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Donald Trump’s steel and aluminium tariffs have come into effect.

But what are they and what do they mean for the UK?

What are tariffs and why does Trump want to impose them?

Tariffs are taxes on goods imported into the US.

The US president wants to impose wide-ranging tariffs on nearest neighbours Mexico and Canada, which he says will help reduce illegal migration and the smuggling of the synthetic opioid fentanyl to the US.

However, most of the 25% duties imposed on the pair to date have been suspended until 2 April.

But two rounds of tariffs on China have been enacted – reflecting trade imbalances and Mr Trump’s battle against fentanyl.

So why is he now targeting steel and aluminium?

On Wednesday, a separate 25% tariff on all steel and aluminium imports to the US came into effect, affecting UK products worth hundreds of millions of pounds.

The steel and aluminium tariffs are designed to protect US manufacturing and bolster jobs by making foreign-made products less attractive.

The world’s largest economy relies on imports of steel and aluminium and Mr Trump wants to change that.

How have countries – including the UK – reacted?

The European Union has announced it will impose retaliatory tariffs on the US.

The European Commission said it will impose “countermeasures” affecting €26bn (£21.9bn) of US goods from 1 April after US tariffs on steel and aluminium came into force today.

The bloc’s tariffs will not only impact US steel and aluminium products, but also textiles, home appliances and agricultural goods.

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Trump100 Day 52: Tesla, tariffs and a step closer to truce

Canada has announced 25% retaliatory tariffs on US goods worth C$29.8bn (£16bn) from tomorrow, its country’s finance minister has said.

The tariffs will include steel products worth C$12.6bn (£6.8bn) and aluminium products worth C$3bn (£1.6bn).

Computers, sports equipment and cast iron goods are also among the other products subject to the new retaliatory tariffs.

Announcing the tariffs, Canada’s foreign minister, Melanie Joly, added that Canada will raise the issues of tariffs with European allies to coordinate a response to put pressure on the US.

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Trump’s tariffs are ‘disappointing’

While UK industry sees it as a direct attack, the reality is that this country is not a major player any more because energy costs, in particular, mean that UK-produced steel is expensive.

Nevertheless, stainless steel and some high-end products from the UK are in high demand and account for the bulk of the £350m in annual exports to the US.

Sir Keir Starmer has said he is “disappointed” to see Mr Trump impose global tariffs on steel and aluminium, saying the UK will take a “pragmatic approach” and “all options are on the table”.

The business secretary Jonathan Reynolds said on Wednesday morning that while he was disappointed, there would be no immediate retaliation by the UK government as negotiations continue over a wider trade deal with the US.

Why will metal products become more expensive?

It stands to reason that if you slap additional costs on importers in the US, that cost will be passed on down the supply chain to the end user.

If the aluminium to make soft drinks cans costs 25% more, for example, then the hit will have to be felt somewhere.

It could mean that any US product involving steel or aluminium goes up in price, but hikes could be limited if companies decide to take some of the burden in their bottom lines.

Read more on tariffs:
It may be harder for the UK to trump metals tariffs this time round
‘Canadianos’ and cancelled Vegas trips: How Canadians are acting with defiance

What are the prospects for higher prices?

It depends on the extent to which costs are passed down through the supply chain as new tariff regimes and any reciprocal tariffs are deployed.

We do know that Mr Trump plans to fully roll out duties, on all goods, against Mexico and Canada from 2 April. But the White House did row back on a threat to double Canada’s tariff on its steel and aluminium – the biggest exporter – to 50%.

But Mr Trump is also widely expected to target almost all imports from the European Union from the beginning of April.

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Trump adviser tells Sky ‘stop that crap’

Is the UK facing further tariffs?

Mr Trump has not explicitly said that the UK is in his sights.

Data shows no great trade imbalances – the gap between what you import and export from a certain country – and UK figures show no trade deficit with the United States.

UK ministers have previously suggested this could be good news for avoiding new levies.

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‘The ultimate cost of tariffs will be paid in the US’

Why tariffs could cost you – even if Trump spares UK

Even if no tariffs are put on all UK exports to the US, consumers globally will still be impacted by the wider trade war, particularly in the US.

Economists believe that tariffs will raise costs in the US, sparking a wave of inflation that will keep interest rates higher for longer. The US central bank, the Federal Reserve, is mandated to act to bring inflation down.

More expensive borrowing and costlier goods and services could bring about an economic downturn in the US and have knock-on effects in the UK.

Forecasts from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) predict lower UK economic growth due to higher global interest rates.

It has estimated that UK GDP (a measure of everything produced in the economy) could be between 2.5% and 3% lower over five years and 0.7% lower this year.

The Centre for Inclusive Trade Policy thinktank said a 20% across-the-board tariff, impacting the UK, could lead to a £22bn reduction in the UK’s US exports, with the hardest-hit sectors including fishing and mining.

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Steven Hutton: Three men and one woman jailed over ‘frenzied’ Dundee murder

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Steven Hutton: Three men and one woman jailed over 'frenzied' Dundee murder

Three men and a woman have been jailed for at least 20 years for the brutal murder of a much-loved son.

Steven Hutton, 43, was hit with a hammer and stabbed in the heart during a late-night home invasion at his flat in Dundee in March 2024.

He was taken to the city’s Ninewells Hospital, but died the following day.

Brian Miller, 29, Scott Henderson, 40, Barry Murray, 45, and Carri Stewart, 44, were on Monday found guilty of murder following a trial at the High Court in Glasgow.

Brian Miller. Pic: Police Scotland
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Brian Miller. Pic: Police Scotland

Scott Henderson. Pic: Police Scotland
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Scott Henderson. Pic: Police Scotland

The killers were each handed a life sentence, and will spend at least two decades behind bars.

In her sentencing statement, Judge Lady Haldane said the evidence provided a “compelling picture of a plan to inflict serious violence upon Mr Hutton in his own home”.

Barry Murray. Pic: Police Scotland
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Barry Murray. Pic: Police Scotland

Carri Stewart. Pic: Police Scotland
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Carri Stewart. Pic: Police Scotland

The judge described it as a “frenzied assault”, which in part was sparked due to a “missing packet of Pregabalin medication”.

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‘Callous’ behaviour

Lady Haldane stated: “Steven Hutton lost his life in these horrific circumstances, compounded by the fact that not one of you sought to seek assistance for him as he lay dying until you were all well clear of the property.

“That is behaviour that can only be described as callous.”

Read more from Sky News:
Public inquiry to probe how killer evaded justice for 19 years
‘Stakeknife’ spy inside IRA should be named, says report

The judge paid tribute to Mr Hutton’s family and friends.

She added: “Those close to Mr Hutton, in particular his mother, have attended faithfully every day of this trial, and their quiet dignity throughout what must have been at times harrowing and distressing evidence stands in stark contrast to your behaviour.

“Mrs Hutton has in addition provided a detailed and moving account of her relationship with Mr Hutton, her only son, and the impact his loss has had upon her.

“I thank her for taking the time to prepare this thoughtful document, and I have taken all that she has said into account.”

Detective Inspector Richard Baird said the killers “now face the consequences of their actions”.

He added: “This was an unprovoked attack that cost Steven Hutton his life. We hope this conviction brings some form of comfort to Steven’s family.”

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‘Stakeknife’ spy inside IRA committed ‘worst possible’ crimes and should be named, says report

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'Stakeknife' spy inside IRA committed 'worst possible' crimes and should be named, says report

A new report into the activities of the top British spy inside the IRA during The Troubles has said that he “committed crimes of the worst possible kind”, including torture and murder, and should be publicly named by the UK government. 

It’s widely accepted that the late republican Freddie Scappaticci was the agent, codenamed “Stakeknife”.

He headed the IRA‘s so-called “nutting squad”, a notorious internal security unit tasked with hunting and executing informants, but was himself operating as a mole for British intelligence.

The final report of a seven-year investigation named Operation Kenova has found that “there is a compelling ethical case” to reveal the agent’s identity.

Operation Kenova live: ‘Stakeknife’ spy inside IRA committed ‘worst possible’ crimes

Head of Kenova Sir Iain Livingstone said that “it is in the public interest that Stakeknife is named”. He urged the government to depart from its “neither confirm nor deny” (NCND) policy on the grounds of public interest.

It’s understood that the government believes Stakeknife cannot be officially named at this time due to some outstanding legal issues. Sky News has approached No 10 Downing Street for comment.

Freddie Scappaticci died two years ago denying that he was the agent, but all sides in Northern Ireland accept his denial was false.

Freddie Scappaticci. File pic: PA
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Freddie Scappaticci. File pic: PA

The report also found a “significant failure” by MI5 in its late provision of materials to the investigation. “The further material revealed MI5 had earlier and greater knowledge of the agent than previously stated,” the report says.

Sir Ian Livingstone added that “further investigative opportunities were undoubtedly lost”, and that the confidence of the communities in Northern Ireland was undermined. Sky News has approached the security agency for comment.

Stakeknife produced a “vast” amount of intelligence. 3,517 reports from the agent were discovered, including 377 from one 18-month period. But the report found the intelligence was not shared with those who could have used it to save lives.

Read more:
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Government will ‘look at every conceivable way’ to stop Gerry Adams payout

Analysis: Report exposes failure upon failure, decade after decade

He was the most notorious spy of the Troubles. A vicious spy-catcher who was a traitor himself.

Today’s final report into the activities of “Stakeknife” will continue to gall the victims of the IRA’s brutal internal system of “justice”.

We were familiar with many of its findings from last year’s interim report.

We knew Stakeknife’s record in saving lives – the necessary evil school of thought – was greatly exaggerated, and he actually cost more lives than he saved.

We knew his British security forces handlers failed to use intelligence to save lives, in order to protect their “golden egg” from exposure.

We didn’t know their special unit was called “the rat hole”, or that the agent’s betrayal was effectively carried out for financial reward… details that make the whole episode seem even more sordid.

Relatives of those he helped to murder will be disgusted at revelations that his handlers twice took him on holiday out of Northern Ireland – even flying him on military aircraft – at a time when the police were hunting him for murder.

Even now, after an exhaustive inquiry into his activities, Operation Kenova finds that MI5 are responsible for “a significant failure” in the late discovery of important material – costing the team investigative opportunities.

Failure upon failure, decade after decade.

The time for official silence over the spy’s identity must be over.

The dogs on the street in West Belfast know it was Freddie Scappaticci.

Kenova wants the prime minister to authorise his official naming. With no prosecutions in the offing, and Scappaticci in his grave, it may at least bring some succour to the victims’ families today.

Their loved ones were deemed traitors at the height of a dirty war. Tortured, shot in the head, and dumped.

Funerals were low-key, stigma-bound affairs, often taking place early in the morning, with few attendees. Shame hung over these republican families for years.

The man responsible fled Northern Ireland and died in hiding.

Today’s report contains few shocks, but similarly little comfort for the victims of the nutting squad.

Last year, Operation Kenova’s interim report found the security forces were frequently aware of imminent abductions and murders but failed to protect those at risk.

Today’s report found his army handlers even took Stakeknife out of Northern Ireland for two holidays, at a time when he was sought by police for murder and kidnapping. He was flown on military aircraft and given military ID.

As a result, preventable deaths occurred with the security forces’ knowledge and those responsible were not brought to justice and were instead left free to reoffend.

 Investigation lead Sir Iain Livingstone and Northern Irish police chief Jon Boutcher speak at a conference following the report
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Investigation lead Sir Iain Livingstone and Northern Irish police chief Jon Boutcher speak at a conference following the report

‘Wholly unjustified criminality’

The 2024 report also concluded that Stakeknife was involved in “very serious and wholly unjustifiable criminality”, including murder, and claims his intelligence saved “countless” or “hundreds” of lives were exaggerated. It found that the number of lives saved by his spying ranged from the high single figures to low double figures.

This contradicted claims that Scappaticci had saved hundreds of lives during the years he was active, with a former defence chief describing him as “the goose that laid the golden eggs”. The interim report found that claim to be “inherently implausible” and “a comparison rooted in fables and fairy tales”.

The 2024 report also called on the UK government to apologise to bereaved families, given that many murders were avoidable.

‘Each evil act being the epitome of cowardice’

There was also a call for an apology from republican leaders for “the most shameful and evil” actions of the Provisional IRA (PIRA). “It was PIRA that committed the brutal acts of torture and murder, each evil act being the epitome of cowardice,” the report stated.

No prosecutions connected with Stakeknife will take place, prosecutors in Northern Ireland have already decided.

Families of IRA victims associated with Stakeknife will give their response to the Kenova report in a news conference later today.

They want Scappaticci to be officially named, and many are seeking an apology from the British government.

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Emma Caldwell: Public inquiry formally under way which will probe how killer Iain Packer evaded justice for almost 20 years

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Emma Caldwell: Public inquiry formally under way which will probe how killer Iain Packer evaded justice for almost 20 years

A public inquiry into the murder of a woman is now formally under way and will examine what went wrong in the police investigation that allowed a serial rapist to evade justice for almost 20 years.

Iain Packer murdered Emma Caldwell, 27, in 2005.

In February 2024, he was ordered to serve a minimum of 36 years behind bars after being convicted of a string of violent offences.

Alongside double-murderer Andrew Innes, it is the second longest sentence ever handed down by a Scottish court, behind the 37-year minimum jail term given to World’s End killer Angus Sinclair in 2014.

Iain Packer. Pic: Police Scotland
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Iain Packer. Pic: Police Scotland

Packer was found guilty of 33 offences following a trial at the High Court in Glasgow, including Ms Caldwell’s murder, 11 rapes and multiple sexual assaults against other women.

Following the killer’s conviction, Sky News heard testimony from several former sex workers who raised concerns to police about his dangerous sexual behaviour years before Ms Caldwell was murdered.

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Police interviewing Packer following his arrest over Ms Caldwell’s murder

The Scottish government last year ordered a judge-led public inquiry into the police handling of the case, which will be chaired by Lord Scott.

In an update on Tuesday, Justice Secretary Angela Constance announced it has now been formally set up and work is under way.

The inquiry will examine the investigative strategy and decision-making by what was then Strathclyde Police, including the direction given by the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service (COPFS).

It will probe what steps could reasonably have been taken that might have resulted in Packer being apprehended and prosecuted at an earlier stage, and any other factors relevant to the circumstances of the investigation and related prosecution.

The inquiry will also examine if any failings in training, procedures, operating models or systems of working contributed to any failures in the police and COPFS case.

The subsequent findings and any recommendations will be reported to Scottish ministers.

Justice Secretary Angela Constance. Pic: PA
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Justice Secretary Angela Constance. Pic: PA

Ms Constance said: “My thoughts continue to be with Emma Caldwell’s mother Margaret and her family, who have suffered unimaginable heartbreak.

“The public inquiry will look at what went wrong in the investigation of Emma’s murder and I hope it will provide the answers that the family need and deserve.

“I consulted with the chair, Lord Scott, on the terms of reference for the inquiry and also met the Caldwell family and other parties to discuss the inquiry’s remit.

“While these terms do not feature all of the issues raised with me during discussions, I am satisfied that they are both well focused and sufficiently flexible and broad enough to allow the chair to examine wider issues he may consider relevant to a robust, efficient and effective inquiry.”

Ms Caldwell. Pic: Family handout
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Ms Caldwell. Pic: Family handout

Ms Caldwell vanished in April 2005 just days after telling her mother about her hopes to defeat a heroin addiction, which began after her sister’s death.

She went missing in Glasgow while working as a sex worker. Her body was discovered the following month in Limefield Woods, South Lanarkshire.

During Packer's trial, jurors were taken to the forest where Ms Caldwell's body was dumped. Pic: Sky News
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During Packer’s trial, jurors were taken to the forest where Ms Caldwell’s body was dumped. Pic: Sky News

Investigating officers interviewed Packer that June but he was not convicted until almost two decades later after cold case detectives re-examined the case in 2015.

Police Scotland apologised to Ms Caldwell’s family and Packer’s other victims for how the original inquiry was handled by Strathclyde Police, saying they were “let down”.

Margaret Caldwell, Ms Caldwell's mother. Pic: PA
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Margaret Caldwell, Ms Caldwell’s mother. Pic: PA

Margaret Caldwell, Ms Caldwell’s mother, has never given up on her pursuit of the truth.

Solicitor Aamer Anwar, the family’s lawyer, said: “The reference to Strathclyde Police in the terms of reference may be interpreted by some to mean that the inquiry can only deal with the police force up until, but not beyond when it became Police Scotland.

“Strathclyde Police ceased on 1 April 2013 when it merged into a single national service, as Police Scotland.

“If this inquiry is to pursue the truth, then it must look not only at Strathclyde Police, but what happened when Police Scotland took over responsibility.”

Solicitor Aamer Anwar (centre) alongside Ms Caldwell's family earlier this year. Pic: PA
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Solicitor Aamer Anwar (centre) alongside Ms Caldwell’s family earlier this year. Pic: PA

Mr Anwar said Packer’s survivors “deserve their place at the heart of this inquiry”.

He added: “A toxic culture of misogyny and corruption meant the police failed so many women and girls who came forward to speak up against Packer.

“Instead of receiving justice and compassion, they were humiliated, dismissed and in some instances arrested, whilst the police gifted freedom to an evil predator to rape and rape again.”

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