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A theoretical form of radiation first proposed by Stephen Hawking may have played a role in shaping the universe after the Big Bang, as suggested by recent research. The phenomenon is known as Hawking radiation. It was introduced in the 1970s when Hawking theorised that black holes could emit radiation despite their widely accepted nature as objects that absorb all matter. The study suggests that primordial black holes which are believed to have existed in the early universe, may have released intense radiation. This emission could have influenced cosmic structures in ways previously unaccounted for.

Findings from the Study

According to the study published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, a phase may have occurred in the early universe where primordial black holes dominated the energy density before evaporating through Hawking radiation. The researchers state that ultra-light primordial black holes could have rapidly gained prominence during expansion, leaving behind observable effects. The research suggests that the impact of these black holes was powerful enough to influence the formation of galaxies and cosmic structures.

Examining the Role of Hawking Radiation

The study builds on Hawking’s work. He merged aspects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. Black holes were once thought to trap everything indefinitely. The Hawking’s theory introduced the possibility of radiation emission. It is reported that larger black holes radiate at an extremely low rate, making detection with existing technology impossible. The focus shifts to smaller primordial black holes, estimated to be less than 100 tons in mass, as their radiation levels could have shaped the universe’s early structure.

Potential Implications of the Research

The study explores the possibility of Hawking relics which are stable particles resulting from the evaporation of black holes. If these particles are detected, it could provide insights into the cosmic radiation budget and the formation of atomic nuclei. The research suggests that primordial black holes must have evaporated before certain cosmic events to align with existing atomic models. While Hawking relics have not been directly observed, future technological advancements may allow for their detection. The findings open avenues for understanding black hole physics and the universe’s evolution.

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Archaeologists May Have Found 2,100-Year-Old Roman Canal Built by Gaius Marius

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Archaeologists May Have Found 2,100-Year-Old Roman Canal Built by Gaius Marius

A Roman canal dated back more than 2,100 years may have been located in southern France. The structure is believed to be the Marius Canal. It is thought to have been built between 104 and 102 B.C. during the Cimbrian Wars. The Romans had been engaged in battles against the Cimbri and Teutones, two migrating Celtic tribes. The waterway was said to have been ordered by Roman general Gaius Marius to improve supply routes. If confirmed, this would be the first major Roman hydraulic engineering project in Gaul.

Study Suggests Ancient Canal Matches Roman Construction Patterns

According to a study published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, the canal’s remains were found south of Arles within the Rhône River delta. The research team which was led by Joé Juncker, a geoarchaeologist at the University of Strasbourg, conducted sediment core analysis and radiocarbon dating. These tests indicate that the site was used between the first century B.C. and third century A.D. The dimensions of the canal which measured approximately 98 feet in width, aligns with Roman engineering standards.

Archaeological Evidence Points to Roman Use

Finding from the site includes 69 pieces of Roman ceramics. It  has two ancient wooden stakes, and large cobblestone platforms. Radiocarbon analysis of the stakes suggests they date back to the first to fourth century A.D. Simon Loseby, an honorary lecturer at the University of Sheffield, told Live Science that the discovery adds to evidence of Roman large-scale infrastructure projects. He noted that further excavations may reveal quays or towpaths, which could provide stronger confirmation of the canal’s purpose and duration of use.

Further Excavations Needed to Confirm Identity of Canal

The last historical mention of the Marius Canal was recorded by Pliny the Elder in the first century A.D. Juncker cautioned that without additional archaeological verification, definitive attribution to Marius remains uncertain. Research at the site continues.

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James Webb Telescope Captures Neptune’s Auroras in Stunning Detail

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James Webb Telescope Captures Neptune’s Auroras in Stunning Detail

Neptune’s elusive auroras have been captured for the first time in newly released images. It offers an unprecedented look at the ice giant’s atmospheric activity. After decades of conjecture, the occurrence of these auroras has been confirmed by direct visual evidence from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Their presence had been hinted at by earlier observations, such as the Voyager 2 flyby data, but photographing them had proven difficult. The telescope’s near-infrared capabilities, which allowed for the remarkably clear detection of these emissions, have been credited with the breakthrough.

Results of the Research

Reportedly, according to research conducted at Northumbria University and the University of Leicester,Neptune’s auroras are said to be very different from those seen on other planets. Neptune’s auroras can be seen in unexpected places, in contrast to Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn, where auroral activity is usually focused near the poles. This anomaly has been linked to the planet’s highly tilted and offset magnetic field, which directs charged particles from the solar wind in unpredictable ways.

Henrik Melin, a planetary scientist at Northumbria University, stated that seeing the auroras with such precision was unexpected. 

Role of H₃⁺ and Temperature Decline

Data collected using JWST’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) provided additional insights into Neptune’s ionosphere, where auroras form. A key discovery was the presence of trihydrogen cation (H₃⁺), an ion commonly associated with auroral emissions on gas giants. JWST scientist Heidi Hammel explained that detecting H₃⁺ was crucial. She said that H3+ has been a clear signifier on all the gas giants—Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus—of auroral activity and they expected to see the same on Neptune, highlighting that previous ground-based efforts had failed to confirm this.

Temperature measurements taken from the JWST observations also revealed a striking finding—Neptune’s upper atmosphere has cooled significantly since Voyager 2’s 1989 flyby. Melin noted that the recorded temperature in 2023 was just over half of what was observed during the spacecraft’s visit. The decrease in temperature may have contributed to the difficulty in detecting auroras, as cooler conditions result in weaker emissions.

Future Observations and Research

The study has reinforced the need for infrared-sensitive instruments in future missions aimed at studying the outer planets. Leigh Fletcher, a planetary scientist at the University of Leicester, said that JWST’s ability to capture Neptune’s auroras has set a new benchmark. He stated that this observatory has opened the window onto this last, previously hidden ionosphere of the giant planets. Scientists plan to conduct further observations to understand Neptune’s atmospheric and magnetic interactions fully.
 

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Mysterious Light Spiral Over Europe Traced to SpaceX Falcon 9 Reentry

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Mysterious Light Spiral Over Europe Traced to SpaceX Falcon 9 Reentry

A bright, mesmerising light was seen painting the night sky across several parts of Europe on March 24. Witnesses from the United Kingdom including Lincolnshire, Yorkshire, Leicestershire, Suffolk, and Essex along with observers in Wales, Sweden, Croatia, Poland, and Hungary, reported a stunning glowing vortex that lingered in the atmosphere for roughly 12 minutes before slowly dissipating.

Light Spiral Caused by SpaceX Rocket Reentry

According to the reports, the Falcon 9 rocket, which was responsible for this celestial display was launched from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida at 1:48 p.m. ET. The spacecraft was transporting a classified payload for the National Reconnaissance Office. Following the completion of its mission, the rocket’s second stage began its descent, initiating a spectacular visual phenomenon. As the remaining fuel was released into space, it crystallized into minuscule ice particles. Sunlight then caught these frozen droplets, generating the distinctive swirling pattern. The unique spiral shape emerged from the rocket’s rotational movement during its downward trajectory.

Increasing SpaceX Spiral Sightings

In recent years, the public has been captivated by similar cosmic spectacles. A “horned” spiral appeared in the sky above Europe in May 2024, and an aurora-coinciding launch in April 2023 created a dazzling blue spiral over Alaska. Similar structures were recorded by Hawaii’s Subaru Telescope on Mauna Kea in January 2023 and April 2022.

Although not all Falcon 9 reentry produces such observable spirals, aerospace experts point out that their frequency has grown in tandem with the rising number of rocket launches. By monitoring launch dates and predicted paths, astronomers can usually predict these events. But in this case, because the operation was classified, advance information was kept secret, which gave the night sky a sense of unanticipated amazement.

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