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What to know about the rise of special purpose vehicles

One of the most popular acronyms in Silicon Valley these days is SPV.

It stands for special purpose vehicle. In tech startup land, it’s a type of investment fund that typically involves concentrating all of its assets in one company. SPVs have blown up in recent years as investors clamor to get a piece of hot startups with valuations often in the tens of billions of dollars.

But buyer beware. Investors are warning of hidden fees, unclear rules about ownership, and marketing that’s driven by FOMO, or the fear of missing out.

Traditional venture capital funds spread risk across a portfolio of startups, with the understanding that most bets will fail and that the one or two successes will pay back the fund several times over. In an SPV, a fund manager usually raises capital for a single deal and recruits a syndicate of smaller investors to join for an added fee that covers management and other costs.

Some established venture firms use the vehicles to offer their limited partners — endowments, pension funds or high-net worth investors — a larger slice of a single startup. That allows the firm to write a bigger check and capture more ownership than would be possible using their existing funds.

“In venture capital, a few winners deliver all the results,” said Sandeep Dahiya, professor of finance at Georgetown’s McDonough School of Business. “SPVs are a single shot — if it works out, good. If not, there’s no second bite of the apple.”

Six years ago, SPVs accounted for just 7% of private shares traded on Forge Global, a marketplace for private company stock. That number has since ballooned to 64%.

SPVs have been a cornerstone in major artificial intelligence deals of the past year, including OpenAI, Anthropic and CoreWeave, set to go public later this week. Magnetar, CoreWeave’s largest institutional investor, has used SPVs to help build its stake in the AI infrastructure company.

We’re seeing a lot of fundraising through SPVs in artificial intelligence names — it’s a way to raise a large amount of money in a short mount of time,” Howe Ng, head of data and investment solutions at Forge Global, told CNBC. “The hotter the name, the higher the fee.”

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AngelList, which also offers access to SPVs and secondary shares, noted a similar flurry. CEO Avlok Kohli said his platform has seen a 65% increase in SPV flows in the past year, in part because the venture market has started to recover after a gloomy few years when the story was all about inflation and higher interest rates.

Kohli said he’s seen some shady behavior in the SPV market. When he personally invested in a startup through a syndicate six years ago, he said there were multiple layers of fees and a lack of transparency.

“A bunch of things weren’t disclosed to me,” he said. “It was clear the person I invested behind had no idea what was going on at the company, and that that experience as a [limited partner] is seared into my brain. I would rather not have anyone else go through that.”

Kohli said AngelList often turns down SPVs that it can’t verify. In extreme cases, Kohli said, funds will pool together money to invest in a startup with no guarantee that they’ll actually own the stock. He called such behavior fraud, and said it takes place “in every bull cycle.”

‘Typically a bad sign’

There are differences this time.

In addition to a huge pipeline of high-valued companies that have been on the sidelines due to the dormant IPO market and the mountains of available private capital, employees at late-stage companies are cashing out through selling shares in secondary rounds, which has created more opportunities for SPV deals.

Private market gains are outpacing the stock market of late, attracting more interest from high net worth investors. Forge’s private market index is up 32% in the past three months, outpacing gains for S&P 500 and tech-heavy Nasdaq-100, which are down in the first quarter.

To invest in an SPV, individuals need to be “accredited” and meet certain thresholds set by the SEC. Qualification requires having a net worth of at least $1 million and earnings of at least $200,000 annually over the past two years. At that level, the SEC considers investors sophisticated enough to protect their own financial interests despite the risk of putting money in unregistered securities.

“Because these are private companies, it’s expected that you know what you’re doing,” Georgetown’s Dahiya said.

Hans Swildens, CEO and Founder of Industry Ventures, which focuses on secondary market investments, said access to information is a big challenge and transaction data is spotty. He estimated only 10% of secondary deals are made public.

“Most of the time, counterparties don’t want to disclose what they buy or sell,” he said. “They’re not writing a press release.”

The law requires that SPVs disclose their fees. But how much an SPV investor ultimately ends up paying can vary depending on the holding period of the asset. The longer the waiting period until an acquisition or an IPO, the bigger the return needs to be to make up for those fees.

Swildens said the SPV explosion has parallels to the peak of the dot-com bubble, when retail investors put cash into hyped-up internet companies.

“It’s typically a bad sign in our market, when retail shows up,” he said. “If retail keeps coming in and over the next year or two, and makes up a larger part of this market, I would say that that’s probably a good signal for institutional investors to take some risk off and sell.”

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Tesla exec leading development of chip tech and Dojo supercomputer is leaving company

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Tesla exec leading development of chip tech and Dojo supercomputer is leaving company

Christina Locopo | CNBC

Tesla’s vice president of hardware design engineering, Pete Bannon, is leaving the company after first joining in 2016 from Apple, CNBC has confirmed.

Bannon was leading the development of Tesla’s Dojo supercomputer and reported directly to Musk. Bloomberg first reported on Bannon’s departure, and added that Musk ordered his team to shut down, with engineers in the group getting reassigned to other initiatives.

Tesla didn’t immediately respond to a request for comment.

Since early last year, Musk has been trying to convince shareholders that Tesla, his only publicly traded business, is poised to become an an artificial intelligence and robotics powerhouse, and not just an electric vehicle company.

A centerpiece of the transformation was Dojo, a custom-built supercomputer designed to process and train AI models drawing on the large amounts of video and other data captured by Tesla vehicles.

Tesla’s focus on Dojo and another computing cluster called Cortex were meant to improve the company’s advanced driver assistance systems, and to enable Musk to finally deliver on his promise to turn existing Teslas into robotaxis.

On Tesla’s earnings call in July, Musk said the company expected its newest version of Dojo to be “operating at scale sometime next year, with scale being somewhere around 100,000 H-100 equivalents,” referring to a supercomputer built using Nvidia’s state of the art chips.

Tesla recently struck a $16.5 billion deal with Samsung to produce more of its own A16 chips with the company domestically.

Tesla is running a test Robotaxi service in Austin, Texas, and a related car service in San Francisco. In Austin, the company’s vehicles require a human safety supervisor in the front passenger seat ready to intervene if necessary. In San Francisco, the car service is operated by human drivers, though invited users can hail a ride through a “Tesla Robotaxi” app.

On the earnings call, Musk faced questions about how he sees Tesla and his AI company, xAI, keeping their distance given that they could be competing against one another for AI talent.

Musk said the companies “are doing different things.” He said, “xAI is doing like terabyte scale models and multi-terabyte scale models.” Tesla uses “100x smaller models,” he said, with the automaker focused on “real-world AI,” for its cars and robots and xAI focused on developing software that strives for “artificial super intelligence.”

Musk also said that some engineers wouldn’t join Tesla because “they wanted to work on AGI,” one reason he said he formed a new company.

Tesla has experienced an exodus of top talent this year due to a combination of job terminations and resignations. Milan Kovac, who was Tesla’s head of Optimus robotics engineering, departed, as did David Lau, a vice president of software engineering, and Omead Afshar, Musk’s former chief of staff.

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Omada Health beats on revenue in first earnings report since IPO

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Omada Health beats on revenue in first earnings report since IPO

The Omada Health logo is displayed on a smartphone screen.

Sopa Images | Lightrocket | Getty Images

Omada Health reported quarterly results for the first time since its IPO in June.

Here’s how the company did based on average analysts’ estimates compiled by LSEG:

  • Loss: Loss per share of 24 cents.
  • Revenue: $61 million vs. $55.2 million expected

The virtual care company’s revenue increased 49% in its second quarter from $41.21 million a year earlier. The company reported a net loss of $5.31 million, or a 24-cent loss per share, compared to a net loss of $10.69 million, or $1.40 loss per share, during the same period last year.

“We believe our Q2 performance reflects Omada’s ability to capture tailwinds in cardiometabolic care, to effectively commercialize our GLP-1 Care Track, and to leverage advances in artificial intelligence for the benefit of our members,” Omada CEO Sean Duffy said in a release.

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For its full year, Omada expects to report revenue between $235 million to $241 million, while analysts were expecting $222 million. The company said it expects to report an adjusted EBITDA loss of $9 million to $5 million for the full year, while analysts polled by FactSet expected a wider loss of $20.2 million.

Omada, founded in 2012, offers virtual care programs to support patients with chronic conditions like prediabetes, diabetes and hypertension. The company describes its approach as a “between-visit care model” that is complementary to the broader health-care ecosystem.

The stock opened at $23 in its debut on the Nasdaq in June. At market close on Thursday, shares closed at $19.46.

Omada said it finished its second quarter with 752,000 total members, up 52% year over year.

The company will discuss the results during its quarterly call with investors at 4:30 p.m. ET.

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How Tim Cook convinced Trump to drop made-in-USA iPhone — for now

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How Tim Cook convinced Trump to drop made-in-USA iPhone — for now

WASHINGTON, DC August 6: US President Donald Trump shakes hands with CEO of Apple Tim Cook during a meeting in the Oval Office of the White House on Wednesday August 6, 2025.

Demetrius Freeman | The Washington Post | Getty Images

President Donald Trump has made clear that he wants Apple to make iPhones in the U.S.

Apple CEO Tim Cook is doing what he can to appease the commander in chief, without making that ultimate concession.

Cook on Wednesday appeared at the White House with President Trump to announce plans to spend about $600 billion over four years in the U.S. Apple didn’t announce the made-in-USA iPhone that Trump wants, but Cook got to tout Apple’s position on U.S. production.

Some of Apple’s most valuable parts, such as its glass and facial recognition sensor, are made by U.S. companies that Apple has worked with for years. Final assembly is only a small, though very critical, part of iPhone production.

“The final assembly that you focus on, that will be elsewhere for a while,” Cook said Wednesday in the Oval Office.

Trump appeared happy enough, for now.

“He makes many of the components here, and we’ve been talking about it,” Trump said. “The whole thing is set up in other places, and it’s been there for a long time in terms of cost and all, but I think we may incentivize him enough that one day he’ll be bringing that back.”

Experts said Cook’s announcement seemed designed to get Apple out of Trump’s crosshairs with respect to tariffs. Trump announced during the public meeting that the administration planned to place a tariff on chips that would double their price, but Apple — which relies on hundreds of different chips for its devices — would be exempt.

“CEOs are realizing that they do have to do something, and what they’ve discovered is that if they give the president something to brag about without destroying their company, that the problem might go away for a certain amount of time,” said Peter Cohan, professor of strategy and entrepreneurship at Babson College who has written case studies on Apple.

The gambit worked. Apple stock rose 5% on Wednesday and another 3% on Thursday.

“What Tim Cook demonstrated in the first administration was a real savvy navigation of the treacherous waters,” said Nancy Tengler, CEO of Laffer Tengler Investments, which holds a position in Apple. “I thought this announcement was super-important symbolically, because the president is looking for headlines.”

What Apple announced

A gift given by Apple CEO Tim Cook to U.S. President Donald Trump stands on President Trump’s table, as they present Apple’s announcement of a $100 billion investment in U.S. manufacturing, in the Oval Office at the White House in Washington, D.C., U.S., August 6, 2025.

Jonathan Ernst | Reuters

The centerpiece of Apple’s announcement was the so-called American Manufacturing Program, which Apple said was designed to incentivize other companies to make parts for computers in the U.S.

By Apple committing to purchase parts and expand its relationship with U.S. suppliers, it could give those companies the skills and capacity to expand their business. And it lets Apple take some credit for supporting the 450,000 total jobs at its suppliers.

A closer look at the members of the program shows that Apple is leaning on some of its longest-tenured partners. All together, Apple said that its U.S. suppliers are on track to make 19 billion chips for its products this year. That level of business doesn’t appear overnight.

For example, Apple said that all of its cover glass for iPhones and Apple Watches would be made by Corning, in Kentucky, and that it would spend $2.5 billion on that effort. It’s a powerful symbol — while the phone might be screwed together in China or India, the surface that users touch around the world will be made in the U.S.

But Apple has pointed to Corning as a critical American supplier in the past. The company’s glass has been used on the iPhone since its first version in 2007. While Apple typically doesn’t let its suppliers talk about their relationships, former COO Jeff Williams hailed Corning’s glass in 2017, when it got an “investment” from the Apple Advanced Manufacturing Fund. Apple followed that up with a $250 million commitment in 2019, and $45 million in 2021.

Analysts are skeptical that the partnership could substantially improve Corning’s revenue. Morgan Stanley analysts wrote on Thursday that Corning “already produces 100% of the cover glass for Apple’s phones and tablets,” adding that Corning’s glass business called Specialty Materials is worth about $2 billion per year.

Apple also highlighted its partnership with Coherent, a longtime supplier of lasers for Apple’s facial recognition hardware, which is made in Texas. Morgan Stanley pegged the business at about $100 million per year, and said Apple has options including Lumentum and Sony.

The iPhone maker said it expanded a partnership with Texas Instruments to make chips in Texas and Utah. Texas Instruments has long supplied chips for the iPhone, such as circuits to control USB interfaces or power displays. Apple said it would partner with Samsung, another key supplier of parts like iPhone displays, to launch an “innovative new technology for making chips,” without offering additional details.

Apple declared that it will partner directly with companies in the semiconductor chain, even if they typically sell services or goods to Apple suppliers. Other partnerships are with Applied Materials, a tooling company, GlobalFoundries, a chip foundry, and GlobalWafers America, which is suppling Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company and Texas Instruments with made-in-USA wafers, the starting point for a batch of chips.

GlobalFoundries manufactures chips for Broadcom, which supplies wireless chips for iPhones. Both will work with Apple to develop and manufacture 5G components in the U.S.

Meanwhile, Apple will buy millions of advanced chips made by TSMC in Arizona, where it will be the factory’s largest customer. Cook joined former President Biden at the plant in 2022 and committed to buying chips from the factory.

Apple said it would invest in and become a customer at an Arizona Amkor facility, which packages and tests chips, the final stage before installation in a computer.

Apple also said it would expand existing data centers for artificial intelligence in North Carolina, Iowa, Nevada and Oregon. It’s highlighted these data centers in the past in spending commitments.

While Apple’s announcement sent partner stocks up, JPMorgan Chase analysts warned in a note on Thursday that “the new and expanded engagements might not be completely incremental to global revenues and outlook.”

Trump had a different take.

“Oh, I love that you’re doing this,” the president said, after reading a list of Apple’s commitments.

‘Cost of doing business’

Apple has little to worry about when it comes to who will hold the company accountable for its promises. The company doesn’t break out U.S. spending, and most of Apple’s suppliers are contractually required to keep the information secret. Apple doesn’t report how much its new campuses in Austin or North Carolina end up costing.

Additionally, the $600 billion headline number likely includes lots of regular expenses.

Apple said in February that its $500 billion commitment included payments to U.S. suppliers, direct employment, data centers for Apple Intelligence and corporate facilities, as well as spending on Apple TV+ productions in 20 states.

Apple started publicly announcing U.S. spending during Trump’s first administration in 2018, at a rate of about $70 billion per year. In February, the company committed to $125 billion per year. Wednesday’s announcement brings that figure to $150 billion annually.

That’s still a fraction of Apple’s total spending.

In Apple’s fiscal 2024, Apple spent $210 billion globally on cost of goods sold, $57.5 billion on operating expenses, and $9.45 billion in capital expenditures for nearly $275 billion in global spending during the period.

Teffler said she didn’t think the newly announced spending would be material to Apple’s profitability, especially since it already has relationships with the various companies such as Corning.

“They’re going to spend money somewhere,” Tegler said.

Wedbush analyst Dan Ives, who previously predicted a made-in-USA iPhone would cost billions to produce and would leave consumers paying $3,500, said the Wednesday announcements indicate a much different approach. He said it’s “the cost of doing business.”

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