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The conclave to elect Pope Francis’s successor begins on Wednesday.

The cardinals have assembled in Rome and will soon be locked away in the Sistine Chapel, cut off from the outside world as they debate who should be the next head of the Catholic Church.

The rituals of the event are elaborate and date back centuries. So how does the process work?

Cardinals hold their hats during a mass presided by [German Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger] in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican April 18, 2005. Cardinals will meet later today in the Sistine chapel for the start of the papal conclave.
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Sometimes the cardinals choose a surprise pick for pope. Pic: Reuters

Who is taking part in conclave?

Of the 252 current cardinals, there are 133 who are eligible to vote (those under the age of 80): 52 from Europe; 23 from Asia; 20 from North America; 17 from Africa; 17 from South America; and four from Oceania.

Italy has the most cardinals who can vote, with 17, while the US has 10 and Brazil has seven. The UK has three.

Ahead of the conclave they swear an oath of secrecy, vowing to never divulge what takes place behind the conclave doors. The punishment for breaking it is excommunication.

Cardinals also hand over their mobile phones before going into conclave, and don’t get them back until the end.

Cardinal Kevin Farrell – the Camerlengo, or chamberlain, who announced Francis’s death – is the interim chief of the Catholic Church and is in charge of running the meetings.

Use our slider below to look through some of the key contenders to be the next pope. For more on who the different cardinals are, read our explainer story.

Cardinals walk, ahead of the conclave to elect the next pope, as seen from Rome, Italy, May 6, 2025. REUTERS/Stoyan Nenov
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Cardinals have been gathering in Rome since the death of Pope Francis. Pic: Reuters

The conclave begins

Once the conclave begins, the cardinals will not emerge from the Vatican until a new pope has been chosen. The word “conclave” comes from Latin, meaning “with key” – a reference to the isolation in which the cardinals are kept.

Once everyone is inside the Sistine Chapel, it will be pronounced the “Extra Omnes!” (from Latin, meaning “Everyone else out!”) and from that moment the cardinals won’t have any contact with the outside world.

Cardinals take their oath ahead of the conclave in 2005. Pic:
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Cardinals take their oath of secrecy ahead of the conclave in 2005. Pic: AP

For however long the conclave lasts, cardinals will meet in the Sistine Chapel and sleep in the Casa Santa Marta guesthouse inside the Vatican, either walking between the two or taking a special bus.

Anyone who tries to interfere with the conclave faces excommunication, officially being excluded from participation in the sacraments and services of the church.

There will be one vote on the first day (Wednesday) and four votes on each subsequent day – two in the morning and two in the afternoon.

Newly installed tables for next week's conclave stand under Michaelangelo's frescoes in the Vatican's Sistine Chapel April 16, 2005. [When Roman Catholic cardinals vote in the Vatican for a new pope next week, they will swear an oath before God in Latin and then cast ballots written in the Church's official language.]
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Newly installed tables for conclave in the Sistine Chapel. Pic: Reuters

How long can it last?

The longest conclave lasted almost three years, between 1268 and 1271.

Several have lasted only one day.

The most recent conclaves – for Pope Francis in 2013, Pope Benedict XVI in 2005 and Pope John Paul II in 1978 – all lasted less than three days.

A man holds a newspaper with the list of cardinals outside the Vatican.
Pic Reuters
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A man holds a newspaper with the list of cardinals outside the Vatican. Pic Reuters

Except for the first day, when only one ballot is held, the cardinals hold four daily votes – two in the morning, two in the afternoon – until one candidate has a majority of two-thirds plus one. In this case the required number is 89.

A variety of factors can influence who is ultimately picked for pontiff, and a number of factions within the cardinals are likely to be pushing for different candidates.

Read more:
Who could be the next pope?
What are the chances of a UK pope?
How accurate is the film Conclave?

How do we know if a decision has been reached?

Yes, this is the black smoke, white smoke part.

If the cardinals have not reached a majority, the cards and the tally sheets are placed in a stove and burned with an additive to produce black smoke, showing the outside world that a pope has not yet been chosen.

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Vatican chimney installed ahead of conclave

For black smoke, the ballots are mixed with cartridges containing potassium perchlorate, anthracene (a component of coal tar), and sulphur. For white smoke, the burning ballots are mixed with potassium chlorate, lactose and chloroform resin.

Watching for the tell-tale smoke arising from the top of the Sistine Chapel is a tradition, with Catholics crowding into St Peter’s Square for the spectacle.

If no result has been reached after three days, the sessions are suspended for a day to allow for prayer

and discussion. More ballots are held until a two-thirds majority is reached.

A statue of an angel is silhouetted in front of black smoke rising from the chimney above the Sistine Chapel. A statue of an angel is silhouetted in front of black smoke rising from the chimney above the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, indicating no decision has been made after the first vote for the election of a new pope, April 18, 2005. The 115 eligible cardinals began the papal conclave on Monday evening to elect a new pope following the death of Pope John Paul II. REUTERS/Max Rossi
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No pope yet… black smoke rising from the Sistine Chapel. Pic: Reuters

When enough cardinals have agreed on a candidate, he is asked if he accepts the papacy and by which name he wishes to be known.

The ballots are burned as before, but with the recipe for white smoke to signal to the world that the Throne of St Peter will soon have a new occupant.

New pope proclaimed

The new pope then dons his new papal vestments – tailors keep large, medium and small sizes ready – and sits on a throne in the Sistine Chapel to receive the other cardinals who file up to pay homage and swear obedience to the church’s new leader.

The senior cardinal deacon then steps out on to the central balcony of St Peter’s Basilica overlooking the square and announces in Latin: “Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum. Habemus Papam” (I announce to you a great joy. We have a pope) and reveals the cardinal’s name and the name he has chosen.

Newly elected Pope Francis I, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio of Argentina appears on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica after being elected by the conclave of cardinals, in a photograph released by Osservatore Romano at the Vatican, March 13, 2013. White smoke rose from the Sistine Chapel chimney and the bells of St. Peter's Basilica rang out on Wednesday, signaling that Roman Catholic cardinals had elected a pope to succeed Benedict XVI. REUTERS/Osservatore Romano (VATICAN - Tags: RELIGION TPX
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Pope Francis addresses crowds in St Peter’s Square in 2013 after being proclaimed pope. Pic: Reuters

The new pope then appears on the balcony to deliver his first public pontifical greeting and bless the crowds in St Peter’s Square.

A few days later, he celebrates a mass that marks the beginning of his papal ministry.

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Russia launches major deadly missile and drone attack on Ukraine

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Russia launches major deadly missile and drone attack on Ukraine

Russia launched a major overnight missile and drone attack on Ukraine that killed at least three people – including a four-year-old child.

Officials say Russia fired more than 650 drones and three dozen missiles in an assault that began during the night and stretched into daylight hours Tuesday.

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said the barrage struck homes and the power grid in 13 regions across Ukraine, causing widespread outages in bitter temperatures.

It comes a day after he described recent progress towards a peace deal as “quite solid”.

The bombardment demonstrated Russian President Vladimir Putin’s intention of pursuing the invasion of Ukraine, Mr Zelenskyy said in an online post.

A damaged apartment building in Kyiv. Pic: Reuters
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A damaged apartment building in Kyiv. Pic: Reuters

A damaged apartment building in Kyiv. Pic: Reuters
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A damaged apartment building in Kyiv. Pic: Reuters

Ukrainian and European officials have said Putin is not sincerely engaging with US-led peace efforts.

The attack “is an extremely clear signal of Russian priorities,” Mr Zelenskyy said.

More on Donald Trump

“A strike before Christmas, when people want to be with their families, at home, in safety. A strike, in fact, in the midst of negotiations that are being conducted to end this war. Putin cannot accept the fact that we must stop killing.”

US President Donald Trump has for months been pressing for a peace agreement, but the negotiations have become entangled in the very different demands from Moscow and Kyiv.

US envoy Steve Witkoff described talks in Florida with Ukrainian and European representatives as “productive and constructive”.

A drone explodes during a Russian missile and drone strike, in Kyiv. Pic: Reuters
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A drone explodes during a Russian missile and drone strike, in Kyiv. Pic: Reuters

Trump was less effusive on Monday, saying, “The talks are going along.”

Initial reports from Ukrainian emergency services said the child died in Ukraine’s northwestern Zhytomyr region, while a drone killed a woman in the Kyiv region, and another civilian death was recorded in the western Khmelnytskyi region, according to Mr Zelenskyy.

Russia launched 635 drones of various types and 38 missiles, Ukraine’s air force said. Air defences stopped 587 drones and 34 missiles, it said.

Read more
Russian general killed by car bomb and Moscow blames Ukraine
Putin didn’t sound like he will alter his course anytime soon

Polish and allied fighter jets were deployed after the Russian airstrikes towards western Ukraine, near Poland’s border.

“Fighter jets were scrambled, and ground-based air-defence and radar reconnaissance systems were put on heightened readiness,” the operational command of Poland’s armed forces said.

It was the ninth large-scale Russian attack on Ukraine’s energy system this year and left multiple regions in the west without power, while emergency power outages were in place across the country, acting Energy Minister Artem Nekraso said. Work to restore power would begin as soon as the security situation permitted, he said.

Ukraine’s largest private energy supplier, DTEK, said the attack targeted thermal power stations in what it said was the seventh major strike on the company’s facilities since October.

DTEK’s thermal power plants have been hit more than 220 times since Russia’s full-scale invasion began in February 2022. Those attacks have killed four workers and wounded 59.

Authorities in the western regions of Rivne, Ternopil and Lviv, as well as the northern Sumy region, reported damage to energy infrastructure or power outages after the attack.

In the southern Odesa region, Russia struck energy, port, transport, industrial and residential infrastructure, according to regional head Oleh Kiper.

A merchant ship and over 120 homes were damaged, he said.

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‘No one is here to help us’: Palestinians watch on as Israeli diggers tear down their homes in East Jerusalem

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'No one is here to help us': Palestinians watch on as Israeli diggers tear down their homes in East Jerusalem

A balcony of onlookers stare as three diggers gnaw at the four-storey building that was a fixture of their daily view.

The roads of Silwan’s Wadi Qaddom neighbourhood are blocked off by Israeli police as residents watch the demolition in the valley from every vantage point. The block of flats was home to around 100 of their neighbours – many of them are now homeless.

An elderly woman sits at the bus stop near the police checkpoint closest to the demolition site. As she walks back down the hill, she looks back at the destruction. Her cheeks are red with anger when she hails that God is their only protection.

“Where are the Arab countries? No one is here to help us,” she exclaims.

Of the 230 buildings demolished in East Jerusalem’s Palestinian neighbourhoods in 2025, the block of roughly 13 flats is considered to be the largest and took 12 hours to completely demolish.

The demolition of a building in Silwan's Wadi Qaddom neighbourhood
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The demolition of a building in Silwan’s Wadi Qaddom neighbourhood

The building was without a permit, like many in Silwan, and stood on land that was not licensed for residential use. The residents were challenging long-standing demolition orders and applying for licensing when diggers arrived at dawn.

The Jerusalem Municipality said the demolition of the building in Silwan was based on a 2014 court order, and that residents were granted extensions for the execution of the order and were offered various options in order to find a solution, but they declined to do so.

But an architect and urban planner from the Israeli NGO Bimkom (Planners for Planning Rights) – which is supporting the families in their bid to license the land of the building – says their time to act was cut short.

Architect Sari Kornish speaks to Sky's Yousra Elbagir
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Architect Sari Kornish speaks to Sky’s Yousra Elbagir

“They were told that the demolition order would be implemented, and then they would get another six months’ recourse to try to continue with their planning. Six months is not enough for these planning processes. They take a long time,” Sari Kornish tells us in front of the Jerusalem Municipality after meeting with the building residents’ lawyer there.

Are permits granted for Palestinians in East Jerusalem?

“Very, very few, and in recent years, since October 7, less and less,” says Sari.

“It has always been discrimination. It has always been not enough.”

Far-right minister of national security Itamar Ben-Gvir posted on X about the building’s demolition.

He said: “Proud to lead the policy of demolishing illegal buildings – not only in the Negev, this morning in East Jerusalem (Silwan neighbourhood) a building that was built illegally and 100 people lived in it – was demolished! Strengthens the police and the district commander.”

Israel’s annexation of East Jerusalem and parts of the West Bank is illegal under international law.

Read more from Sky News:
Is Israel building a wall on Lebanese land?
Mother of last hostage in Gaza speaks to Sky News

Sky's Yousra Elbagir watches the demolition in Silwan
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Sky’s Yousra Elbagir watches the demolition in Silwan

On Sunday, Israel’s far-right finance minister Bezalel Smotrich announced that the security cabinet approved 19 new Jewish settlements in the occupied West Bank.

Half a million Israeli settlers currently live in the West Bank, and over 230,000 live in East Jerusalem, where some are taking over homes instead of seizing land.

At least 500 Palestinians have lost their homes to lack-of-permit demolitions in East Jerusalem, and at least 1,000 people, including 460 children, are at risk of forced displacement from eviction cases filed against them in Israeli courts by settler organisations.

Zuhair al Rajabbi looks out at the homes of his neighbours now marked by demolition sites
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Zuhair al Rajabbi looks out at the homes of his neighbours now marked by demolition sites

In the East Jerusalem neighbourhood of Batn al Hawa in Silwan, Zuhair al Rajabbi looks out from his balcony at the homes of his neighbours.

The landscape is marked by demolition sites, and former homes of his neighbours are marked by Israeli flags. Settlers are busy renovating the rooftops to make their own.

“They have five children, and a grandmother was in one room. Downstairs, there was a family of seven children, with the wife and mother, in that one,” he says, pointing at the roof of his neighbours.

Israeli settler flags on a building in Silwan, a Palestinian neighbourhood in East Jerusalem
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Israeli settler flags on a building in Silwan, a Palestinian neighbourhood in East Jerusalem

As we watch, a woman quietly mops the dirty water into a hole in the fence and onto the roof of the house next door.

“Look, they are even putting the dirty water on our neighbour’s roof,” Zuhair says with a sad bitterness.

“We used to live together like we live here at home – eating and drinking with them. It makes me sad when I see their home disappearing.”

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Trump: US has to have Greenland

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Trump: US has to have Greenland

Donald Trump has said the US “has to have” Greenland, claiming it needs the territory for national security.

It comes after the US president appointed Louisiana’s governor Jeff Landry as special envoy to Greenland, saying he would “lead the charge” in advocating the semi-autonomous part of Denmark to become part of the United States.

“Jeff understands how essential Greenland is to our national security,” Mr Trump said.

Donald Trump has appointed Jeff Landry as special envoy to Greenland. Pic: Reuters
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Donald Trump has appointed Jeff Landry as special envoy to Greenland. Pic: Reuters

“We need Greenland for national security, not for minerals… If you take a look ​at Greenland, you look up and down the coast, you have Russian and Chinese ships all over the place.

“We need it for national security. We have to ‍have it… Greenland is a big deal.”

Why does Trump want Greenland?

Trump said Greenland is a 'big deal'. Pic: Reuters
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Trump said Greenland is a ‘big deal’. Pic: Reuters

Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen and Greenland’s Prime Minister Jens-Frederik Nielsen said in a joint statement that Greenland belongs to Greenlanders, stressing the US will not take it over.

“You cannot annex another country. Not even ‌with an argument about international security,” they said.

The country has already summoned the US ambassador in protest, with its foreign minister saying the move shows the US is still interested in the vast Danish territory.

Mr Trump has repeatedly called for the US to take over the mineral rich and strategically located Arctic island, since winning his second term, and has not ruled out using military force to achieve it.

Denmark’s foreign minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen said everyone – including the US – must show respect for Denmark’s territorial integrity.

NATO allies Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany and France took part in military drills in Greenland, where the US has a military base, in September. Pic: Reuters
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NATO allies Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany and France took part in military drills in Greenland, where the US has a military base, in September. Pic: Reuters

How did we get here?

In March, US Vice President JD Vance visited a remote American military base in Greenland and accused Denmark – a NATO ally of the US – of underinvesting there.

The issue then gradually drifted out of the headlines but, in August, Danish officials again summoned the US ambassador – following a report that at least three people with connections to Mr Trump had carried out covert influence operations in Greenland.


President Donald Trump has said America ‘needs’ Greenland for ‘international security’.

The territory’s strategic position between Europe and North America makes it a key site for the US ballistic missile defence system, while its mineral wealth has heightened US interest in reducing reliance on Chinese exports.

Earlier this month, the Danish Defence Intelligence Service said in an annual report that the US was using its economic power to “assert its will” and threaten military force against friend and foe alike.

Denmark's Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen (left) greets Greenland's Prime Minister, Jens-Frederik Nielsen.
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Denmark’s Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen (left) greets Greenland’s Prime Minister, Jens-Frederik Nielsen.

Read more:
Head of US Greenland base sacked after criticising JD Vance
Denmark’s PM says ‘you can’t spy against an ally’

The report also highlighted the rising strategic importance of the Arctic to great power countries as “conflict between Russia and the West intensifies.

It went on to say that the growing security and strategic focus on the Arctic by the US would “further accelerate these developments”.

Russian President Vladimir Putin has said Russia is worried about NATO’s activities in the Arctic and will respond by strengthening its military capability in the polar region.

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