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The conclave to elect Pope Francis’s successor will begin on 7 May, the Vatican has announced.

Some 135 cardinal electors – those under the age of 80 – will take part and vote for the new pontiff.

The rituals of the event, held in the Sistine Chapel, are elaborate and date back centuries. So how does the process work?

When Pope Francis died, the Catholic Church entered a period known as “sede vacante”, meaning “empty seat”.

His ring and seal – used to dispatch papal documents – were broken to prevent anyone else from using them.

Cardinal Kevin Farrell – the Camerlengo, or chamberlain, who announced Francis’s death – became the interim chief of the Catholic Church.

Cardinals hold their hats during a mass presided by [German Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger] in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican April 18, 2005. Cardinals will meet later today in the Sistine chapel for the start of the papal conclave.
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Pic: Reuters

The conclave

Cardinals travel to Rome from all over the world and stay until a new pope is chosen.

Of the 252 current ones, there are 135 cardinal electors: 53 from Europe; 23 from Asia; 20 from North America; 18 from Africa; 17 from South America; and four from Oceania.

Italy has the most cardinals who can vote, with 17, while the US has 10 and Brazil has seven. The UK has three.

Shadows of tourists are cast across a papal crest dedicated to Pope Pius XII on the floor of Saint Peter's Basilica at the Vatican March 11, 2013. Roman Catholic Cardinals will begin a conclave on Tuesday to elect the Church's 266th pontiff and a successor to Pope Benedict, who abdicated unexpectedly last month. REUTERS/Eric Gaillard (VATICAN - Tags: RELIGION TRAVEL)
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A papal crest dedicated to Pope Pius XII. Pic: Reuters

Once the conclave begins, the cardinals will not emerge from the Vatican until a new pope has been chosen. The word “conclave” comes from Latin, meaning “with key” – a reference to the isolation in which the cardinals are kept.

While holding voting sessions in the Sistine Chapel, they sleep in the Casa Santa Marta – a guesthouse inside the Vatican’s grounds.

The longest conclave lasted almost three years, between 1268 and 1271. Several have lasted only one day. The one which elected Pope John Paul in 1978 lasted less than three days. Cardinals chose Pope Francis in around two days.

While the conclave is ongoing, cardinals are unable to communicate with the outside world. No telephones, internet use or newspapers are allowed.

Except for the first day, when only one ballot is held, the cardinals hold two daily votes until one candidate has a majority of two-thirds plus one. They are sworn to secrecy about the voting.

White smoke?

So how do we know if a decision has been reached? Yes, this is the black smoke, white smoke part.

If the cardinals have not reached a majority, the cards and the tally sheets are placed in a stove and burned with an additive to produce black smoke, showing the outside world that a pope has not yet been chosen.

A statue of an angel is silhouetted in front of black smoke rising from the chimney above the Sistine Chapel. A statue of an angel is silhouetted in front of black smoke rising from the chimney above the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, indicating no decision has been made after the first vote for the election of a new pope, April 18, 2005. The 115 eligible cardinals began the papal conclave on Monday evening to elect a new pope following the death of Pope John Paul II. REUTERS/Max Rossi
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No pope yet… black smoke rising from the Sistine Chapel. Pic: Reuters

Watching for the tell-tale smoke arising from the top of the Sistine Chapel is a tradition, with Catholics crowding into St Peter’s Square for the spectacle.

If no result has been reached after three days, the sessions are suspended for a day to allow for prayer and discussion. More ballots are held until a two-thirds majority is reached.

When enough cardinals have agreed on a candidate, he is asked if he accepts the papacy and by which name he wishes to be known.

The ballots are burned as before, but with an additive to produce white smoke.

A Papal white skull cap and burgundy shoes are displayed in the Gammarelli's tailor shop window in Rome, April 14, 2005. Cardinals start choosing a new Pope next week, but the successor to John Paul will be all sewn up well before the secret conclave opens. Because the tailor Filippo Gammarelli has no clue as to who the new pope will be, the firm has made three versions of the same silk and wool outfit, in small, medium and large, to clothe the most lean or corpulent cardinal. Picture taken Apri
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A Papal white skull cap. Pic: Reuters

New pope proclaimed

The new pope then dons his new papal vestments – tailors keep large, medium and small sizes ready – and sits on a throne in the Sistine Chapel to receive the other cardinals who file up to pay homage and swear obedience to the church’s new leader.

The senior cardinal deacon then steps out on to the central balcony of St Peter’s Basilica overlooking the square and announces in Latin: “Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum. Habemus Papam” (I announce to you a great joy. We have a pope) and reveals the cardinal’s name and the name he has chosen.

Read more:
Francis was a champion of the deprived – obituary
Pictures of Pope Francis’s tomb released

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The new pope then appears on the balcony to deliver his first public pontifical greeting and bless the crowds in St Peter’s Square.

A few days later, he celebrates a mass that marks the beginning of his papal ministry.

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‘Kill zone’ around crucial Ukrainian city as Russian forces try to squeeze defenders out

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'Kill zone' around crucial Ukrainian city as Russian forces try to squeeze defenders out

Ukraine’s defence of the crucial city of Pokrovsk, which has held out for more than a year despite fierce Russian assaults, could be coming to an end as invading forces squeeze the resistance out.

Elsewhere, Ukraine’s troops are facing attacks along the frontline, with Moscow reportedly using a pipeline to move personnel in the northeast near Kupyansk as it seeks to create even more pressure on Kyiv’s stretched resources.

It comes after Volodymyr Zelenskyy used an exclusive interview with Sky News to call on Donald Trump to take a “clear position” on a sanctions package for Russia and security guarantees for Ukraine.

Sky News has a look at what has been happening at some key parts of the frontline.

‘Kill zone’ as around Pokrovsk

Ukrainian forces have been engaged in a bitter struggle to hold the key logistics hub of Pokrovsk for more than a year, with Russian troops at times attempting to encircle the defenders there.

The situation there is worsening, says Dr Marina Miron, an expert at the defence studies department at King’s College London.

She cited reports that Russian forces are controlling all supply routes and have “created a kill zone” using drones, making it very difficult for Ukraine to resupply its troops there.

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Sky’s exclusive interview with Zelenskyy: What are the key takeaways?

A road and rail node, Pokrovsk had a pre-war population of around 60,000 people. It’s viewed by Russia as “the gateway to Donetsk”.

Capturing it would severely hamper Ukrainian supply lines and endanger crucial cities like Kramatorsk and Sloviansk.

“It will take time because what the Russians are trying to do essentially is to squeeze the Ukrainians out,” Dr Miron told Sky News.

“They don’t want to storm the city as it’s too difficult and too manpower intensive – assuming a lot of losses.” Instead, they are trying to surround it completely, she added.

This reflects a “changed approach”, Dr Miron says, with the Russian military appearing to favour slower encirclement operations rather than the high-casualty assault waves with which places like Bakhmut were captured.

Read more:
Romania scrambles jets after drone ‘breaches airspace’
Trump urges NATO countries to stop Russian oil purchases

Battles in the northeast

Meanwhile, Russian forces have advanced near Kupyansk in northeast Ukraine, not far from the fortress city of Kharkiv, the Institute for the Study of War thinktank reported on Monday.

Like other targets along the Ukrainian frontline, Kupyansk is a key transport and logistics hub, being the location at which several major rail lines converge.

“It seems like they are pretty close,” Dr Miron said, discussing the positions of Russian forces around Kupyansk.

The aftermath of a Russian drone attack in Kharkiv. Pic: Reuters
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The aftermath of a Russian drone attack in Kharkiv. Pic: Reuters

Earlier this week, Ukraine’s military said Russia had moved personnel to the area via a pipeline, but said the exit from the pipe is under control of Ukrainian defenders.

“A counter-sabotage operation is underway in the city, and search and strike operations are underway around the city,” the Kyiv’s General Staff said on Telegram on Saturday.

A Ukrainian gunner on the Pokrovsk defensive line fires a self-propelled howitzer towards Russian forces. Pic: Reuters
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A Ukrainian gunner on the Pokrovsk defensive line fires a self-propelled howitzer towards Russian forces. Pic: Reuters

Ukrainian police try to persuade residents to evacuate Pokrovsk. Pic: Reuters
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Ukrainian police try to persuade residents to evacuate Pokrovsk. Pic: Reuters

Kupyansk, which was recaptured by Ukrainian troops in their counteroffensive in autumn 2022, has been largely destroyed in the course of the war and continues to face attacks.

Dr Miron said it’s likely that the push towards Kupyansk is part of an effort by Moscow to retake some of those lost territories, or perhaps an effort to seize land that it can then use as a bargaining chip in any future negotiations.

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Madeleine McCann suspect Christian B celebrates release from prison with burger and cigarette

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Madeleine McCann suspect Christian B celebrates release from prison with burger and cigarette

The suspect in the Madeleine McCann case celebrated his release from prison with a fast-food breakfast of chicken nuggets and a burger.

Christian B, 49, was smuggled from a jail near Hanover, hidden in the back of his lawyer’s car and managed to avoid being filmed or pictured by scores of camera operators who had been waiting for several days.

But a photographer caught up with him as he stopped briefly at a McDonald’s restaurant.

Read more: Madeleine McCann suspect released after serving rape sentence

Christian B, who cannot be fully identified under German privacy laws, stood outside and smoked a cigarette before eating his food.

Dressed in a lilac shirt, beige trousers and trainers, he ordered chicken nuggets with sweet-and-sour sauce, a burger and a hot drink.

He wore sunglasses, but they did little to disguise the distinctive features that have appeared on TV and on the front of newspapers around the world.

More on Madeleine Mccann

After 15 minutes, he left the restaurant as police blocked the street to allow him to leave freely.

Pic: Markus Hibbeler/Bild
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Pic: Markus Hibbeler/Bild

Pic: Markus Hibbeler/Bild
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Pic: Markus Hibbeler/Bild

He was driven off again in the black Audi saloon in which his lawyer Friedrich Fulscher had collected him an hour earlier from Sehnde prison.

It’s not known where Christian B was headed after completing an unrelated sentence for the rape of an elderly woman, or who will help him adjust to his new life of freedom.

As part of his release conditions, he’s been fitted with an electronic ankle tag, has had to surrender his passport and register his permanent address with probation officers.

Another of his lawyers, Philipp Marquort, said: “This is an attempt by the public prosecutor’s office to keep him in a kind of pre-trial detention where they would have access to him at any time. We will not accept that.”

German prosecutor Hans Christian Wolters, who leads the Madeleine investigation, believes Christian B abducted and murdered the three-year-old during a family holiday in Portugal in 2007.

The suspect, who has convictions for child sex abuse, theft, drug trafficking and forgery, denies any involvement.

Explainer: The chequered history of Christian B

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Madeleine McCann suspect released from jail

Madeleine vanished from her bed in a rented apartment as her parents and their friends dined nearby at the hotel complex in Praia da Luz.

Mr Wolters told Sky News he had “almost” enough evidence to charge the suspect, but could not justify arresting him and stopping him from being freed.

He said: “He is dangerous, a psychopath, and we hope he does not commit more crimes, but it is likely he will.”

He said he hadn’t ruled out the chance of charging Christian B: “At the moment, we still have lines of investigation we are pursuing, and we hope we may gain more evidence or indications.

“If that happens, our situation would of course improve, and we would prefer to go to court with that stronger position.”

Madeleine McCann has been missing since 2007. Pic: PA
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Madeleine McCann has been missing since 2007. Pic: PA

Christian B, who flitted between Germany and Portugal, has served seven years for the rape of a 72-year-old American woman in Praia da Luz – two years before Madeleine vanished.

He is expected to appear in a German court next month to face a charge of using insulting behaviour towards a female prison warder. A conviction could put him back in jail.

He also faces a possible retrial after the prosecutor’s appeal against his acquittal last year on unrelated rape and child sex allegations.

Scotland Yard detectives, who failed to charge anyone in their own investigation, revealed this week they had asked Christian B to answer their questions, but he refused, as he has with their German and Portuguese colleagues.

His lawyers dismissed it as an illegal request because investigators had shared none of the prosecution files with him.

According to the prosecutor, the evidence against Christian B in the Madeleine case is circumstantial; his mobile phone was nearby her apartment at the time she vanished, he was a convicted child sex abuser, he had allegedly confessed to a friend, and he had re-registered his car the day after.

There is no forensic evidence to link the suspect to the abduction – and after 18 years, the chances of finding it must be remote.

Read more from Martin Brunt:
I was reporting during 7/7 bombings – here’s what happened
Sky News tracks down woman in hit-and-run Maddie theory
Officers describe confronting ‘coward’ Southport killer

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‘Different theory’ in McCann case

German criminal profiler Mark T Hofmann told Sky News: “I’m a big believer in second chances, but I’m not that much of a big believer in tenth chances.

“So if you commit a crime, and you do it again and again and again and again, then you need to ask yourself like, why should we believe that he will stop now?

“I wish, and I hope that also he realises that he can maybe now live a different life anonymously in some place, and hopefully stop committing crimes.”

Madeleine’s parents Kate and Gerry McCann, from Leicestershire, cling to the hope their daughter might still be found alive, in the absence of any evidence they are aware of to show she is dead.

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‘At least 16’ killed in latest Israeli attacks on Gaza – as 10 children arrive in UK for NHS treatment

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'At least 16' killed in latest Israeli attacks on Gaza - as 10 children arrive in UK for NHS treatment

At least 16 people are said to have died overnight in Israeli attacks in Gaza – as the first group of 10 children arrived in the UK for urgent NHS treatment.

Officials said more than half of those killed in the latest attacks were in Gaza City, where Israel this week began a major ground offensive.

A mother and her child died at an apartment in the city’s Shati refugee camp, according to the Shifa hospital.

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Sky News analysis shows major escalation in Gaza war

The al-Adwa and Nasser hospitals said other victims included a pregnant woman – among three killed when a house was hit in the Nuseirat refugee camp in central Gaza – and two parents and their child in the Muwasi area west of Khan Younis.

The Israel Defence Forces (IDF) launched its ground assault on Tuesday, in what it called a “new phase” in its bid to destroy Hamas and force the release of the remaining hostages.

It said it was looking into the deaths caused by the latest strikes.

Troops and tanks continued to push deeper into Gaza City on Wednesday despite widespread condemnation of the attempt to take full control of the city.

More on Gaza

UK Foreign Secretary Yvette Cooper has called the operation “utterly reckless and appalling”.

Ms Cooper – who last night helped greet the pro-Israel President Trump – said it would “only bring more bloodshed, kill more innocent civilians & endanger the remaining hostages”.

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Is Israel committing genocide?

Meanwhile, 10 critically ill and injured children from Gaza have arrived in Britain for medical care alongside 50 companions, the World Health Organisation said on Wednesday.

It said they were first evacuated to Jordan and that “robust” security checks were undertaken before the group got approval to travel.

The foreign secretary said the children were “unable to get the medical care they need to survive” in Gaza.

More are expected to arrive in the coming weeks, in what Health Secretary Wes Streeting said “reflects the very best of our NHS values – compassion, care and expertise when it matters most”.

A small number of children were previously brought to the UK and are being treated privately through the Project Pure Hope initiative.

Smoke rises from Gaza after an explosion, as seen from Israel. Pic: Reuters
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Smoke rises from Gaza after an explosion, as seen from Israel. Pic: Reuters

It comes as a coalition of aid groups today urged the international community to do more to stop Israel’s attacks, which it said had caused “an unprecedented humanitarian catastrophe”.

“States must use every available political, economic, and legal tool at their disposal to intervene. Rhetoric and half measures are not enough. This moment demands decisive action,” said a statement signed by the heads of more than 20 organisations working in Gaza.

The call comes a day after a UN commission said Israel was committing genocide in Gaza – a claim the country vehemently denies as “distorted and false”.

Sky News analysis shows thousands of families remain in crowded tent camps in Gaza City, with the UN estimating last week that a million people remain there. Israel, however, believes 40% of the population has already fled south.

Displaced Palestinians are fleeing northern Gaza as the new offensive escalates. Pic: Reuters
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Displaced Palestinians are fleeing northern Gaza as the new offensive escalates. Pic: Reuters

Many are taking what little they can and attempting the perilous journey south after Israel warned them to evacuate ahead of it new offensive.

Read more from Sky News:
Madeleine McCann suspect released from prison

Images of Trump and Epstein projected on Windsor Castle

The IDF said another route south for those fleeing would open from noon local time on Wednesday, running along Salah al-Din street along Gaza’s coastline, for two days.

Israel has not said how long its Gaza City operation will last, but that it will involve both air and ground forces and the number of soldiers will increase over the coming days.

It insists it takes strenuous efforts to issue warnings and avoid civilian casualties, but that it’s complicated by Hamas deliberately embedding itself in civilian areas.

Health officials in Gaza say nearly 65,000 people have died in the two years of the war – a figure that does not specify the number of Hamas members killed.

The terror attack on Israel in October 2023 killed around 1,200 and saw 251 taken hostage. Forty-eight remain in Gaza, but fewer then half are though to still be alive.

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