Synthetic Hexagonal Diamond Surpasses Natural Diamonds in Hardness and Stability
A team of researchers has successfully created a synthetic diamond that exhibits greater hardness than its natural counterpart. The development involved scientists from multiple Chinese institutions collaborating with a researcher from Umeå University in Sweden. Their findings describe a process where graphite is subjected to extreme heat and pressure, resulting in the formation of a synthetic diamond with a hexagonal lattice structure. Unlike traditional cubic-lattice diamonds, which are commonly found in nature and synthetic production, this new structure enhances hardness and thermal stability.
New Insights from Nature Materials Study
According to the study published in Nature Materials, previous efforts to produce hexagonal diamonds have been hindered by limitations in size and purity. The research team addressed these challenges by heating graphene under controlled high-pressure conditions, allowing the material to transform into a structured synthetic diamond with the desired lattice configuration.
As reported by Phys.org, the first sample produced measured in millimeters and demonstrated an ability to withstand pressures of up to 155 GPa and temperatures reaching 1,100 degree Celsius. In comparison, natural diamonds generally endure pressures between 70 and 100 GPa and can only maintain stability up to 700 degree Celsius.
Potential Industrial Applications
As per the researchers, the newly developed synthetic diamond is unlikely to be used for jewellery due to its structural properties. Instead, its enhanced hardness and thermal resistance could make it suitable for industrial applications such as drilling, machining, data storage, and thermal management. The ability to produce this type of diamond at a larger scale remains a focus for further research.
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Astronomers have seen the most energetic cosmic explosions yet, a new class of eruptions termed “extreme nuclear transients” (ENTs). These rare events occur when stars at least three times more massive than our Sun are shredded by supermassive black holes. While such cataclysmic events have been known for years, recent flares detected in galactic centres revealed a brightness nearly ten times greater than typical tidal disruption events. The discovery offers new insight into black hole behaviour and energy release in the universe’s most extreme environments.
Extreme Flares Detected by Gaia and ZTF Reveal Most Energetic Black Hole Events Yet
As per a June 4 Science Advances report, lead researcher Jason Hinkle of the University of Hawaii’s Institute for Astronomy noticed two mysterious flares from galactic cores in 2016 and 2018, recorded by the European Space Agency‘s Gaia spacecraft. The scientists recognised them as ENTs because a third one, observed in 2020 by the Zwicky Transient Facility, has similar characteristics. These outbursts gave out more energy than supernovae did, and they lasted much longer than short bursts typically seen during tidal disruption events.
Tidal disruption events such as Gaia18cdj are associated with flares that are explosive and long-duration. These explosions are greater than 100 times as intense as supernovas and have been occurring for millions to billions of years. They make ENTs an uncommon, energetic, and long-lived event that cosmic explorers might use.
The ENTs’ brightness lets astronomers focus on distant galactic centres, as well as the feeding habits of black holes in the universe’s early days. “These flares are shining a light on the growth of supermassive black holes in the universe,” mentioned co-author Benjamin Shappee, a Hubble fellow at IfA. Their visibility on large scales provides a statistical tool for cosmological studies in the future.
Such findings are expanding what astrophysicists know about ENTs-but researchers stress that they’re not done wrapping their heads around these mysterious objects just yet. The results might also advance new models of how black holes and stars work together and how energy moves across galaxies. Given upcoming missions with better instruments, the discovery of more ENTs will help astronomers learn even more about these violent events in the cosmos.
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NASA’s Interstellar Mapping and Acceleration Probe (IMAP) has started to get ready for the launch. It was removed from its shipping container on Thursday, May 29, after being transferred from the airlock into the high bay at the Astrotech Space Operations Facility near the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Its objective is to study the boundary of the solar system and how solar wind interacts with interstellar space. The mission is targeting launch no earlier than September 2025 from Launch Complex 39A.
About the new Mission
According to NASA’s blog, the IMAP mission will orbit the Sun at a location called Lagrange Point 1 (L1), which is about one million miles from Earth towards the Sun. From this location, IMAP can measure the local solar wind and scan the distant heliosphere without background from planets and their magnetic fields. The spacecraft will use 10 scientific instruments to study and map the heliosphere, a vast magnetic bubble surrounding the Sun that protects our solar system. As a modern-day space cartographer, IMAP will enhance our understanding of heliophysics and contribute valuable insights into space weather prediction.
At NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center, IMAP went through thermal vacuum testing at the X-ray and Cryogenic facility that simulates harsh conditions and dramatic temperature changes to simulate the environment during launch, on the journey toward the Sun.
Pre-Launch Preparations
NASA technicians will now begin to load the IMAP spacecraft with propellant. It will be integrated with two additional satellites: the Carruthers Geocorona Observatory and NOAA’s Space Weather Follow On L1. All three spacecraft will be encapsulated together inside the protective payload fairing. Technicians then will transport the encapsulated spacecraft to a hangar at NASA Kennedy, where the team will integrate the spacecraft with its SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket.
IMAP is the fifth mission in NASA’s Solar Terrestrial Probes program portfolio. It is led by Princeton University professor David J. McComas with an international team of 25 partner institutions. The spacecraft was built and operated from The Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory.
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