Kazakhstan, the Maldives and Pakistan have recently outlined ambitions to position themselves as crypto hubs and build out their digital economies.

Historically, these countries haven’t been top of mind for global crypto firms — though Kazakhstan did have a brief moment in the spotlight as a go-to destination for Bitcoin (BTC) miners after China’s mining ban.

Meanwhile, established financial centers are now in a race to become the world’s leading crypto hub by finding the right balance of regulation, talent, capital and infrastructure.

Here’s how five of them are backing their crypto dreams.

Singapore is the crypto hub with parental guidance

Singapore has long stood out as a financial hub, bolstered by its AAA credit rating, low corporate tax rates and pro-business regulations. With the emergence of digital assets, the Lion City is among the front-runners in the crypto hub race.

Singapore was among the early movers in crypto regulation. Its Payment Services Act (PSA) of 2019 — enacted in 2020 — was one of Asia’s first comprehensive legal frameworks that covered crypto activities. 

The PSA uses the term “digital payment token” (DPT) to define digital representation of value that can be transferred, stored or traded electronically — like crypto.

At the time of writing, there are 33 DPT service providers licensed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), the city-state’s central bank. Casper Johansen, co-founder of Singapore- and Hong Kong-based Spartan Group, said license approvals have moved at a measured pace, giving faster-moving hubs like Dubai room to catch up.

“Singapore is more of an institutional financial hub than a retail financial hub,” Johansen said, alluding to the city-state’s limitations on crypto marketing to retail investors.

“The ban on marketing to retail has not affected Singapore’s position as a global crypto hub. Crypto firms set up in Singapore for the low and transparent taxes, strong regulatory framework and rule of law, world-class professional services, ease of living and global connectivity,” Johansen added.

But cracks have emerged recently, particularly around immigration and hiring policy. In late 2024, concerns flared when the CEO of blockchain analytics firm Nansen, Alex Svanevik, shared that he was denied permanent residency. The government has ramped up efforts to prioritize local hiring amid growing political sensitivity over foreign labor.

UAE rolls out the welcome mat for crypto hub status

Unlike other crypto hub contenders, Dubai has a dedicated digital asset regulator, the Virtual Assets Regulatory Authority (VARA). 

Its wide-ranging licensing regime provides clear guidelines — even for NFT platforms — which major economies like the European Union have yet to address. The EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) framework currently excludes NFTs.

VARA’s clarity is appealing to companies frustrated by regulatory uncertainty elsewhere. Binance, a borderless exchange with no official head office, has had to rethink that model under global regulatory pressure — and the exchange’s ties to the UAE have been growing.

Richard Teng, former CEO of free zone Abu Dhabi Global Market, took over as the CEO of Binance after Zhao, and has recently hinted that UAE is a strong candidate for the exchange’s headquarters, though a decision hasn’t been made yet.

The UAE also provides its own incentives, such as no personal income tax and free zones like the Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC) and Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) offer 0% corporate tax advantages and 100% foreign ownership.

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Crypto firms have reported easier access to banking services in Dubai, which is an improvement over the challenges companies say they’ve faced in the US under “Operation Chokepoint 2.0.”

Hong Kong makes crypto hub push with retail access and staking ETFs

Hong Kong has long acted as a financial gateway to mainland China, where crypto activities like mining and trading remain banned.

Previously, the city had a voluntary licensing regime, when only OSL and HashKey were licensed to serve institutions and professional investors. In Hong Kong, professional investors are legally defined as those with portfolios worth at least 8 million Hong Kong dollars (about $1 million). 

It was later updated to the mandatory regime, launched in 2023, which opened the doors to retail. 

The shift to mandatory licensing marked a turning point. OSL and HashKey became the first exchanges authorized to serve retail investors, while firms like Bybit and OKX withdrew their applications and exited the market. As of now, 10 platforms are licensed, while 15 have either withdrawn or been rejected.

Hong Kong has made further strides with the listing of Bitcoin and Ether (ETH) ETFs, and recently approved staking within Ether ETFs, which is not yet permitted in the US. It has also introduced stablecoin sandboxes under the supervision of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority to trial approved digital assets in a controlled environment.

“Sandboxes are an experiment, so too are staking ETFs,” said Kelvin Koh, a Spartan Group co-founder. “The key point is that these experiments are happening in Hong Kong.”

Hong Kong recently released its ASPIRe roadmap in February 2025, which aims to foster blockchain innovation and fill regulatory gaps to set the city up as a global crypto hub.

Trump 2.0 dreams of crypto hub

US crypto firms were stuck in regulatory gridlock under the Securities and Exchange Commission formerly led by Gary Gensler, whose aggressive “regulation by enforcement” strategy triggered years-long legal battles.

That changed with the inauguration of President Donald Trump, who has embraced a crypto-friendly stance. The SEC has since dropped multiple high-profile cases and investigations, including those against Coinbase, Uniswap and Consensys, signaling a shifting regulatory climate that is prepared to welcome back crypto to US soil.

President Trump declares the US the future capital of AI and crypto. Source: The White House

Binance.US resumed US dollar services in February after 18 months of restriction that followed enforcement action from the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, a $2.7-billion settlement and a four-month prison sentence for ex-Binance CEO Changpeng Zhao.

Related: 8 major crypto firms announce US expansion this year

Rival exchange OKX reentered the US market in April 2025 after a $500-million settlement with the Department of Justice. Also in April, Nexo announced — during an event with Trump’s son in attendance — that it rekindled its American dream after scrapping it in 2022.

Traditional finance is warming up, with institutional investments flooding into Bitcoin and Ether spot ETFs, provided by some of the world’s largest asset managers, including the $11.5-trillion giant BlackRock.

The financial love affair goes both ways as crypto firms are also increasingly open to integrating into the existing US infrastructure. 

Galaxy Digital listed on Nasdaq on May 16, Circle is considering another IPO attempt, and Hong Kong’s blockchain unicorn Animoca Brands is now eyeing a New York listing, citing Trump’s stance on crypto.

The world’s largest financial center, New York City, is making its own move. Mayor Eric Adams said on May 12 that the Big Apple is “open for business” with crypto companies. 

UK’s crypto hub push goes quiet, but London’s still calling

In 2023, then-Prime Minister Rishi Sunak launched a bold vision to make the UK a global crypto hub, pushing for stablecoins to be recognized as regulated payment instruments and outlining a broader framework to integrate crypto into the country’s financial system. 

That momentum translated into real movement: In April 2025, the UK Treasury released near-final legislation aimed at bringing crypto assets — like trading platforms, stablecoins and staking services — within the country’s regulatory perimeter.

The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) is now consulting on how to regulate intermediaries, lending and other core parts of the ecosystem, signaling continued regulatory development.

But while the machinery of regulation keeps turning, the political will has cooled. As Arvin Abraham, partner at law firm Goodwin’s private equity group, told Cointelegraph, crypto was once central to Sunak’s competitiveness agenda, but under the current Labour government, that focus has faded.

The new Financial Services Growth and Competitiveness Strategy, spearheaded by Chancellor Rachel Reeves, highlights fintech as a priority without a focus solely on crypto.

“The UK does not feel like it’s prioritizing it as much as it was a few years ago,” Abraham said.

Abraham added the UK remains “one of the best places to set up a new startup,” especially for early-stage capital raising. 

He points to generous tax incentives for angel investors and the unique convergence of finance and startups in London, calling it “probably one of the best cities in the world for fintech-type businesses.” 

In that sense, even without headline-grabbing crypto policy, the UK’s structural appeal still draws Web3 firms — just now with a quieter backdrop.

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A court decision in Australia could open the door to as much as $640 million in capital gains tax (CGT) refunds on Bitcoin transactions after a judge ruled that crypto should be treated as money rather than a taxable asset. 

On May 19, the Australian Financial Review (AFR) reported that the decision arose within a criminal case involving federal police officer William Wheatley, who allegedly stole 81.6 Bitcoin (BTC) in 2019. At the time, the assets were worth roughly $492,000. At current market prices, the tokens are valued at more than $13 million.

In the case, Judge Michael O’Connell of Victoria ruled that Bitcoin qualifies as a form of money rather than property, likening the digital asset to Australian dollars rather than to shares, gold or foreign currency.

The interpretation could set a legal precedent, potentially placing Bitcoin transactions outside the scope of Australia’s current CGT regime.

New court ruling challenges Australian crypto tax laws

In an AFR interview, tax lawyer Adrian Cartland said the verdict “totally upends” the Australian Taxation Office’s (ATO) current position. 

Since 2014, the ATO has classified crypto assets as CGT assets. This means that users must pay tax when selling or trading them. Under the ATO’s guidance, any disposal of Bitcoin, including selling it for fiat, exchanging it for another crypto or using it to purchase goods or services, constitutes a CGT event. 

This framework has been the basis for taxing cryptocurrency transactions in Australia for over a decade. However, the recent ruling challenges the approach by suggesting that Bitcoin functions more like money than property. This potentially exempts it from CGT.

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Tax refunds could reach $640 million

Cartland said it was held that Bitcoin is Australian money. “That is, it is not a CGT asset. Therefore, acquisitions and disposals of Bitcoin have no tax consequences,” the tax lawyer added. 

If the ruling is upheld on the appeal, Cartland estimates that there could be potential tax refunds totalling 1 billion Australian dollars ($640 million). 

However, while Cartland thinks there could be up to a billion in refunds, the ATO said there were no official figures that confirm the amount to be potentially refunded if the case changes how Bitcoin is taxed in Australia. 

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