A significant solar storm that occurred in May 2024 led to the formation of two temporary radiation belts around Earth, as confirmed by satellite data. The discovery was made when a dormant satellite resumed operations after months of inactivity. The storm, which was among the most intense geomagnetic disturbances since 1989, resulted in widespread auroral displays and introduced high-energy particles into the Earth’s magnetosphere. While such temporary belts have been documented before, scientists have found that one of the newly formed belts exhibited unique properties, with a composition different from previous observations. One of the belts has already dissipated, but the other remains intact, posing potential challenges for future space missions.

Temporary Radiation Belts Detected Following Intense Solar Activity

According to research published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, the Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment (CIRBE) satellite identified the new radiation belts upon reactivation in June 2024. The spacecraft had gone silent due to a technical issue in April, missing the peak of the storm. Upon its return, data analysis revealed the existence of two additional belts situated between the pre-existing Van Allen radiation belts.

It was determined that while the first belt contained high-energy electrons, consistent with previous storm-induced radiation belts, the second belt displayed an unusual concentration of high-energy protons. This presence of protons was linked to the extreme nature of the solar storm, which had released significant bursts of charged particles into Earth’s magnetic field.

Extended Lifespan of the Newly Formed Belts

Temporary radiation belts generated by solar storms are known to persist for weeks before dispersing. However, as per the findings, the electron-dominated belt remained for three months, while the proton-rich belt is still present. David Sibeck, a heliophysicist at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, stated in an interview with Space.com that these particles could stay trapped for an extended period, creating a lasting impact on Earth’s inner radiation environment.

The proton belt’s resilience is attributed to its location in a more stable region of Earth’s magnetic field, where external disturbances have less impact. In contrast, a subsequent solar storm in June 2024 caused a reduction in the electron belt, with further weakening observed in August. Despite this, the proton belt has remained largely unaffected.

Implications for Space Missions and Satellite Operations

The existence of these new radiation belts has raised concerns regarding the safety of satellites and crewed space missions. Charged particles at high energy levels can pose risks to electronic components and human health in space. Spacecraft passing through these regions, particularly those traveling to geostationary orbit or beyond, may require additional shielding to mitigate radiation exposure.

As reported, the presence of these belts could necessitate adjustments in launch plans for future missions. With prolonged radiation hazards, space agencies may need to factor in the evolving space weather conditions before deploying satellites or sending astronauts beyond Earth’s orbit.

Despite the CIRBE satellite’s crucial discovery, the same solar activity that led to the identification of the new radiation belts also caused the spacecraft’s eventual demise. The increased energy injected into the atmosphere resulted in greater drag, which led to CIRBE’s descent and disintegration in October 2024.

The impact of solar storms on Earth’s magnetosphere continues to be closely monitored, with scientists studying how these phenomena affect both planetary and technological systems.

A significant increase in global rocket launches was observed in 2024, with 259 recorded liftoffs. This marked the fourth consecutive year of growth in spaceflight activity, with launch attempts occurring approximately every 34 hours. Multiple factors contributed to this rise, including increased commercial satellite deployments, national security initiatives, and a growing emphasis on independent launch capabilities across several nations. Industry experts predict an even busier year ahead as new rockets and commercial projects enter service.

Increased Launch Frequency and Regional Contributions

According to The Space Report, a publication by the Space Foundation, the expansion of global launch operations is expected to continue in 2025. The report highlighted a strong performance by SpaceX, which conducted 132 Falcon 9 launches last year, making up over half of global launches. A significant portion of these missions supported the expansion of the company’s Starlink network, which now serves millions of customers worldwide.

As reported by space.com, military satellite deployments also saw a notable surge, with an 86 percent increase recorded. SpaceX launched over 100 satellites for the U.S. military’s Starshield constellation, a classified network aimed at enhancing national security. The U.S. remained the dominant force in space launches, surpassing China’s activity by a ratio of more than 2-to-1. Meanwhile, Russia significantly increased its satellite deployments, with 98 new spacecraft placed in orbit, many focused on maritime monitoring and security operations.

New Rockets and Commercial Expansion in 2025

Multiple new rockets are set to enter service this year, further accelerating launch rates. Blue Origin’s New Glenn successfully reached orbit last month, positioning itself as a competitor to SpaceX’s Falcon 9. The vehicle is expected to play a key role in Amazon’s Project Kuiper, which aims to establish a satellite internet network similar to Starlink.

Sierra Space is preparing for the first flight of its Dream Chaser spaceplane, expected to reach the International Space Station aboard a Vulcan rocket no earlier than May. Rocket Lab’s partially reusable Neutron rocket is scheduled for its first flight in mid-2025.

Regulatory Developments and European Launch Initiatives

The Federal Communications Commission has introduced a streamlined regulatory framework to accelerate commercial space activities. Additional spectrum allocation and revised licensing procedures are expected to ease restrictions on private sector launches.

European nations are also making progress in independent launch capabilities. French company Latitude is set to launch its Zephyr rocket, while Germany’s Rocket Factory Augsburg is working on its RFA One rocket. The U.K.’s Orbex and Scotland-based Skyrora are both advancing their respective small launch vehicle projects, with maiden flights anticipated later this year.

In Australia, Gilmour Space is preparing for the inaugural flight of its Eris rocket, marking the first locally built launch vehicle to operate from Australian soil. Industry experts emphasise that these developments reflect a broader trend of countries striving for sovereign access to space through smaller, dedicated launch vehicles.