Steve first spotted the eye-catching stickers while walking to the shops in Burton upon Trent. Plastered on bins and lamp posts, they featured a shiny, green cannabis leaf with a QR code and the words “get your delivery”.
The former prison officer, who is in his 50s, wanted to try the Class B drug as an alternative to prescribed opiates to ease his pain after breaking his back in three places.
He had only recently moved to the Staffordshire market town and was reluctant to buy off the street. “I didn’t want to just tap up some roadman,” he says.
Using his smartphone camera, he was taken to a slick, colourful site on the open web offering a wide range of cannabis products – from vapes and tinctures to pre-rolled joints, buds and gummies.
Just like legitimate online shops, it promised free delivery to arrive the next day and had glowing reviews on Google and Trustpilot.
Steve (not his real name) went on to order products including vapes and herbal cannabis.
“The first time I was shaking… when the postman came down the path – the package absolutely stank,” he says.
“It’s letterbox shaped so you don’t get a knock. The postman shoves it through your door and that’s it – job done.”
(Watch a video demonstration of how the QR codes work)
Similar stickers have been reported across the UK, from cities such as Birmingham, Glasgow and London, to smaller towns including Shrewsbury, in Shropshire, and Droitwich, in Worcestershire. There have also been sightings in South Wales.
Some have appeared near schools, universities and police stations.
Hidden gang network
A Sky News investigation has identified three different sticker designs, each of which directs users to separate, but linked, websites (which we are not naming), with their own branding.
Hidden in their source code is a long list of bank accounts and business names which are randomly selected when users make a purchase.
Image: One of the stickers on a litter bin
Using publicly available tools, we were able to build a network map of the businesses involved, the people behind them and how they are linked.
All are Lithuanian nationals, mostly registered to addresses in a small area of east London, one of which is linked to an alleged gangster found guilty of kidnap and torture in Lithuania.
Royal Mail tracking details also suggest the operation is based in this area as the packages passed through Romford’s mail centre.
An analysis of Bitcoin wallets – carried out by TRM Labs – shows one of the sites had received around $109,000 (£82,000) by mid-March, although the true income is likely to be far higher as more buyers use regular bank transfers than cryptocurrency.
When we visited a woman who owns two of the houses associated with the bank accounts, she said she had never heard of the website and had no idea a criminal enterprise may be being run from her properties.
She also said three Lithuanian nationals we identified as being connected with the site had left the UK.
Image: Former NCA head of drugs Tony Saggers says it shows the ‘evolution of online drug markets’
Former head of drugs threat and intelligence for the National Crime Agency (NCA), Tony Saggers, says the scale of the operation suggests those behind it have access to wholesale quantities of cannabis, which has probably been grown in the UK.
It also demonstrates the “evolution of online drug markets” from the dark web to open websites, “making them more accessible to the wider population”, he tells Sky News.
Ben (not his real name), a student in his early 20s, scanned a QR code sticker out of “genuine curiosity” after spotting it on a telecoms cabinet near the University of York.
He’d never bought or used drugs before but says he “had a moment of free will and the risk of losing money was minimal so I tried it”.
“Perhaps it’s something to do with the website, it’s like you are buying a professional regulated product so that made me worry less.”
A £10 pre-rolled joint arrived by Royal Mail first class post in “branded packaging and looked clean and professional”.
However, he says he didn’t enjoy smoking it and for his “mental health” hasn’t bought any more.
Image: A £10 pre-rolled joint arrived by first-class post
‘Russian roulette’
Dr Simon Erridge, research director at Curaleaf Clinic, where specialist doctors can legally prescribe medical cannabis, says people like Steve and Ben are playing “Russian roulette”.
The clinic has run a campaign using its own QR code stickers, which direct people to results from its study with Manchester Metropolitan University.
It found 90% of 60 illegal cannabis samples seized by the Greater Manchester and Northumbria police forces were contaminated with mould, yeast, lead, E.coli or salmonella.
An analysis of WEDINOS data, a service that tests drugs sent in by users, found 43% of the 1,635 samples bought as cannabis contained no compounds naturally derived from the plant.
Some 38% contained harmful substances, with 27% containing synthetic chemicals such as spice, a drug which is popular in prisons and that can cause dangerous side effects including cardiac arrest.
The clinic’s research also shows consumer habits are changing.
A survey of 500 cannabis users last year found that while street dealers are still the most common source (45%), just above friends and family (44%), more people are buying online.
Image: A clinic is running its own QR campaign to inform people about the risks. Pic: CuraLeaf Clinic/Third City PR
Some 7% said they had engaged with QR codes, while the use of websites offering illegal cannabis products almost doubled from 6% in 2022 to around one in ten (11%) in 2024.
The trend is even more pronounced among young adults, with 15% of 18-24-year-olds buying cannabis online.
Sarah (not her real name), a professional in her 40s, says “buying on the streets isn’t an option for me”. She has bought fake cannabis vapes through Instagram in the past.
But she says tests confirmed THC was present in a vape she bought through one of the websites.
It’s illegal to possess and sell products containing THC without a prescription, but Sarah says she’s more worried about losing money if the package gets intercepted.
“I don’t think the police would do much anyway,” she says.
What are police doing about it?
Supply can carry a maximum 14-year prison sentence, with five years for possession, although those caught with a small amount of cannabis are often dealt with by way of a warning or on-the-spot fine.
Police are aware QR code stickers are being used to sell drugs and see it as part of the evolution of how criminals have adopted technology.
They believe they could be used as evidence in future prosecutions, although none of the forces we contacted, where the issue has been reported, were able to point to any arrests.
Derbyshire Police says officers are on the look-out for stickers and will remove them when out on patrol but have not yet been able to identify the people responsible.
Detective Constable Matt Pedrick, from West Mercia Police, another area where the stickers have been reported, says any website advertising the sale of cannabis “is probably based outside the UK”.
“We remove the stickers when we find them, and would advise anyone to steer clear of these websites and to remember that drugs laws apply to all drugs regardless of where they are purchased.”
Police also believe the stickers aren’t just a matter for their officers and want councils, businesses and transport companies to remove them – and for postal services to ensure they’re not inadvertently helping supply drugs.
Ex-NCA officer Tony Saggers says the brazen nature of the operation suggests those behind it are “laughing in the face of law enforcement” but doesn’t think it represents decriminalisation by the back door.
He says the combination of an online marketplace and a drug that’s a lower priority for police “make it easier for some people to get away with that for periods of time”.
“But I wouldn’t ever suggest that they’re always going to get away with it because people’s time does come round,” he says.
“And if a site that’s doing well and selling high volumes and increasingly high volumes continues to be successful, they’re more likely to attract attention.”
We contacted the NCA about our findings.
“Many organised crime groups selling drugs use social media and communication platforms to promote and sell their illicit produce,” it said in a statement.
“The NCA is working with partners across law enforcement and government to tackle drug trafficking.”
It suggested we contact the Metropolitan Police and Ofcom, which regulates the postal service.
The Met pointed us to the National Police Chiefs’ Council (NPCC) because “the website covers the UK”, but the NPCC would not provide a comment on the record.
Police have said they are investigating a “racially aggravated” rape in the West Midlands.
Officers were called just before 8.30am on Tuesday after a Sikh woman in her 20s reported being attacked by two white men in the area around Tame Road in Oldbury.
The Sikh Federation (UK) said the perpetrators allegedly told the woman during the attack: “You don’t belong in this country, get out.”
One of the men is described as having a shaved head, of heavy build, and was reported to be wearing a dark coloured sweatshirt and gloves.
The second man was reportedly wearing a grey top with a silver zip.
West Midland Police said it is being treated as a “racially aggravated attack” and has appealed for anyone in the area who may have seen the men to contact the force.
Chief Superintendent Kim Madill said: “We are working really hard to identify those responsible, with CCTV, forensic and other enquiries well under way.
“We fully understand the anger and worry that this has caused, and I am speaking to people in the community today to reassure them that we are doing everything we can to identify and arrest those responsible.
“Incidents like this are incredibly rare, but people can expect to see extra patrols in the area.”
Dabinderjit Singh, the lead executive for political engagement at the Sikh Federation (UK), said: “The current racist political environment is driven by popularism and created by politicians playing the anti-immigration card who are unashamedly exploiting those with right-wing and racist views.
“More than 48 hours later we await the public condemnation by politicians on all sides of this brutal racist and sexual attack where a young Sikh woman has been viciously beaten and raped.”
Gurinder Singh Josan, Labour MP for Smethwick, wrote on X: “This is a truly horrific attack and my thoughts are with the victim.”
He added: “The incidence is being treated as a hate crime.
“The police are working extremely sympathetically with the victim at her pace who has been traumatised by the attack.
“We are grateful for all the CCTV and information that has already been forthcoming from the community.”
“It makes me sad. We left when our country had the troubles so we should have in this world… the humanity”.
We’re sitting in a cafe in Tamworth and Noor, 19, is explaining how it feels to know there are people in the town who don’t want him here.
Noor is from Afghanistan and came to the UK on a small boat.
The cafe is close to the asylum hotel where he’s staying.
Image: The group met in a cafe in Tamworth
He’s agreed to come along with four other men from the hotel to speak to locals about the concern in the town over the Staffordshire hotel being used to house asylum seekers.
There was a peaceful demonstration outside the hotel last month. But last year, a protest here turned ugly. Windows were smashed, petrol bombs thrown, and part of the hotel was set alight.
Among the locals in the cafe is Tom, 25, who reveals he was at both protests.
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Image: Tom (left) has attended anti-migration protests in Tamworth
He says he was persuaded to go by friends and explains to the group why they decided to go.
“They were annoyed, angry, fuming that the government had let them [asylum seekers] live in a hotel,” he says.
Noor, who speaks the best English of the asylum seekers in the group, replies: “What did we do wrong?”
Image: Noor says he is upset by people who do not want him in the UK
“Your government accepts us as asylum seekers,” he continues.
Tom thinks. “I’m more annoyed with the government than you guys,” he tells them.
‘A place to get the golden ticket’
Noor explains to the group how he ended up in the UK. He left Afghanistan four years ago with his family but they were separated on the journey. He doesn’t know where they are.
Heather, a 29-year-old local accountant, speaks up.
Image: Heather says protests outside hotels makes asylum seekers fearful
“When people protest, I’m like, why don’t you protest near the government?” she asks. “Why don’t you take your issue to them rather than being outside the hotel?”
“Those asylum seekers aren’t going to change the policy at all,” she adds. “It’s just going to make them fearful.”
Each of the locals in the cafe has their own take on why some don’t like the asylum seekers living in their town.
“I think they feel like they’re living better than the British people, some of them, and it’s almost like they feel offended,” says Andrew, 47.
“Some people in the UK see how the asylum seekers are coming over to Britain because they see it as a place to get the golden ticket,” he adds.
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10:54
UK’s unprecedented immigration figures
Heather agrees. She says the NHS is a draw and the UK also has “different border control regulations that might be seen as weaker than in some other countries”.
“You get to stay in a hotel,” she tells the asylum seekers. “You get the free health care. And so I think that’s why they’re a little bit annoyed.”
Noor replies: “One thing I should tell you is that when we cross the English Channel, it means we don’t care about our life. It’s very dangerous.”
Image: Noor and four other asylum seekers joined the meeting
Links to the UK
I’m keen to know why they chose to come to Britain. Noor tells the group it’s because he has a relative here and speaks the language.
Azim, 22, who is also from Afghanistan, says he came here because people in the UK “have respect to Islam”.
He also has a family member here.
Image: Azim says people in the UK are respectful of Islam
I ask them if they could have claimed asylum in France, but Noor says his “only hope was England”.
He says it’s “better for education” here. All the men agree it’s seen as the better place to come.
The conversation moves to the protests this summer which began in Epping, Essex, after an asylum seeker there was charged with sexually assaulting a schoolgirl – an offence he has now been convicted of.
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56:38
In full: The Immigration Debate
Noor believes British people have a right to be angry about that. He tells the group he believes that asylum seekers who commit crimes “should get back to their country”.
“We also [do] not support them,” he says.
Over the course of the meeting, the mood becomes more relaxed. People with different views find some common ground.
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3:30
Immigration Debate audience have their say
Noor tells the group that if things improve in Afghanistan he would like to go back there one day.
If not, he hopes he’ll stay in the UK and earn enough to repay in taxes the bill for the hotel he’s staying in now.
It has been a frank exchange. Some in this town will never want asylum seekers here and people like Noor and Azim know it.
But they were placed here by the Home Office and can only wait until their asylum claims are processed.
“Mum is teaching yoga and English to her cellmates in Iranian prison.”
It’s now over eight months since British couple Lindsay and Craig Foreman were detained in Iran.
Last week, during a long-awaited visit from British ambassador Hugo Shorter, it was confirmed that the pair continue to endure tough conditions with no indication of how – or when – the legal process will proceed.
“They’re both coping, making the best of a bad situation. They’re in conditions you can’t even imagine.”
Image: Lindsay Foreman with son Joe Bennett. Pic: Family handout
Speaking to Sky News, their son Joe Bennett explained how the couple have been crammed into cells with more than 50 other prisoners, while suffering constant back pain caused by metal bunk beds.
“The beds are stacked three high. It’s unsanitary. It’s hot. There are often power outages and they’re in 50-degree heat.”
Image: Craig and Lindsay Foreman. Pic: Family handout
Lindsay and Craig, both 52, were arrested in early January in Iran, as they crossed the country on motorbikes as part of an around-the-world adventure. The couple had left Spain just a few weeks earlier and were aiming to drive all the way to Australia.
They were charged with espionage and have been transferred to various prisons around Iran, with little information provided to British diplomatic staff about their whereabouts.
Joe and the rest of the family have only managed to speak to their parents once on the phone. “In a brief conversation that I had with my mum, we managed to share a laugh and a lot of tears as well. But it’s a test of time, how long they can keep this up for.”
Image: Pic: Family handout
The UK ambassador’s meeting with Craig was the first in over four months, and despite suffering from untreated dental pain, he quipped about becoming a “reluctant Arsenal supporter” while watching football on television with other prisoners.
The couple were previously held together in a facility in the Iranian city of Kerman but have been moved to separate prisons in the capital, Tehran. Family members are calling on the Iranians to move Lindsay into the same facility where Craig is being detained.
Image: Pic: Family handout
Their son acknowledged in his interview with Sky News that he was frustrated with his parents when they were arrested in January. Family members had urged them not to travel through the country.
“I had that natural reaction that some of the public do – why did they go? It’s idiotic, you’re going against the advice, and it serves them right. That’s fair enough when you don’t know them [but] just picture your parents having a bit of a sense of adventure… it’s a different story.”
The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office says it is “deeply concerned” about the couple, adding, “we continue to raise this case directly with the Iranian authorities”.
Members of the Foreman family are urging the British government and the new foreign secretary, Yvette Cooper, to take direct action to improve harsh prison conditions and urgently organise for Lindsay and Craig’s release.
“I need them home, you know, and I need them home as soon as possible. We need them, the family miss them dearly – so we’re going to do everything we can to make that possible.”