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Donald Trump signed more than 100 executive orders on his inauguration day.

It has become standard practice for new presidents to use them within hours of taking office – Joe Biden signed 17 on his first day.

They are arguably the president’s most powerful tool for enacting change – as they have the same force behind them as legislation – and bypass both Houses of Congress.

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Mr Trump’s inauguration day executive orders included declaring a national emergency at the US-Mexico border, withdrawing US birthrights from migrants’ children, and taking the US out of both the Paris Climate Agreement and the World Health Organisation.

But they do have limits – and can be subject to legal challenges.

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Donald Trump’s executive orders

What are they – and how do they work?

Executive orders are official instructions from the president about how US federal agencies, such as government departments and the FBI, should use their resources.

They are enshrined in the second article of the constitution, which states: “The executive power shall be vested in a president of the United States of America.”

Effectively, they are a way for the president to dictate how the federal government should be run.

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They can take various forms – from laying out major policies and requesting official reports to giving federal employees days off for public holidays.

The president’s role as commander in chief means they can also be used to control what the military does.

Donald Trump signs an executive order on a hiring freeze.
Pic: AP
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Donald Trump signs an executive order on a hiring freeze on inauguration day. Pic: AP

How quickly do they take effect?

It depends on the subject matter – and the work required to achieve the president’s aims.

Executive orders that are relatively straight forward and face no opposition can be acted upon straight away.

For example, one of Mr Trump’s latest ones pardoned all of the 6 January rioters, declaring any still behind bars in federal prisons should be released immediately.

But others that are more abstract will take longer – and require further direction on how to achieve them.

One example from Monday was the order that all agencies should “address the cost-of-living crisis”.

Those that take longer than the four-year presidential term are often overridden if a new president is elected. Many of Mr Trump’s executive orders from his first presidency were focused on undoing the work of President Barack Obama, Mr Biden’s overturned many of Mr Trump’s – and so on.

President Donald Trump signs executive orders in the Oval Office of the White House, Monday, Jan. 20, 2025, in Washington. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci)
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Pic: AP

Can they be overturned?

Congress and the courts have the power to block executive orders – but this is not absolute.

For example, Congress can pass laws to override them but these can still be vetoed by the president.

Congress can also deny the required funding from being allocated.

However, Congressional opposition is less likely this time around, as the Republican Party has control of the House of Representatives, the Senate – and the White House.

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Executive orders are supposed to work within the confines of the law, which means they can also be subject to legal review.

State government officials, campaign groups, and other entities can challenge an executive order if they can prove the president is going beyond his legal powers – or the constitution.

For example, President Harry Truman was stopped from trying to seize steel mills by the Supreme Court during the Korean War after it was argued he lacked the authority to take private property without Congress’s permission.

Member of Trump staff carries his executive orders on inauguration day. Pic: Reuters
Image:
Member of Trump staff carries his executive orders on inauguration day. Pic: Reuters

Will Trump’s latest orders face opposition?

Many of Mr Trump’s latest executive orders are highly controversial.

Although he is less likely to face political opposition due to Republican majorities in Congress, civil rights groups and Democratic attorney generals have already signalled they will launch legal proceedings.

For example, legal action was lodged within minutes of Mr Trump officially ordering the creation of his new Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) led by Elon Musk on Monday.

Legal action is less likely to be successful when challenging the revocation of Joe Biden’s policies – as these were lawfully approved during his administration.

Opposition groups are more likely to win against the Trump administration’s use of new, untested legal arguments, according to Sky’s US partner network NBC News.

One example is the order rescinding birthrights for children whose parents are not permanent residents or US citizens.

Protesters in Washington DC on Monday. Pic: Reuters
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Protesters in Washington DC on Monday. Pic: Reuters

Birthrights – the right of citizenship to anyone born on US soil – come from the 14th amendment of the constitution, which states they apply to anyone “subject to the jurisdiction” of the United States.

Mr Trump’s executive order argues this means it does not apply to undocumented migrants – but legal experts have already indicated the language only refers to those exempt from US law – such as foreign diplomats.

Another example is Mr Trump’s proposed use of the Alien Enemies Act, which is part of the Alien and Sedition Acts 1798.

It gives the president powers to detain or deport foreign citizens during times of war – and was used during the Second World War.

However, Mr Trump’s order will likely struggle to hold up in court – as the US is currently not at war.

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Boos and cheers for Trump as he visits Kennedy Center for Les Mis

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Boos and cheers for Trump as he visits Kennedy Center for Les Mis

Les Miserables, what else.

The hit musical about anti-government protest is now showing at the Kennedy Center in Washington DC.

Donald Trump was in the audience for Wednesday’s performance for what amounts to a busman’s holiday.

The narrative explores issues of social justice, love, and the enduring power of human compassion amidst a backdrop of poverty and revolution. Not everyone shares the president’s vision of those themes.

Indeed his presence drew what can only be described as mixed reviews from his fellow theatre goers – cheers and boos in equal measure as he waved from the front row of the circle.

The script of Les Miserables barely presents a break from the day job – Trump won’t be the only one getting a sense of art imitating life, as the real thing plays out on the streets of LA.

It is the first show the president has chosen to attend since he made sweeping changes at the iconic venue, prompting an outcry and accusations that he was politicising art and ‘MAGAfying’ the venerated institution.

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According to CNN, a number of Les Miserables cast members had planned to sit out the performance in protest.

The Kennedy Center is a prestigious venue that showcases the best of American performance art.

More than 2,000 shows per year include the famous honours ceremony, an annual event that celebrates artists who have made a significant contribution to US culture.

Honourees through the years have included Joni Mitchell, Aretha Franklin, the Grateful Dead and Francis Ford Coppola.

The Kennedy Center in Washington DC
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The Kennedy Center in Washington DC

Following his election in November, Trump made himself chairman of the Kennedy Center’s board and replaced members with political loyalists.

Traditionally, the board has been made up of individuals from across the political spectrum; after his election, Trump got rid of 18 members and replaced them with political soulmates, including his chief of staff Susie Wiles and Fox presenters Laura Ingraham and Maria Bartiromo.

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Donald Trump signalled a change in artistic direction at the Kennedy Center when he wrote on social media of “Drag shows specifically targeting our youth”, and said of its production schedule: “We didn’t like what they were showing, we’re going to make sure it’s good and it’s not going to be woke.”

His changes prompted a number of acts to cancel shows at the venue in protest. The touring production of Broadway hit Hamilton cancelled dates, as did actor and producer Issa Rae, writer Louise Penny and Pulitzer Prize-winning folk musician Rhiannon Giddens.

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Trump’s attendance at the Les Mis performance was designed to boost fundraising, with donors paying up to $2m to attend a reception with the president.

Ticket sales and subscriptions have, reportedly, slumped since Trump’s changes although the centre’s management points out its campaign to renew subscriptions has been launched later this year than last.

Trump watched the performance of Les Miserables from the presidential box, in the company of his wife, Melania.

Vice president JD Vance was also there. When he attended a performance by the National Symphony Orchestra in March with his wife, he was booed by members of the audience.

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Why Trump’s military ‘birthday’ parade is so controversial

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Why Trump's military 'birthday' parade is so controversial

For the first time in more than 30 years, tanks will roll through the capital of the United States.

The 250th anniversary of the United States Army could see hundreds of thousands descend on Washington DC to watch as 60-ton M1 Abrams battle tanks and Paladin self-propelled howitzers rumble along the streets.

But, like almost everything Donald Trump is involved in, it has not come without controversy or criticism.

It wasn’t originally planned as a birthday celebration – the event had been in the works since before Trump was elected – but earlier this year the President announced his intention to add a massive military parade to the event, which would coincide with his own 79th birthday.

Speaking earlier this week, Trump said it is going to be a “big day”, adding: “We want to show off a little bit.”

Officials have estimated around 200,000 people could turn out, including protesters, plus 6,600 soldiers, 150 vehicles and 50 aircraft.

More than 1,500 ‘No Kings’ demonstrations have also been planned across the US, but the group has said it will not be holding events in Washington DC, in part to avoid a direct confrontation.

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It comes as the president warned that any protesters who rain on his military parade “will be met with very big force”.

Does the US typical hold military parades?

Unlike other countries, military parades in the United States are fairly rare, but Trump has made no secret of his desire for one.

The last time such a major display took place in the US it was in 1991, when tanks and thousands of troops paraded through Washington to celebrate the ousting of Iraqi president Saddam Hussein’s army from Kuwait.

Troops march over the Memorial Bridge in Washington, D.C., as they head towards the Pentagon during the National Victory Day Parade on Satur
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Troops march over the Memorial Bridge in Washington DC, as they head towards the Pentagon during the National Victory Day Parade in 1991. Pic: PA

During Trump’s first administration, he ordered the Pentagon to look into holding a display after a visit to France in 2017.

He was seemingly inspired after witnessing the country’s Bastille Day parade, and attempted to plan a Veteran’s Day parade for 2018. However, this was cancelled due to “ridiculously high” cost estimates.

Trump ultimately settled for a display of tanks and other armoured vehicles during a fourth of July celebration, named Salute to America, two years later.

Tanks parade past President Donald Trump, Melania Trump, President Emmanuel Macron and his wife Brigitte Macron in 2017. Pic: AP
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Tanks parade past President Donald Trump, Melania Trump, President Emmanuel Macron and his wife Brigitte Macron in 2017. Pic: AP

What is happening on the day?

Saturday will start with a wreath-laying ceremony in the morning at Arlington National Cemetery, followed by an army birthday festival on the National Mall in DC. The festival will include equipment displays and military demonstrations.

The day will conclude with a military parade throughout the city, overseen by Trump.

After the parade, the US Army Golden Knights team will parachute in and present the president with a flag.

How much will it cost?

All the celebrations will cost the US Army between $25 million (£18.51m) and $45 million (£33.33m), officials told Reuters.

Preparations are underway in Washington DC for the celebrations. Pic: AP
Image:
Preparations are underway in Washington DC for the celebrations. Pic: AP

These estimates include costs that will be born by the city of Washington, include litter clean up. The event will involve 18 miles of fencing and 175 metal detectors being installed in the capital.

The military has also begun taking steps to protect the streets from damage caused by heavy tanks, including laying down metal plates in some areas.

The Army said it will pay for any unexpected repairs if needed and has set aside several million dollars in case of damage.

Why is it controversial?

President Trump’s critics have called the parade an authoritarian display of power, that is particularly wasteful as his administration seeks to slash federal spending.

Military vehicles are being transported to Washington DC ahead of this weekend's parade. Pic: AP
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Military vehicles are being transported to Washington DC ahead of this weekend’s parade. Pic: AP

The cost of the Army’s celebration is several million dollars more than it would have been without a parade, officials said.

Among the critics is California Governor Gavin Newsom, who has been trading barbs with Trump since the outbreak of riots in LA.

“And we all know, this Saturday, he’s ordering our American heroes – the United States military – forcing them to put on a vulgar display to celebrate his birthday, just as other failed dictators have done in the past,” he said.

Calif. Gov. Gavin Newsom presents his revised state budget during a news conference in Sacramento, Calif., Wednesday, May 14, 2025. (Photo/Rich Pedroncelli)
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Among the critics is California Governor Gavin Newsom. Pic: AP

“This is his ego and making everything about ‘him’,” Senator Jack Reed, the top democrat on the Senate Armed Services Committee, has also said.

But other officials have pointed out plans for the Army’s 250th birthday began before Trump won the presidential election, and it is not officially an event to mark his birthday – the dates just happen to be the same.

How will it compare to military parades around the world?

One of the criticisms of the parade is that it is a show of military might more often seen in authoritarian countries, such as North Korea, Russia, Iran and China.

This is because tanks in the streets are symbolically associated with these regimes, where they are designed to inspire nationalism and fear, whilst also promoting obedience – they often take place under the watchful eye of their country’s leader.

Russia holds its annual Victory Day parade on 9 May to commemorate the country’s Soviet victory over Nazi Germany. In recent years, it has been used to protect military strength during the Ukraine war.

A general view shows Red Square during a military parade on Victory Day, marking the 80th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany in World War Two, in central Moscow, Russia, May 9, 2025. Ivan Sekretarev/Host agency RIA Novosti/Handout via REUTERS ATTENTION EDITORS - THIS IMAGE WAS PROVIDED BY A THIRD PARTY.
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Red Square during a military parade on Victory Day in 2025. Pic: Reuters

China holds a National Day parade on 1 October every ten years, or on key anniversaries, to celebrate the founding of the People’s Republic in 1949.

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In Iran, an Army Day Parade takes place in April, a month after the country’s Revolution Day celebrations.

North Korea's 2023 military parade. Pic: AP
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North Korea’s 2023 military parade. Pic: AP

North Korea holds parades on key dates like Kim Il-sung’s birthday, or the ruling party’s foundation day. Taking place in the country’s capital of Pyongyang, the display will often feature new weapons, closely watched by leader Kim Jong-un.

But not every country that holds a military parade is necessarily authoritarian.

Pic: MoD
Image:
Pic: MoD

The UK holds its annual Trooping of the Colour every summer to celebrate the birthday of the British Monarch.

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Israel defied Trump and chose to act now

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Israel defied Trump and chose to act now

One word did the heavy lifting in Marco Rubio’s statement: unilateral.

The US secretary of state was keen to emphasise that strikes on Iran were Israel’s decision alone.

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But that was not enough for Iran’s foreign minister, who claimed Israel could not have carried out the attack without support from America.

President Donald Trump had urged Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu not to attack Iran.

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Israeli PM announces strikes on Iran

The two leaders had what was described as a heated 40-minute exchange by telephone last Monday.

Speaking just hours before the attack, Trump said he feared such action would destroy US hopes of agreement with Iran.

Time and time again, the US president has insisted that Iran cannot have a nuclear weapon.

But the Americans and Iranians have been engaged in negotiations for months as the US president sought a diplomatic solution. At one point, he even appeared to concede slightly on enrichment.

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‘They cannot have nuclear weapons’

But Israel claimed the weaponisation of enriched uranium posed “a clear and present danger to Israel’s very survival”.

Netanyahu values his relationship with Trump, but the timing of this action was on Israel’s terms.

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Washington was informed in advance – the president’s national security team watched the strikes in real time in the situation room at the White House.

Afterwards, they said their number one priority was the safety of US personnel.

America had already restricted the movement of its staff in Israel and begun evacuating non-essential staff from its embassy in Baghdad.

Marco Rubio sent a clear warning: “Iran should not target US interests or personnel.”

They don’t want to be dragged into this, but have stated that they will protect Israel, if necessary.

America didn’t choose this moment, but knows the threat this escalation poses for US staff in the region.

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