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Could the next public health crisis be caused by a fungus?

Such an emergency is the basis of the post-apocalypse TV drama series The Last Of Us, which has returned for its second season on Sky Atlantic.

Starring Pedro Pascal and Bella Ramsey, the show takes place in a world ravaged by a pandemic caused by a mass cordyceps outbreak, which transforms people into bloodthirsty abominations.

The prospect was outlined in its debut episode in 2023, when a prescient epidemiologist played by John Hannah warned how a warming climate could force some fungus to evolve into something more dangerous.

“Candida, ergot, cordyceps, aspergillus: any one of them could be capable of burrowing into our brains and taking control of not millions of us, but billions,” he said.

An extreme outcome with plenty of artistic licence taken – but is it entirely without scientific basis?

The Last of Us takes place 20 years after modern civilization has been destroyed. Joel, a hardened survivor, is hired to smuggle Ellie, a 14-year-old girl, out of an oppressive quarantine zone. What starts as a small job soon becomes a brutal and heartbreaking journey as they both must traverse the U.S. and depend on each other for survival.
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A mass cordyceps outbreak transforms people into blood-thirsty abominations in the show. Pic: HBO/Warner Media/Liane Hentscher

Do fungi really threaten humans?

“There are numerous fungi infecting the brains of human beings all over the planet, often with devastating outcomes,” says Professor Elaine Bignell, a world leader in the field of human fungal pathogen research.

“A number of fungal species are quite prominent pathogens and kill hundreds of thousands of people every year – it’s just the public is not well aware of this.”

A few of the dangers identified by The Last Of Us’s fictional epidemiologist previously featured on a list of health-threatening fungi by the World Health Organisation (WHO).

Among the fungi deemed most high-risk was Aspergillus fumigatus, a common mould widespread in the environment in homes and outdoors, which can cause “chronic and acute lung disease” and can be deadly.

Mould case study
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Aspergillus is a type of mould, common in homes

Candida species, which are behind complaints like thrush and skin rashes, are also one of the leading causes of bloodstream infection in intensive care patients.

Cryptococcosis neoformans – which infects the lungs and brain, causing pneumonia and meningitis in immunosuppressed patients – also made the list. It kills more than 100,000 people a year in sub-Saharan Africa.

“One thing killer fungi do have in common is they are able to grow at human body temperature, and that’s unusual for a fungus,” Prof Bignell tells Sky News.

“Most fungi in the environment are suited to growing in more temperate conditions, and it places quite a strain on any microorganism to counteract an immune response in a human body and cope with the high temperature.”

The main symptom of ringworm is a rash, which can spread. Pic: NHS
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The main symptom of ringworm is a rash, which can spread. Pic: NHS

What about cordyceps?

Cordyceps was not on the threat list – but it is absolutely real.

The parasitic fungus infects and takes over the mind of insects, as it does to humans in The Last Of Us.

“There are about 600 species,” says Dr Mark Ramsdale, a professor in molecular microbiology at the MRC Centre for Medical Mycology.

“They are predominantly insect pathogens. It’s their insect host that they manipulate and change their behaviour. And so from that perspective, there is some basis there.”

A fly infected by cordyceps. Pic: Alejandro Santillana/University of Texas
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A fly infected by a cordyceps fungus. Pic: Alejandro Santillana/University of Texas

Found in tropical forests, the fungus penetrates an insect’s body via spores, which are released to allow a fungus to reproduce and defend itself.

The fungus then guides its host into more humid locations to help it grow, before feeding on the remains and launching new spores from its corpse.

When it comes to humans, cordyceps is used in treatments and therapeutics – notably Chinese herbal medicines.

“There’s a long history of relationships between humans and this particular group,” Dr Ramsdale tells Sky News.

“There’s no evidence they’re causing disease in humans. However, in terms of their insect relationships, they do manipulate their hosts – and several fungi have evolved this capacity over time.”

Cordyceps growing from a caterpillar. Pic: L Shyamal/Wikimedia Commons
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Cordyceps growing from a caterpillar. Pic: L Shyamal/Wikimedia Commons

Ophiocordyceps caloceroides infecting an unknown species of Tarantula. This species of fungi is parasitic on tarantulas. At this point, the fungus has consumed the tissues of the spider and has fruiting ascocarps that produce spores. This infection kills the tarantula host. This picture was taken in the Santa Lucia Cloud Forest Reserve in Ecuador on a trip with Earlham College.
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Ophiocordyceps caloceroides infecting a tarantula. Pic: Ian Suzuki/Wikimedia Commons

Could climate change the picture?

Another facet of The Last Of Us shared by the WHO’s landmark report was the potential influence of climate change on the nature of fungi and our relationship with it.

Prof Bignell says the impact of global heating will be “profound” for all microbes on our planet.

There are some 150,000 identified species of fungi in the world, well short of the millions estimated to exist, and few have what it takes to cope with the 37C temperature and other stresses imposed by the human body.

But some do, and more could – either those yet to be discovered or which adapt to survive on a warming planet.

Read more:
Fungus unknown to science discovered in Scotland

“It changes the selection pressures that are put on those huge, diverse life forms,” says Dr Ramsdale.

“Perhaps some could potentially make that transition from one lifestyle to another and become pathogenic in a context we haven’t thought of before.”

So the show’s pandemic may be far from factual, but it’s not completely without merit.

“What really is the most removed from the current status quo is the scale and the rate of the infections occurring in The Last Of Us,” says Prof Bignell.

“Some fungi can get passed from one person to the next – and in the environment we are exposed to them all the time – but it would take a very significant variant to be able to cause the sorts of species extinction event they’re dramatising.”

The Last of Us takes place 20 years after modern civilization has been destroyed. Joel, a hardened survivor, is hired to smuggle Ellie, a 14-year-old girl, out of an oppressive quarantine zone. What starts as a small job soon becomes a brutal and heartbreaking journey as they both must traverse the U.S. and depend on each other for survival.
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Humans are transformed into zombie-like monsters in the show. Pic: HBO/Warner Media/Liane Hentscher

So … no reason for alarm?

You can sleep easy knowing there won’t be a fungus that turns you into a zombie in your cereal tomorrow morning.

But COVID, researchers say, is proof we can’t rest on our laurels when it comes to public health threats and the potentially sudden nature of their arrival.

With fungal infection in humans being a relatively modern phenomenon, with few examples until the 1980s, and the absence of any antifungal vaccine research programmes, there’s certainly work to do.

“We have to be in a state of preparedness,” says Prof Bignell.

“We have to have a very good understanding of how different fungi can cause human diseases, how our immune systems cope with those microbes, and a good medicine cabinet with antifungal agents we know are effective.”

In the meantime, if you do happen to see anyone that looks like they’re covered in mushrooms and feasting on a member of their family – best steer clear.

The Last Of Us airs every Monday at 2am on Sky Atlantic.

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Diane Keaton, star of Annie Hall and The Godfather, has died aged 79 – US media reports

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Diane Keaton, star of Annie Hall and The Godfather, has died

Actress Diane Keaton, who starred in films including The Godfather and Annie Hall, has died, reports have said.

People reported her death at the age of 79, citing a family spokesperson.

The magazine said she died in California with loved ones but no other details were immediately available, and representatives for Keaton did not immediately respond to inquiries from The Associated Press news agency.

Keaton’s death was also reported by the New York Times newspaper which said it has spoken to Dori Roth, who produced a number of Keaton’s most recent films, who confirmed she had died but did not provide any details about the circumstances.

With a long career, across a series of movies that are regarded as some of the best ever made, Keaton was widely admired.

She was awarded an Oscar, a BAFTA and two Golden Globe Awards, and was also nominated for two Emmys, and a Tony, as well as picking up a series of other Academy Award and BAFTA nominations.

Diane Keaton, with her best actress Oscar for 'Annie Hall' in 1978. Pic: AP
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Diane Keaton, with her best actress Oscar for ‘Annie Hall’ in 1978. Pic: AP

Her best actress Oscar was for the Woody Allen film Annie Hall, which is said to be loosely based on her life.

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She appeared in several other Allen projects, including Manhattan, as well as all three Godfather movies, in which she played Kay, the wife and then ex-wife of Marlon Brando’s son Michael Corleone, played by Al Pacino, opposite him as he descends into a life of crime and replaces his father in the family’s mafia empire.

‘Brilliant, beautiful’

The unexpected news was met with shock around the world.

Her First Wives Club co-star Bette Midler wrote on Instagram: “The brilliant, beautiful, extraordinary Diane Keaton has died. I cannot tell you how unbearably sad this makes me.

“She was hilarious, a complete original, and completely without guile, or any of the competitiveness one would have expected from such a star. What you saw was who she was … oh, la, lala!”

Actor Ben Stiller paid tribute on X, writing: “Diane Keaton. One of the greatest film actors ever. An icon of style, humor and comedy. Brilliant. What a person.”

Keaton was the kind of actor who helped make films iconic and timeless, from her “La-dee-da, la-dee-da” phrasing as Annie Hall, bedecked in the iconic necktie, bowler hat, vest and khakis, to her heartbreaking turn as Kay Adams, the woman unfortunate enough to join the Corleone family.

Keaton also frequently worked with Nancy Meyers, starting with 1987’s Baby Boom.

Their other films together included 1991’s Father of the Bride and its 1995 sequel, as well as 2003’s Something’s Gotta Give.

In 1996 she starred opposite Goldie Hawn and Midler in The First Wives Club, about three women whose husbands had left them for younger women.

More recently she collaborated with Jane Fonda, Mary Steenburgen and Candice Bergen on the Book Club films.

Keaton never married. She adopted a daughter, Dexter, in 1996 and a son, Duke, four years later.

Sky News has contacted Keaton’s agent for a comment.

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Tom Hollander on AI actor Tilly Norwood : ‘Perhaps I’m not scared enough’

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Tom Hollander on AI actor Tilly Norwood : 'Perhaps I'm not scared enough'

Tom Hollander says he’s not worried about AI actors replacing real ones and thinks the creation of synthetic performers will only boost the value of authentic, live performance.

The 58-year-old plays entrepreneur Cameron Beck in The Iris Affair, a drama about the world’s most powerful quantum computer.

Dubbed “Charlie Big Potatoes” – it could eat ChatGPT for breakfast.

It’s a timely theme in a world where Artificial Intelligence is advancing at pace, and just last week, the world’s first AI starlet – Tilly Norwood – made her Hollywood debut.

Hollander is not impressed. He suggests rumours that Norwood is in talks with talent agencies are “a lot of old nonsense”, and questions the logistics of working with an AI actor, asking “Would it be, like a blue screen?”

Norwood – a pretty, 20-something brunette – is the creation of Dutch actor and comedian Eline Van der Velden and her AI production studio Particle6. It’s planning to launch its own AI talent studio, Xicoia, soon.

Hollander tells Sky News: “I’m perhaps not scared enough about it. I think the reaction against it is quite strong. And I think there’ll be some legal stuff. Also, it needs to be proven to be good. I mean, the little film that they did around her, I didn’t think was terribly interesting.”

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The sketch – shared on social media and titled AI Commissioner – poked fun at the future of TV development in a post-AI world.

Stars including Emily Blunt, Natasha Lyonne and Whoopi Goldberg have objected to Norwood’s creation too, as has US actors’ union SAG-AFTRA.

Hollander compares watching an AI performer to watching a magic trick: “You know with your brain that you’re watching something that’s bullshit… If they don’t have to tell you, that would be difficult. But if they’ve told you it’s AI, then you’ll watch it with a different part of your brain.”

Pic: Sky Atlantic
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Pic: Sky Atlantic

Always screen-ready, with no ego and low salary requirements, Norwood is being billed as a studio’s dream hire. In line with Hollywood’s exacting standards for female beauty, she’ll also never age.

Hollander’s Iris Affair co-star Niamh Algar, who plays genius codebreaker Iris Nixon in the show, doesn’t feel threatened by this new kid on the block, poking fun at Norwood’s girl-next-door persona: “She’s a nightmare to work with. She’s always late. Takes ages in her trailer.”

But Algar adds: “I don’t want to work with an AI. No.”

She goes on, “I don’t think you can replicate. She’s a character, she’s not an actor.”

Pic: Sky Atlantic
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Pic: Sky Atlantic

Algar says the flaw in AI’s performance – scraped from the plethora of real performances that have come before it – is that we, as humans, are “excited by unpredictability”.

She says AI is “too perfect, we like flaws”.

Hollander agrees: “There’ll be a fight for authenticity. People will be going, ‘I refuse makeup. Give me less makeup, I want less makeup because AI can’t possibly mimic the blemishes on my face'”.

He even manages to pull a positive from the AI revolution: “It means that live performance will be more exciting than ever before…

“I think live performance is one antidote, and it’s certainly true in music, isn’t it? I mean, partly because they have to go on tour [to make money], but also because there’s just nothing like it and you can’t replace it.”

Algar enthusiastically adds: “Theatre’s going to kick off. It’s going to be so hot.”

Pic: Sky Atlantic
Image:
Pic: Sky Atlantic

As for using AI themselves, while Hollander admits he’s used it recently for “a bit of problem solving”, Algar says she tries to avoid it, worrying “part of my brain is going to go dormant”.

Indeed, the impact of technology on our brains is a source of constant inspiration – and torture – for The Iris Affair screenwriter Neil Cross.

Cross, who also created psychological crime thriller Luther, tells Sky News: “We are at a hinge point in history.”

He says: “I’m interested in what technological revolution does to people. I have 3am thoughts about the poor man who invented the like button.

“He came up with a simple invention whose only intention was to increase levels of human happiness. How could something as simple as a like button go wrong? And it went so disastrously wrong.

“It’s caused so much misery and anxiety and unhappiness in the human race entire. If something as simple as a small like button can have such dire, cascading, unexpected consequences, what is this moment of revolution going to lead to?”

Indeed, Cross says he lives in “a perpetual state of terror”.

Supercomputer 'Charlie Big Potatoes'. Pic: Sky Atlantic
Image:
Supercomputer ‘Charlie Big Potatoes’. Pic: Sky Atlantic

He goes on: “I’m always going to be terrified of something. The world’s going to look very different. I think in 50 or 60 years’ time.

He takes a brief pause, then self-edits: “Probably 15 years’ time”.

With The Iris Affair’s central themes accelerating out of science fiction, and into reality, Cross’s examination of our instinctual fear of the unknown, coupled with our desire for knowledge that might destroy us is a powerful mix.

Cross concludes: “We’re in danger of creating God. And I think that’s the ultimate danger of AI. God doesn’t exist – yet.”

The Iris Affair is available from Thursday 16 October on Sky Atlantic and streaming service NOW

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I Swear: The film fighting back against abuse and ‘cheap laughs’ at Tourette’s expense

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I Swear: The film fighting back against abuse and 'cheap laughs' at Tourette's expense

When John Davidson was 10 years old, he experienced his first symptoms of Tourette syndrome – small facial tics and eye blinking.

By the time he was 13, the neurological condition was causing full-body movements so extreme he compares himself with the young heroine in horror film The Exorcist.

John tells Sky News: “There’s a scene where the girl’s on the bed and her whole body’s twitching about and screaming. That’s almost what it felt like. My tics became so extreme that I was hurting myself. I was pulling muscles. I was tired all the time.

“I would break down and cry so many times in a day because I was totally out of control. Something had completely taken over my mind and my body.”

John Davidson's life story has been made into a film, with Robert Aramayo in the lead role. Pic: StudioCanal
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John Davidson’s life story has been made into a film, with Robert Aramayo in the lead role. Pic: StudioCanal

Growing up in Galashiels in the Scottish Borders, John was repeatedly told his symptoms were in his head – or worse, intentional – when a chance meeting with a visiting junior doctor while in hospital led to a diagnosis.

Largely unheard of in the 1980s, today, high-profile figures including Scottish musician Lewis Capaldi and US star Billie Eilish have publicly spoken about living with Tourette’s.

Affecting more than 300,000 people in Britain, it’s more common than many think. One schoolchild in every hundred is estimated to be affected by the syndrome, according to NHS England.

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While severity can range, there is currently no cure.

And while the University of Nottingham is working on a device which uses electrical pulses to suppress tic urges, the wristband – called Neupulse – is currently awaiting full medical approval.

John Davidson MBE, with his black Labrador Suki. Pic: StudioCanal
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John Davidson MBE, with his black Labrador Suki. Pic: StudioCanal

‘Medication turned me into a zombie’

Treated with drugs as a child, John suffered devastating side-effects: “Anti-psychotic medications turned me into a zombie. I’ve got probably about a two-year period in my teens where I have no real proper memories.”

Frustrated by the lack of support available to him growing up, John is now a Tourette syndrome campaigner, recognised for his work with an MBE.

But even that came with challenges unique to his condition. At the 2019 ceremony at Holyrood Palace, when collecting his award, John shouted “F*** the Queen” at Elizabeth II.

He says: “It was horrific for me. It was like the last thing I ever wanted to have to shout. And I think that’s the nature of the coprolalia, part of the condition, where it’s the worst possible thing you could say in that situation.”

Affecting a minority of the Tourette’s population, coprolalia is the involuntary utterance of socially inappropriate words or phrases.

While less common, it’s the feature of Tourette’s most often portrayed in the media.

John goes on: “It came as much of a shock to me as to everyone else, you know? But I’m the one in the moment having to deal with those emotions and feelings of wanting the ground to swallow me up. [Thinking] I don’t want to be here any more.”

Maxine Peake also stars in the film. Pic: StudioCanal
Image:
Maxine Peake also stars in the film. Pic: StudioCanal

‘Living with it is absolutely awful’

Now, in a bid to tackle the stereotype, a film is being made about John’s life based on his 2025 memoir, with Game Of Thrones star Robert Aramayo playing the lead role.

No stranger to media exposure himself, John has appeared in numerous documentaries over the years, following on from the groundbreaking 1989 documentary about his life, John’s Not Mad. But it hasn’t always been a positive experience.

John says: “Every time they make a documentary, they make such a thing about the swearing part, which then stigmatises the condition because people are then left to assume that everyone with Tourette’s swears and shouts obscenities.”

In reality, coprolalia is not typical of the condition and only affects around one in 10 people with Tourette’s.

John acknowledges there is a comedic element to this: “When people think of uncontrollably swearing like that, it’s funny. ‘Oh my God’, you know, ‘shock, horror’. But for the one living with it, it’s absolutely awful.”

Scottish actor Peter Mullan with Robert Aramayo. Pic: StudioCanal
Image:
Scottish actor Peter Mullan with Robert Aramayo. Pic: StudioCanal

‘Let’s have sex!’

It’s a sentiment the film’s director echoes.

Kirk Jones first met John in 2022. Meeting him at his house to discuss the potential of making the film, John opened the door and, after inviting him in, shouted in his face: “Let’s have sex!”

His first introduction to John’s verbal ticks, the director admits it was a “steep learning curve”.

He tells Sky News: “There’s something about Tourette’s, which I don’t think has made it a very friendly or accessible condition. I think that’s down to the fact that people who have coprolalia come across as being aggressive or argumentative or difficult or upsetting people, and I think that’s unfair. They need as much support as anyone else.”

The director says it took him some time to gain John’s trust, showing he wanted to do more than just revisit tired stereotypes.

He says: “The Tourette’s community had been kind of abused in the past. They’ve been invited to appear on TV shows or radio or be in newspaper articles, under the guise of helping people to understand Tourette’s more. But what the TV channel or the radio show really wanted was just a cheap laugh.

“When I first met John and started talking about the idea of the film, he was understandably suspicious.”

Handing over some creative control, John is also an executive producer on the film.

Actor Francesco Piacentini-Smith as Murray. Pic: StudioCanal
Image:
Actor Francesco Piacentini-Smith as Murray. Pic: StudioCanal

‘When you laugh, it breaks the ice’

Now, at 54, and having lived with the condition for over 40 years, John believes people are becoming more tolerant of Tourette’s, but would love to see further acceptance.

“It’s about not being shocked. It’s not about being dead serious with a straight face. Feel free to laugh, because when you laugh, it breaks the ice.

“I wish people had the confidence to approach people with Tourette’s and just deal with it as if it was an everyday thing.”

The director, too, hopes the film will have a real-world impact and open people’s eyes to the reality of the condition.

He says: “I hope this film can play a small part in starting to refocus people’s attention on helping and supporting people rather than just laughing or mocking.”

I Swear is in UK and Irish cinemas from Friday 10 October.

Anyone looking for support or information about Tourette syndrome can access resources at Tourettes Action or Tourette Scotland for those living in Scotland.

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