A killer fungus that infects millions of people a year in hotter climes may soon spread through Europe and into the UK as the world warms further, according to a new study on how climate change spreads disease.
The aspergillus species – which can cause deadly human brain infections, spoil livestock and render crops unsafe to eat – is forecast to spread northwards from Africa and South America into Europe and Asia.
How far it spreads will depend on how quickly the world phases out fossil fuels and other drivers of climate change, the paper said, while slow action will put more people at risk.
Global warming is also raising the risk of the spread of other diseases, such as those spread by mosquitoes like malaria and dengue.
Fungi are a growing concern but largely unexplored.
They live in the air, soil and inside our bodies and spread through spores in the air we breathe – but more than 90% are estimated still to be unknown to science.
Lead author of the new research, Norman van Rhijn from Manchester University, told Sky News they are “extremely difficult” to treat.
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Few antifungal medicines exist, while the fungi themselves are increasingly drug-resistant and hard to spot and diagnose.
Fungi are also essential to a healthy ecosystem, decomposing organic matter and helping to suck up climate-heating carbon dioxide.
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‘Tropical nights’ soar in European hotspots
‘Scary’ reality
Viewers of the TV show The Last Of Us will be familiar with the threat: the post-apocalyptic drama depicts a brain-altering fungus that has wiped out much of society.
But “reality is already scary enough”, Dr Van Rhijn told Sky News presenter Leah Boleto.
Infections from all fungi already cause 2.5 million deaths globally each year.
Healthy immune systems kick out the spores, but vulnerable people can end up contracting infections like invasive aspergillosis, which spreads rapidly from the lungs to other parts of the body like the brain, and currently kills 1.8m people a year globally.
Image: Aspergillus fumigatus was found to be particularly well adapted for cooler climates. Pic: Reuters
“Most fungi live in the environment,” said Dr Van Rhijn. “Because that environment is rapidly changing, we will definitely see different kinds of diseases and infections popping up over the next 50 years or so.”
The scientists looked at the existing habitats suitable for certain types of fungi to grow. They then mapped how those habitats might move or spread under different rates of global warming.
In a worst-case scenario, the spread of Aspergillus flavus could increase by about 16%, putting 1 million more people at risk of infection in Europe, damaging the respiratory system, as well as various crops.
It is highly virulent, causes severe infections and is resistant to many antifungals available.
And another in the same family, Aspergillus fumigatus, could spread by a further 77%, potentially exposing nine million people in Europe, the research suggested.
Image: Pic: Reuters
However, it also found temperatures in Africa could become so high that some fungi would no longer be able to survive on the continent.
The study has not yet been peer-reviewed, but is backed by the renowned health institution the Wellcome Trust, which funded the research.
Viv Goosens, research manager at Wellcome, said: “Fungal pathogens pose a serious threat to human health by causing infections and disrupting food systems. Climate change will make these risks worse. To address these challenges, we must fill important research gaps.”
Professor Dann Mitchell from Bristol University, who was not involved with the study, said fungi are “often overlooked” in comparison with viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens, despite being a “crucial part of the picture”.
Healthcare systems must be equipped to “recognise and respond to these new threats”, as misdiagnosis is common when pathogens appear in unfamiliar regions, he warned.
An emergency debate will take place in parliament today over Sir Keir Starmer’s controversial appointment of Peter Mandelson as his ambassador to the US.
Speaker Lindsay Hoyle has agreed to allot three hours for questions about what the government, and particular the prime minister, knew and didn’t know about the depth of Lord Mandelson’s relationship with billionaire paedophile Jeffrey Epstein.
Lord Mandelson was appointed in January 2025 to the UK’s most senior overseas diplomatic position – the ambassador to the US.
Among the tributes to Epstein in it, Lord Mandelson had described him as “my best pal”.
Image: A picture of Epstein and Mandelson together in the ‘birthday book’ released by the US Congress. Pics: US House Oversight Committee
Then, emails published by The Sun and Bloomberg were even more damning, showing the former Labour minister sympathising with the convicted sex trafficker, saying: “I think the world of you and I feel hopeless and furious about what has happened.”
Lord Mandelson was removed from his ambassadorial post on Thursday, but not before Sir Keir had defended him at PMQs the day before. He has come under fire over his handling of the issue.
He told Channel 4 News he was “angry” to have ended up in a situation where he pivoted from defending him to sacking him within 24 hours, suggesting he was unaware of the “detailed allegations” before PMQs.
But questions remain about what exactly the PM – or the vetting team – knew, and the government has declined to release the details of the procedure Lord Mandelson underwent before he was appointed.
The Conservatives hope to use today’s emergency debate to increase pressure on the government to publish all the information – just hours before Donald Trump lands in the UK for a state visit.
The US president is himself embroiled in questions about his own relationship with the disgraced billionaire.
It’s all added up to a rotten start to the new parliamentary term for the prime minister, who just two weeks ago confidently declared “phase two” of his government was now under way.
He’s ruled out resigning, despite discontent on his backbenches and Reform UK’s sustained lead in the polls.
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Former PM Gordon Brown rallied to Sir Keir’s defence
But former prime minister Gordon Brown has come to Sir Keir’s defence.
Image: Constance Marten and Mark Gordon. Pic: Met Police/PA
‘No genuine expression of remorse’
Judge Mark Lucraft told the pair during sentencing that “neither of you gave much or any thought to the care or welfare of your baby”.
“Your focus was on yourselves,” he said, before adding: “There has been no genuine expression of remorse from either of you.
“Whilst there have been expressions of sorrow about the death throughout, you’ve adopted the stance of seeking to blame everyone else other than yourselves for what happened.”
Sky’s home affairs reporter Henry Vaughan reported that neither showed much emotion during sentencing, and that after they stood up, Gordon stared at Marten as she left the dock.
Image: Constance Marten being interviewed by police.
Pic: Met Police/PA
They had previously been found guilty of perverting the course of justice, concealing the birth of a child, and child cruelty after an Old Bailey trial lasting almost five months.
A second trial was ordered after the first jury failed to reach a verdict on the manslaughter charges.
Marten is now seeking permission to appeal against her conviction for manslaughter. A previous application to appeal her conviction of cruelty to a child was rejected in February this year.
Both trials were hampered by disruption and delays, taking up more than 33 weeks of court time, which – at an estimated £30,000 per defendant a day – could have cost in the region of £10m.
A search for Marten and Gordon was launched after a placenta was found in the couple’s burnt-out car on a motorway in Bolton in January 2023.
Marten said they went on the run so their fifth child would not be removed from them after her other children were “stolen by the state”.
The couple spent vast sums of cash from her family trust fund on taxi journeys as they travelled from Bolton, to Liverpool, to Harwich in Essex, to London and then to Newhaven on the south coast.
Image: Constance Marten and Mark Gordon were captured on CCTV with their baby
Baby’s clothing inadequate, judge says
Prosecutors said the baby was inadequately clothed in a babygrow and that Marten had got wet as she carried the infant underneath her coat, alleging Victoria died from hypothermia or was smothered while co-sleeping.
Judge Lucraft said that while Marten and Gordon claimed they wanted dignity for Victoria’s body, their “conduct showed the opposite”.
He also said the baby had died by 12 January 2023, and that the couple then concealed her and perverted the course of justice before her “decomposed body” was found.
“When you were arrested,” the court heard, “neither of you was willing to give any assistance to the police about the whereabouts of your daughter’s body.
“Your silence at that stage of events is highly significant.”
Image: Police at the allotment where Victoria’s body was found
Met Police Detective Chief Inspector Joanna Yorke, who led the investigation, said the couple’s “selfish actions” resulted in the death of Victoria, “who would have recently had her second birthday and should have had the rest of her life ahead of her”.
She added: “We know today’s sentencing won’t bring Victoria back, but I am pleased our investigation has resulted in the couple who caused her death finally being brought to justice.”
Prosecutors have dropped charges against two men, including a former parliamentary researcher, who had been accused of spying for China.
Christopher Cash, 30, and Christopher Berry, 33, had both denied accusations of providing information prejudicial to the interests of the state in breach of the Official Secrets Act between December 2021 and February 2023.
It was alleged they obtained, recorded and published information “for a purpose prejudicial to the safety or interests of the state” and which could be “directly or indirectly, useful to an enemy”.
They were due to go on trial next month, but prosecutor Tom Little told London’s Old Bailey they would offer no evidence against the pair.
He said: “We simply cannot continue to prosecute.”
A spokesperson for the Home Office said it was “disappointing” the pair would not face trial “given the seriousness of the allegations”.
They said the decision was made by the Crown Prosecution Service “entirely independently of government”.
“National security is the first duty of government and we remain steadfast in upholding this responsibility,” the spokesperson said. “We will continue to use the full range of tools and powers to guard against malign activity.”
A Crown Prosecution Service spokesperson said: “In accordance with the Code for Crown Prosecutors, the evidence in this case has been kept under continuous review and it has now been determined that the evidential standard for the offence indicted is no longer met. No further evidence will be offered.”
Mr Cash’s lawyer said his client was “entirely innocent and should never have been arrested, let alone charged”.
Speaking outside court, Mr Cash said: “While I am relieved that justice has been served today, the last two and a half years have been a nightmare for me and my family.”
He said he hoped “lessons are learned from this sorry episode”.
China had dismissed the charges as “self-staged political farce”.
Mr Cash previously worked as a parliamentary researcher and was closely linked to senior Tories including former security minister Tom Tugendhat and Alicia Kearns, who served as chair of the Commons Foreign Affairs Committee.
He was director of the China Research Group, which was chaired by Mr Tugendhat and then Ms Kearns.
Mr Berry has worked in various teaching posts in China since September 2015.