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Mars used to be a wetter world. Scientists have long pointed to evidence like dried-up riverbeds and ancient lake basins. For that much water to exist, Mars would have needed a thicker atmosphere — one that could hold in heat and pressure. But today, Mars is cold, dry, and barely has any air. For the first time, NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft has directly observed a long-suspected process responsible for stripping away Mars’ atmosphere — sputtering. Understanding when and how that atmosphere disappeared is crucial for reconstructing the planet’s climate history and assessing its past potential to support life.

Sputtering

According to MAVEN’s findings from a new study, sputtering is a significant mechanism in atmospheric escape. In this mechanism energetic particles from solar wind collide with Mars’ upper atmosphere. These collisions, in principle, transfer enough energy to neutral atoms and help break them free from the planet’s gravitational pull, flinging them into space.

“It’s like doing a cannonball in a pool,” Shannon Curry, the principal investigator of the MAVEN mission at the University of Colorado Boulder who led the new study, said in a statement. “The cannonball, in this case, is the heavy ions crashing into the atmosphere really fast and splashing neutral atoms and molecules out.”

Using nine years of data, scientists created detailed maps of argon. The study also revealed that sputtering happens at a rate four times higher than previous models predicted, and intensifies during solar storms.

This suggests the process was far more extreme billions of years ago, when the young sun was more active and Mars had already lost its magnetic field. Without magnetic protection, the planet’s atmosphere was vulnerable to relentless solar wind. This accelerated the loss of atmosphere and leading to the disappearance of surface water.

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Mysterious Asteroid Impact Found in Australia, But the Crater is Missing

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Scientists have identified 11-million-year-old glass fragments in South Australia that record a massive asteroid impact never before known. Despite the event’s magnitude, the crater remains undiscovered, raising new questions about how often large asteroids have struck Earth and their role in shaping its surface.

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Ryugu Samples Reveal Ancient Water Flow on Asteroid for a Billion Years

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Microscopic samples from asteroid Ryugu reveal that liquid water once flowed through its parent body long after its formation. The finding, led by University of Tokyo scientists, suggests that such asteroids may have delivered far more water to early Earth than previously thought, offering a new perspective on how our planet’s oceans originated.

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Scientists Create Most Detailed Radio Map of Early Universe Using MWA

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Scientists using the Murchison Widefield Array in Australia analyzed nine years of radio data to study the elusive 21-cm hydrogen signal from the universe’s dark ages. Their findings suggest early black holes and stars had already heated cosmic gas, marking the first observational evidence of this warming phase.

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