netanyahu makes plain his opposition to that plan.

The scale of the challenge is matched by the scale of devastation caused by this brutal war.

The prime minister will set out his ambition for the UK to play a leading role in the next phase of the peace plan.

Starmer arrives in Sharm el-Sheikh. Pic: PA
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Starmer arrives in Sharm el-Sheikh. Pic: PA

Back home, the UK is hosting a three-day conference on Gaza’s recovery and reconstruction.

Last week, France hosted European diplomats and key figures from Middle Eastern countries, Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia and Qatar – and later this week, the German chancellor is hoping to organise a conference on the reconstruction of Gaza with the Egyptians.

But in reality, European leaders know the key to phase two remains the key to phase one, and that’s Donald Trump.

As one UK figure put it to me over the weekend: “There is lots of praise, rightly, for the US president, who got this over the line, but the big challenge for us post-war is implementing the plan. Clearly, Arab partners are concerned the US will lose focus.”

Bridget Phillipson and Mike Huckabee. Pics: Sky/AP
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Bridget Phillipson and Mike Huckabee. Pics: Sky/AP

The prime minister knows this and has made a point, at every point, to praise Mr Trump.

His cabinet minister Bridget Phillipson learned that diplomatic lesson the hard way yesterday when she was publicly lambasted by the US ambassador to Israel Mike Huckabee for suggesting to my colleague Trevor Phillips that the UK “had played a key role behind the scenes” and failed to mention Mr Trump by name.

“I assure you she is delusional,” tweeted Governor Huckabee. “She can thank @realDonaldTrump anytime just to set the record straight”.

Today, leaders will rightly be praising Mr Trump for securing the breakthrough to stop the fighting and get the remaining hostages home.

People hug next in Hostages Square. Pic: Reuters
Image:
People hug next in Hostages Square. Pic: Reuters

But this is only the beginning of a very long journey ahead to push through the rest of the 19-point plan and stop the region from falling back into conflict.

Britain has, I am told, been playing a role behind the scenes. The PM’s national security adviser Mr Powell was in Egypt last week and has been in daily touch with his US counterpart Steve Witkoff, according to government sources. Next week the King of Jordan will come to the UK.

Part of the UK’s task will be to get more involved, with the government and European partners keen to get further European representation on Trump’s temporary governance committee for Gaza, which Tony Blair (who was not recommended or endorsed by the UK) is on and Mr Trump will chair.

The committee will include other heads of states and members, including qualified Palestinians and international experts.

As for the former prime minister’s involvement, there hasn’t been an overt ringing endorsement from the UK government.

It’s helpful to have Mr Blair at the table because he can communicate back to the current government, but equally, as one diplomatic source put it to me: “While a lot of people in the Middle East acknowledge his experience, expertise and contact book, they don’t like him and we need – sooner rather than later – other names included that Gulf partners can get behind.”

Today it will be the US, Egypt, Qatar and Turkey that sign off on the peace plan they directly negotiated, as other Middle Eastern and European leaders, who have flown into Sharm el Sheikh to bear witness, look on.

But in the coming days and weeks, there will need to be a big international effort, led by Mr Trump, not just to secure the peace, but to keep it.

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Trump in Israel for hostages return ahead of Egypt peace summit

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Trump in Israel for hostages return ahead of Egypt peace summit

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The world turns to the Middle East as hostages held by Hamas are returned to their families in Israel on Monday after over two years in captivity.

Thousands of Palestinian prisoners will also be released from Israeli prisons in exchange.

Mark Stone is in Sharm el Sheikh, Egypt, and Dominic Waghorn is in Jerusalem, Israel, as President Trump flies first to Israel to speak at the Israeli Parliament and celebrate the return of the hostages, before he flies to the Sinai Peninsula.

Dozens of world leaders will follow him to Sharm el Sheikh to witness a peace summit that many hope is the start of true peace in the Middle East.

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