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Unusual seismic activity and gas emissions have been reported at Mount Spurr, a stratovolcano located 130 kilometres west of Anchorage, Alaska. Increased earthquake frequency, melting of snow and ice on its slopes, and rising levels of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions have been observed, suggesting movement of magma beneath the surface. The Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) has indicated that current activity is more likely to result in an eruption, marking a shift from previous assessments that considered both dormancy and eruption as possibilities.

Scientific Observations on Mount Spurr’s Activity

As per reports, according to the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO), the current period of unrest is expected to culminate in an explosive eruption. Matt Haney, Scientist-in-Charge at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), told Live Science that past eruptions in 1953 and 1992 occurred at Crater Peak, a vent located 3.2 kilometres from the main summit. The last known eruption from the summit itself is estimated to have occurred over 5,000 years ago, making it unlikely that magma would break through the solidified rock in that area.

Historical records indicate that Crater Peak’s last eruptions sent ash plumes 15,240 metres into the atmosphere, affecting Anchorage with measurable ashfall. In 1992, one of the explosions resulted in 3.1 millimetres of ash accumulating over the city, while the 1953 eruption led to an ash deposit of 6.4 millimetres.

Indicators of an Impending Eruption

Reports suggest that if magma movement continues, volcanic tremor will be the next major indicator of an imminent eruption. Unlike short seismic events recorded over the past year, volcanic tremor involves continuous shaking lasting from minutes to days. Past eruptions in the region, including Mount Spurr’s 1992 event and Mount Redoubt’s 2009 eruption, were preceded by weeks or months of tremor. Scientists are monitoring the situation closely, with any emergence of tremor likely to signal a further escalation toward eruption.

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Iguanas Travelled 5,000 Miles to Fiji on Rafts 34 Million Years Ago



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Wolf-Rayet 104’s Orbit Tilt Reduces Gamma-Ray Burst Threat, Study Finds

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March 20, 2025

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Wolf-Rayet 104's Orbit Tilt Reduces Gamma-Ray Burst Threat, Study Finds

A new study has shed light on the orbital alignment of the well-known Wolf-Rayet 104 (WR 104) system, long considered a potential threat due to its speculated gamma-ray burst (GRB) risk. Observations conducted using multiple instruments at the W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaiʻi have confirmed that the star system‘s orbit is tilted 30 to 40 degrees away from Earth. This discovery significantly reduces concerns that a supernova from WR 104 could direct a GRB toward the planet.

Study Confirms Orbital Tilt

According to research published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, WR 104 comprises two massive stars locked in an eight-month orbital cycle. The system features a Wolf-Rayet star emitting a strong carbon-rich wind and an OB star producing a hydrogen-dominated stellar wind. Their collision generates a distinctive dust spiral that glows in infrared light.

The structure was first observed in 1999 at the Keck Observatory, and early models suggested that the pinwheel-like dust formation was face-on from Earth’s perspective. This led to speculation that the rotational axis of the stars—and potentially a GRB—could be aimed directly at Earth. However, new spectroscopic data contradicts this assumption.

Unexpected Findings Challenge Previous Models

Reportedly, Grant Hill, Instrument Scientist and astronomer, stated, that their view of the pinwheel dust spiral from Earth absolutely looked face-on and it seemed like a pretty safe assumption that the two stars are orbiting the same way. However, his analysis revealed a surprising discrepancy, with the stellar orbit misaligned from the dust structure.

This unexpected finding raises new questions about how the dust plume forms and whether additional factors influence its shape. While the discovery brings relief regarding potential GRB risks, it also suggests there is still much to understand about WR 104’s unique characteristics

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Iguanas Travelled 5,000 Miles to Fiji on Rafts 34 Million Years Ago

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March 20, 2025

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Iguanas Travelled 5,000 Miles to Fiji on Rafts 34 Million Years Ago

A new study suggests that iguanas crossed over 5,000 miles from North America to Fiji around 34 million years ago by clinging to rafts of floating vegetation. The journey, considered the longest-known transoceanic migration by a terrestrial species, is believed to have occurred shortly after Fiji’s islands formed. Researchers speculate that extreme weather events, such as cyclones, could have uprooted trees and carried iguanas across the Pacific. The reptiles, which are the only iguanas found outside the Western Hemisphere, have long been a subject of debate regarding their origins.

Genetic Study Reveals Direct Link to North America

According to the study published in PNAS, researchers found that Fiji’s iguanas share a closer genetic link with species from North America than previously thought. Simon Scarpetta, Assistant Professor of Environmental Science at the University of San Francisco, stated in a press release that the evidence supports a direct journey from the West Coast of the United States to Fiji. This challenges earlier theories suggesting the reptiles may have arrived via Antarctica or Australia.

Reportedly, Jimmy McGuire, Professor of Biology at the University of California, Berkeley, said that alternative explanations for their migration did not fit within the geological timeline. It was noted that the iguanas likely reached Fiji soon after land became available in the region.

Adaptations May Have Helped Survival

More than 200 museum specimens were analysed for the research. The findings indicated that the Fijian iguanas, classified under the Brachylophus genus, are closely related to the Diposaurus genus, which includes desert iguanas found in North America. Scarpetta explained that these lizards are highly resistant to starvation and dehydration, which may have increased their chances of surviving the journey.

The estimated timeline of their migration aligns with the formation of Fiji’s islands. Researchers suggest that once land appeared, the iguanas established themselves, highlighting the remarkable nature of their journey.

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Atacama Telescope Reveals Most Detailed Cosmic Microwave Background Yet



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Atacama Telescope Reveals Most Detailed Cosmic Microwave Background Yet

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Atacama Telescope Reveals Most Detailed Cosmic Microwave Background Yet

New images from the now-decommissioned Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) provide the most precise glimpse yet of the universe just 380,000 years after the Big Bang. These images of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), captured before ACT ceased operations in 2022, reveal how the first structures that would later form stars and galaxies began taking shape.

Breakthrough in Understanding Early Cosmic Structures

According to reports, the images depict the intensity and polarisation of the earliest light with unprecedented clarity, validating the standard model of cosmology. Researchers found that these findings align with previous observations, reinforcing current theories on the universe’s evolution. The data also reveal the movement of ancient gases under gravitational influence, tracing the formation of primordial hydrogen and helium clouds that later collapsed to birth the first stars.

ACT director and Princeton University researcher Suzanne Staggs said in a statement that they are seeing the first steps towards making the earliest stars and galaxies. They are seeing the polarisation of light in high resolution. It is a determining factor distinguishing ACT from Planck and other earlier telescopes, she added.

Imaging the Universe’s First Light

As per reports, before 380,000 years post-Big Bang, the universe was opaque due to a hot plasma of unbound electrons scattering photons. Once the universe cooled to approximately 3,000 Kelvin, electrons bound with protons to form neutral atoms, allowing light to travel freely. This event, known as the ‘last scattering,’ made the universe transparent, leaving behind the CMB—a fossil record of the first light.

ACT, positioned in the Chilean Andes, captured this ancient light, which has been traveling for over 13 billion years. Previous studies from the Planck space telescope provided a detailed image of the CMB, but ACT’s data offers five times the resolution and improved sensitivity.

Insights into Cosmic Evolution and Expansion

The high-resolution images also track how primordial hydrogen and helium gases moved in the universe’s infancy. According to reports, variations in the density and velocity of these gases indicate the presence of regions that eventually formed galaxies. These fluctuations, frozen in the CMB, serve as markers of the universe’s expansion history.

Using ACT data, researchers also estimated the universe’s total mass, which is equivalent to around 2 trillion trillion suns. Sources report that approximately 100 zetta-suns of this mass consist of ordinary matter, while 500 zetta-suns correspond to dark matter, and 1,300 zetta-suns are attributed to dark energy.

Addressing the Hubble Tension

One of the biggest challenges in cosmology is the discrepancy in measuring the universe’s expansion rate, known as the Hubble tension. Measurements from nearby galaxies suggest a Hubble constant of around 73-74 km/s/Mpc, while CMB observations, including those from ACT, yield a lower value of 67-68 km/s/Mpc.

Columbia University researcher Colin Hill, who studied the ACT data, told that they wanted to see if they could find a cosmological model that matched the data and also predicted a faster expansion rate. He further added that they have used the CMB as a detector for new particles or fields in the early universe, exploring previously uncharted terrain.
However, reports confirm that ACT findings align with prior CMB-based measurements, offering no evidence for alternative cosmic models that could explain the discrepancy.

Looking Ahead

ACT concluded its observations in 2022, and astronomers have now shifted focus to the Simons Observatory in Chile, which promises even more advanced studies of the universe’s early light. The new ACT data has been made publicly available through NASA’s LAMBDA archive, with related research published on Princeton’s Atacama Cosmology Telescope website.

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