A killer fungus that infects millions of people a year in hotter climes may soon spread through Europe and into the UK as the world warms further, according to a new study on how climate change spreads disease.
The aspergillus species – which can cause deadly human brain infections, spoil livestock and render crops unsafe to eat – is forecast to spread northwards from Africa and South America into Europe and Asia.
How far it spreads will depend on how quickly the world phases out fossil fuels and other drivers of climate change, the paper said, while slow action will put more people at risk.
Global warming is also raising the risk of the spread of other diseases, such as those spread by mosquitoes like malaria and dengue.
Fungi are a growing concern but largely unexplored.
They live in the air, soil and inside our bodies and spread through spores in the air we breathe – but more than 90% are estimated still to be unknown to science.
Lead author of the new research, Norman van Rhijn from Manchester University, told Sky News they are “extremely difficult” to treat.
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Few antifungal medicines exist, while the fungi themselves are increasingly drug-resistant and hard to spot and diagnose.
Fungi are also essential to a healthy ecosystem, decomposing organic matter and helping to suck up climate-heating carbon dioxide.
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‘Scary’ reality
Viewers of the TV show The Last Of Us will be familiar with the threat: the post-apocalyptic drama depicts a brain-altering fungus that has wiped out much of society.
But “reality is already scary enough”, Dr Van Rhijn told Sky News presenter Leah Boleto.
Infections from all fungi already cause 2.5 million deaths globally each year.
Healthy immune systems kick out the spores, but vulnerable people can end up contracting infections like invasive aspergillosis, which spreads rapidly from the lungs to other parts of the body like the brain, and currently kills 1.8m people a year globally.
Image: Aspergillus fumigatus was found to be particularly well adapted for cooler climates. Pic: Reuters
“Most fungi live in the environment,” said Dr Van Rhijn. “Because that environment is rapidly changing, we will definitely see different kinds of diseases and infections popping up over the next 50 years or so.”
The scientists looked at the existing habitats suitable for certain types of fungi to grow. They then mapped how those habitats might move or spread under different rates of global warming.
In a worst-case scenario, the spread of Aspergillus flavus could increase by about 16%, putting 1 million more people at risk of infection in Europe, damaging the respiratory system, as well as various crops.
It is highly virulent, causes severe infections and is resistant to many antifungals available.
And another in the same family, Aspergillus fumigatus, could spread by a further 77%, potentially exposing nine million people in Europe, the research suggested.
Image: Pic: Reuters
However, it also found temperatures in Africa could become so high that some fungi would no longer be able to survive on the continent.
The study has not yet been peer-reviewed, but is backed by the renowned health institution the Wellcome Trust, which funded the research.
Viv Goosens, research manager at Wellcome, said: “Fungal pathogens pose a serious threat to human health by causing infections and disrupting food systems. Climate change will make these risks worse. To address these challenges, we must fill important research gaps.”
Professor Dann Mitchell from Bristol University, who was not involved with the study, said fungi are “often overlooked” in comparison with viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens, despite being a “crucial part of the picture”.
Healthcare systems must be equipped to “recognise and respond to these new threats”, as misdiagnosis is common when pathogens appear in unfamiliar regions, he warned.
Up to 14.2 million people could each receive an average of £700 in compensation due to car loan mis-selling, the financial services regulator has said.
Nearly half (44%) of all car loan agreements made between April 2007 and November 2024 could be eligible for payouts, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) said.
Those eligible for the compensation will have had a loan where the broker received commission from a lender.
Lenders broke the law by not sharing this fact with consumers, the FCA said, and customers lost out on better deals and sometimes paid more.
A scheme is seen by the FCA as the best outcome for consumers and lenders, as it avoids the courts and the Financial Ombudsman Service, therefore minimising delay, uncertainty and administration costs.
The scheme will be funded by the dozens of lenders involved in the loans, and cost about £8.2bn, on the lower end of expectations, which had been expected to reach as much as £18bn.
The figure was reached by estimating that 85% of eligible applicants will take part in the scheme.
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What if you think you’re eligible?
Anyone who believes they have been impacted should contact their lender and has a year to do so. Compensation will begin to be paid in 2026, with an exact timeline yet to be worked out.
The FCA said it would move “as quickly as we can”.
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People who have already complained do not need to take action. Complaints about approximately four million loan agreements have already been received.
There’s no need to contact a solicitor or claims management firm, the FCA said, as it aimed for the scheme to be as easy as possible.
A lender won’t have to pay, however, if it can prove the customer could not have got cover anywhere else.
The number of people who will get a payout is not known. While there are 14.2 million agreements identified by the FCA, the same person may have taken out more than one loan over the 17-year period.
More expensive car loans?
Despite the fact many lenders have to contribute to redress, the FCA said the market will continue to function and pointed out the sector has grown in recent years and months.
In delivering compensation quickly, the FCA said it “can ensure that some of the trust and confidence in the market can be repaired”.
It could not, however, rule out that the scheme could mean fewer offers and more expensive car loans, but failure to introduce a scheme would have been worse.
The FCA said: “We cannot rule out some modest impacts on product availability and prices, we estimate the cost of dealing with complaints would be several billion pounds higher in the absence of a redress scheme.
“In that scenario, impacts on access to motor finance and prices for consumers could be significantly higher with uncertainty continuing for many more years.”
Kemi Badenoch has repeatedly refused to say whether she admires Reform UK leader Nigel Farage.
Speaking to Sky News’ political editor Beth Rigby, the Tory leader said she did not “understand the question” when asked if she held her rival in high regard.
Asked what she thought of Mr Farage, whose party is currently leading in the polls, Ms Badenoch replied: “I think it’s very interesting that a lot of the media in Westminster is very interested about asking about Nigel Farage.
“I’m not interested in Nigel Farage, I’m interested in the Conservative Party.”
Ms Badenoch was speaking against the backdrop of the Conservative Party conference in Manchester, where the party has announced a string of policies, including a promise to leave the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and “ICE-style” deportations if she wins the next election.
The announcements have been interpreted as an attempt to respond to the threat posed by Reform, who have already announced plans to leave the ECHR and carry out mass deportations.
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Last month, they also vowed to scrap indefinite leave to remain, which gives people the right to settle, work and study in the UK and claim benefits, and to make obtaining British citizenship the only route to permanent residence in Britain.
However, the Conservatives have sought to use their conference to distinguish themselves from Reform, branding their spending plans “socialist”.
It comes despite a poll of Tory members by YouGov showing that 64% support an electoral pact with Reform, while almost half of Tory members – 46% – would support a full-blown merger.
Speaking to Sky News, Ms Badenoch admitted there was “a lot we could do better” given the Conservatives had dropped in the polls from 26% to 17% and her personal poll ratings stood at -47.
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But she said: “I don’t let these things distract me. The fact of the matter is that last year we lost in a historic defeat. We never had so few MPs, and it’s going to take time to come back from that.
“I am absolutely determined to get our party out of this, but I always said that things would get worse before they got better because we’d be out of government.”
On Monday, Tory MP Andrew Rosindell said he believed the Conservatives and Reform needed to work together.
“I’ve made it clear all the way through, and nothing has changed, that I am for the Conservatives and Reform working together,” he told GB News.
“We need right-of-centre unity to defeat the left.
“If that means the Conservatives and Reform working together, we should do it. I don’t see Reform as our enemies. It’s a split on the right, and we need to come together.”
Put to her that the Tories may need to work with Reform, Ms Badenoch ruled out a pact and told Beth Rigby: “I’m not interested in doing pacts. I was not elected to have a pact with Reform.
“I was elected to change the Conservative Party, make it clear what we stand for and that’s what I’ve done at this conference.
“Robert Jenrick is not the leader of the Conservative Party, neither is Andrew Rosindell. I am.”
The man injured by a police bullet in the Manchester synagogue attack feels so unsafe he no longer wants to live in this country, his ex-wife has told Sky News.
Along with their children, Naomi Finlay has been visiting Yoni Finlay in hospital since the attack last week.
She said he was “shocked” to hear about the level of antisemitism she and their children had been facing before the synagogue was targeted.
“When I went to see him in the hospital, I spoke to him about some of the antisemitism we’d faced personally,” Mrs Finlay said.
“Some of the things I hadn’t discussed with him before, and he didn’t know. And he was really, really upset for me and the children that this is what we’ve been through.
“He expressed that he definitely does not feel safe in this country – and he’s questioning his future here.”
Image: Yoni Finlay is still in hospital after being injured by police gunfire during the attack
Ms Finlay told Sky News that she and her children have faced threats and abuse, some reported to the police.
“We’ve been shouted at, the kids have been shouted at,” she said.
“My son, his biggest fear is being recognised as Jewish. The second he leaves the synagogue, the kippah comes off his head.
“On October the 7th, two years ago, someone tried to knock my brother over while he was walking back from the synagogue.”
Image: Naomi Finlay says her family have been on ‘constant alert’
‘It’s something you’ve been waiting for’
Ms Finlay added that although the attack on the Heaton Park synagogue was a shock, as her family had been living on “constant alert”, it did not come as a surprise.
“The second I heard something, I knew absolutely – I knew what it was,” she added. “There’s no doubt in your mind. Because it’s something, yes, you’ve been waiting for – but anticipating with dread.”
It took hours before Ms Finlay was able to find out from a family member who was also at the synagogue that Yoni had been injured but was still alive.
“We live close to the synagogue – we saw and heard everything,” she said. “The beginning of the day – where we are just on the streets asking anyone, ‘Have you seen him? Have you seen him?’ – that was definitely the hardest part.
“It was so difficult for the kids, because that’s their dad.”
Yoni was among those barricading the doors to stop the attacker, Jihad al Shamie, from getting inside the synagogue.
Al Shamie was shot and killed by police, but one of their bullets came through the synagogue door – striking Yoni and killing Adrian Daulby, one of the two men who lost their lives.
Yoni was in surgery for seven hours on the day of the attack. Ms Finlay added he “remembers everything”, including the moment the bullet struck.
Although she said he is still in a lot of pain, he is now stable and recovering.
“The kids have been taking him some treats,” she said, “saving him half of their chocolate bars and taking them into him.
“Things from school, letters from friends they’ve been taking in to show him. They are just really wanting him back.”
‘Who’s going to protect us?’
Two years to the day since the 7 October terror attack in Israel, Ms Finlay finds it “really hurtful” that pro-Palestine marches are taking place across the country, less than a week on from the attack in which Yoni was injured.
“It was just that little bit further away – and now it’s not further away,” she said. “Even today there’s protests going on – on one of the saddest days for Jewish people worldwide.
“I feel like we can’t even get a break on that one day to actually grieve and process our feelings.”
Although she said the police have been “amazing” since the attack, she worries about what will happen to her and her family when the attention dies down.
“We worry that in a few weeks, when all this simmers down, are we still going to feel reassured? Are we still going to be protected?
“You know, who’s going to look after our kids when they’re in school? Who’s going to look after us when we go pray in the synagogue? Who’s going to protect us?”