Unitree’s G1 robot at the Mobile World Congress 2025 in Barcelona, Spain, on March 6, 2025.
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American tech giants like Tesla and Nvidia are racing to develop humanoid robots, stressing their importance to the future economy. But analysts warn they are already at risk of losing out to China.
So-called humanoid robots — artificial intelligence-powered machines designed to resemble humans in appearance and movement — are expected to provide a range of use cases, such as filling industrial and service sector jobs.
Investor excitement surrounding the robots has been mounting amid increased mentions from tech leaders like Nvidia’s Jensen Huang, who ushered in “the age of generalist robotics” earlier this month when announcing a new portfolio of technologies for humanoid robot development.
In the manufacturing of the robots themselves, Tesla’s humanoid robot project, Optimus, appears to be leading in the U.S., with CEO Elon Musk announcing plans to produce about 5,000 units this year.
While Musk’s ambitious plans could give it a leg up on U.S. competitors like Apptronik and Boston Dynamics that are yet to hit the mass market, he will face stiff competition from a familiar source: China.
Jensen Huang, co-founder and chief executive officer of Nvidia, speaks about humanoids during the 2025 CES event in Las Vegas on Jan. 6, 2025.
Bridget Bennett | Bloomberg | Getty Images
Hangzhou-based Unitree Robotics last month briefly sold two humanoid robots to consumers on the e-commerce platform JD.com, as per local media. Meanwhile, Shanghai-based robotics startup Agibot, also known as Zhiyuan Robotics, has matched Optimus’s goal to produce 5,000 robots this year, according to the South China Morning Post.
As Chinese electric vehicle companies like BYD begin outpacing Tesla’s growth and undercutting its prices, experts say a similar dynamic could play out in humanoid robotics.
“China has the potential to replicate its disruptive impact from the EV industry in the humanoid space. However, this time the disruption could extend far beyond a single industry, potentially transforming the labor force itself,” said Reyk Knuhtsen, analyst at SemiAnalysis, an independent research and analysis company specializing in semiconductors and AI.
Dancing on the competition?
In a research note in February, Morgan Stanley estimated that current building costs of humanoid robots could range from $10,000 to $300,000 per unit, given different configurations and downstream application requirements.
However, Chinese companies are already undercutting U.S. competitors in terms of price thanks to superior economies of scale and manufacturing capabilities, according to Knuhtsen.
For example, Unitree released its G1 humanoid robot for consumers in May with a starting price of $16,000. In comparison, Morgan Stanley estimates that the selling cost of Tesla’s Optimus Gen2 humanoid robot could be around $20,000, but only if the company is able to scale, shorten its research and development cycle, and use cost-effective components from China.
Unitree made a major splash in the robot’s space in January when 16 of its highest-performing H1 humanoid robots joined a group of human dancers to celebrate the Lunar New Year in a demonstration broadcast on national television.
But there are signs that China’s progress in robots go much further. Morgan Stanley’s February research note found that the country has led the world in patent filings mentioning “humanoid” over the past five years, with 5,688 patents compared with 1,483 from the United States.
Large players such as Xiaomi and EV makers, such as BYD, Chery, and Xpeng, are also involved in the humanoid robot space.
“Our research suggests China continues to show the most impressive progress in humanoid robotics where startups are benefitting from established supply chains, local adoption opportunities, and strong degrees of national government support,” the note said.
Beijing has increasingly backed the space, with government departments promoting their development. In 2023, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology issued guidelines for the space, calling for “production at scale” by 2025.
According to Ming Hsun Lee, head of Greater China automotive and industrials research at BofA Global Research, China sees humanoid robots as an important industry because of their potential to mitigate looming labor shortages.
“I think in the short-term, three to four years, we will see humanoid robots initially applied in production lines to compare some workers, and in the midterm, we will see them gradually spread into the service industry,” he said.
Musk predicted that he’d have over 1,000, or a few thousand, Optimus robots working at Tesla in 2025. According to Chinese state media, EV makers like BYD and Geely have already deployed some of Unitree’s humanoid robots at their factories.
Lee said that increased adoption will coincide with a “very fast” decline in component costs, also noting that China owns around 70% of the supply chain for these components.
According to a report by SemiAnalysis earlier this month, the Unitree G1 — “the only viable humanoid robot on the market” — is entirely decoupled from American components.
The report warns that China is the only country positioned to reap the economic awards of intelligent robotics systems, including humanoid robots, which “poses an existential threat to the US as it is outcompeted in all capacities.”
“To catch up, U.S. players must rapidly mobilize a strong manufacturing and industrial base, whether domestically or through allied nations … For Tesla and similar firms, it may be wise to begin reshoring or ‘friendshoring’ their component sourcing and manufacturing to reduce reliance on China,” said SemiAnalysis’ Knuhtsen.
Bank of America analysts predicted in a research note this month that the deployment of humanoid robots will accelerate rapidly, aided by the development of AI, with global annual sales reaching 1 million units by 2030 and 3 billion humanoid robots in operation by 2060.
Guests including Mark Zuckerberg, Lauren Sanchez, Jeff Bezos, Sundar Pichai and Elon Musk attend the Inauguration of Donald J. Trump in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda on January 20, 2025 in Washington, DC. Donald Trump takes office for his second term as the 47th president of the United States.
Julia Demaree Nikhinson | Getty Images
Amazon submitted a bid to the White House to purchase the social media app TikTok from its Chinese owners, CNBC has confirmed.
The company sent its proposal in a letter this week to Vice President JD Vance and Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, according to a source familiar with the matter who asked not to be named because the discussions are confidential. The parties aren’t treating the bid seriously, however, given that it was submitted just days before a deadline staving off a U.S. ban is set to expire, the person said.
Amazon declined to comment.
The e-commerce company’s offer, which was first reported by The New York Times, comes as TikTok’s fate in the U.S. is up in the air. The short-form video app faces another potential shutdown in the U.S. on April 5 if ByteDance, its parent company, can’t reach a deal to divest TikTok’s American operations. Lawmakers passed a bill last year setting a Jan. 19 deadline for the sale, but Trump signed an executive order granting a 75-day extension for a potential deal.
Trump could announce a decision on TikTok’s fate in the U.S. as soon as Wednesday, sources familiar with the situation told CNBC’s David Faber. Mobile technology company AppLovin has also made a bid for TikTok, Faber reported separately, citing sources familiar with the matter.
TikTok has emerged as a major hub for e-commerce as it has poured money into growing its online marketplace, called TikTok Shop. TikTok’s lucrative marketplace, coupled with the app’s more than 170 million users, could be an attractive asset for Amazon. Following TikTok’s success, Amazon launched and then shuttered a short-form video service of its own.
Last August, the two companies formed a partnership that allowed TikTok users to link their account with Amazon and make purchases from the site without leaving the app. The deal attracted scrutiny from lawmakers who were concerned about its potential national security risks.
White House Senior Advisor Elon Musk walks to the White House after landing in Marine One on the South Lawn with U.S. President Donald Trump (not pictured) on March 9, 2025 in Washington, DC. Trump was returning to the White House after spending the weekend at Mar-a-Lago, his private club in Florida.
Samuel Corum | Getty Images News | Getty Images
Tesla shares rose Wednesday after Politico reported that Elon Musk could leave his post at the so-called Department of Government Efficiency, paving the way for the CEO to return his focus on the struggling EV maker.
The White House later called the report “garbage.”
The stock was last up about 5%. At its session lows, it had dropped as much as 6.4% on the back of weaker-than-expected vehicle deliveries for the first quarter.
The report — which cites Trump insiders — noted that, while President Donald Trump is pleased with Musk and the DOGE spending cuts that have been pushed through, the two decided in recent days that the billionaire would soon return to his businesses. NBC News is reporting that Trump told the cabinet Musk could leave in the coming months.
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TSLA recovers
Wednesday’s report comes during a tough stretch for Tesla. Despite Wednesday’s gains, the stock has dropped more than 5% over the past month. Year to date, it has tumbled more than 31%. Shares also shed 36% in the first quarter, marking their biggest quarterly drop since 2022.
Musk’s role in the White House is one factor weighing on Tesla’s stock. It has sparked waves of protests, boycotts and violent attacks on Tesla stores and vehicles around the world. Trump’s automotive tariffs are also a concern as they involve Tesla’s key suppliers — notably in Mexico and China.
“My Tesla stock and the stock of everyone who holds Tesla has gone, went roughly in half,” Musk said on Sunday night at a rally he held in Green Bay, Wisconsin, to promote a Republican judge he backed in Tuesday’s state supreme court election, Brad Schimel. “This is a very expensive job is what I’m saying.”
In addition to holding the rally in Wisconsin, Musk spent millions and frequently posted about the race on his social network X. Judge Susan Crawford, who won the seat on the Wisconsin Supreme Court, was backed by Democrats and progressive groups who criticized Musk, his money and influence on the race as well as his DOGE work in their campaigns.
Separately, New York City Comptroller Brad Lander urged the city to sue Tesla on behalf of NYC pension funds citing Musk’s work for the White House.
In a Tuesday statement, Lander’s office said: “The basis of the potential litigation are the material misstatements from Tesla claiming that CEO Elon Musk spends significant time on the company and is highly active in its management, despite his helming the Trump Administration’s DOGE initiative, spending little of his time actually managing Tesla, and promoting policies that are actively harmful to Tesla’s business.”
Nintendo revealed the details of the Switch 2, its next game console, in a launch video on Wednesday.
The Switch 2 will hit store shelves on June 5 for $449.99. Nintendo will launch game titles including “Mario Kart World” and “Street Fighter 6” alongside the new hardware.
The new device is a bigger and faster version of the Nintendo Switch, which has sold 150 million units since it was released in 2017, making it the third-best selling game console of all time. Gamers will be able to use the Switch 2 as both a handheld console as well as hooked up to a television. The device will be able to play the existing library of Switch games as well as new and updated games that require the new hardware.
The Switch 2 looks a lot like its predecessor with some differences, including a larger 7.9-inch screen with 1080p resolution which can display gameplay at 120 frames per second. The company’s controllers, called Joy-Cons, now attach to the console’s screen with magnets, and can work as a mouse when used on a table. It comes with 256GB of internal storage.
One of the biggest changes a new “C” button that brings up a new Nintendo app for chatting with friends called Game Chat. The hardware has an improved microphone, and can support simultaneous split-screen gaming over the internet. A separate camera accessory will enable users to stream video of themselves playing the game, as well.
The improved hardware will allow for bigger worlds and more immersive experiences. For example, 24 racers can compete in Mario Kart World at the same time, Nintendo said.
Nintendo Switch 2
Courtesy: Nintendo
Nintendo console launches are a landmark for the gaming industry.
They’re hotly anticipated by fans, who want to know what games are coming, as well as game developers and publishers, who want to plan how they’ll develop for Nintendo’s lucrative platforms. Nearly 1.4 billion games and apps for the Switch have been sold during its lifetime, Nintendo has said.
Nintendo’s new gaming system comes during a period when consoles are less central to the gaming industry than ever before.
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Sony’s Playstation 5, released in 2020, has sold fewer units than its predecessor did after the same years of availability. Microsoft’s Xbox Series X/S is the second-straight generation of Xbox hardware with falling sales, according to analysts, and the company’s leadership has de-emphasized its consoles in favor of promoting a message that gamers can play Xbox games on phones, smart TVs, VR headsets and other hardware.
Meanwhile, companies like Nvidia, Amazon, Google and Microsoft have invested heavily in “cloud streaming,” which enables users to rent high-powered servers to run their games in the cloud. This allows gamers to play games on a web browser, as opposed to consoles they own.
Nintendo Switch 2
Courtesy: Nintendo | YouTube
Businesses prefer cloud streaming services because it turns lumpy game sales into a recurring revenue stream billed monthly, but nearly all of the companies that have given cloud streaming a go have failed to find commercial traction. Google, for example, closed its cloud streaming service in 2023. Additionally, more and more gaming is done on phones and tablets, where Apple and Google take a cut of game sales.
Nintendo continues to buck these trends.
Its Nintendo Switch, using a Nvidia chip, was underpowered by design when it was first released in 2017, and still cannot play games in 4K resolution — something that Sony and Microsoft’s consoles were able to do when the Switch was released. The Switch 2 will be able to play games in 4K resolution on televisions.
Instead of competing in terms of producing higher-fidelity and more realistic graphics, which create bigger game files and require faster hardware, Nintendo doubled down on colorful, cartoon graphics and its exclusive characters and franchises. That includes Mario, Zelda and Pokemon. These characters are increasingly moving beyond games and into movies and other media — “The Super Mario Bros. Movie” was released in 2023, and a Legend of Zelda movie is planned for 2027.
And while the Japanese company has experimented with mobile games, its consoles remain the only place to play major new titles. Nintendo regularly releases experiences that require additional physical parts to run, such as the cardboard structures of Nintendo Labo, which turned the first Switch into a virtual-reality experience for kids.
Nintendo stock, traded in Japan, is up nearly 28% so far this year in anticipation of the Switch 2. The company reported 1.67 trillion yen ($11 billion) in revenue in its fiscal 2024, which ended in May.