Rhianan Rudd: How mother’s boyfriend played ‘significant’ role in radicalising youngest UK girl to face terror charges
Rhianan Rudd, who took her own life at the age of 16, was the youngest girl in the UK to be charged with terrorist offences.
The inquest into her death, which concluded today, revealed shocking details about her radicalisation by two American white supremacists, one of whom was her mother’s boyfriend, who the coroner said “played a material role in her radicalisation”.
Rhianan gouged a swastika into her forehead, downloaded a bomb-making manual and told her mother she planned to blow up a synagogue.
Investigated by anti-terrorism police and MI5, charges against her were later dropped, but five month later on 19 May 2022, she was found dead in her shower in a children’s home in Nottinghamshire. Hours earlier she had posted on Instagram: “I’m delving into madness.”
The evidence heard in Chesterfield Coroner’s Court from police, social services and even an MI5 operative, raised questions over the state’s part in her death – and whether, despite her obvious radicalisation, this vulnerable, autistic girl should have been treated with more care by the authorities.
Judge Alexia Durran said: “I’m not satisfied, on the balance of probabilities, Rhianan intended to take her own life. Rhianan’s death… was the result of a self-inflicted act but it is not possible to ascertain her intention.
“Rhianan was known, to family and professionals, to be vulnerable, to have autistic traits and have a history of self-harm.”
The coroner added: “I find she was highly affected by her arrest and was concerned about being sent to prison.”
It was not known what Rhianan was told by her legal team when the charges were dropped but this may have had a “psychological impact” on her, the coroner said.
Rhianan Rudd. Pic: Family handout
In an interview released at the verdict, Rhianan’s mother Emily Carter said her daughter “should never have been charged”, that she was failed by those investigating her, including MI5 and counter terrorism police, as well as being let down by mental health services and those caring for her at the home.
This was the most complex of cases, set at a time when our security services are seeing a growing number of children being arrested and charged for terrorist offences, while parents often seem oblivious to the radicalising material they are consuming online in their bedrooms.
Ms Durham’s ruling reflected this complexity, finding that while there were some failings the actions of the police and MI5 were “reasonable and proportionate”.
The coroner concluded today that she was satisfied that missed opportunities in her case were “not systemic”.
Judge Alexia Durran said: “In the circumstances I do not consider I should make a prevention of future deaths report.”
At the same she was unequivocal about the “significant” role played by two extremists in radicalising her.
It was her mother’s former boyfriend, an American she’d befriended though a US pen-pal prison scheme, who first introduced Rhianan to far-right ideology.
Dax Mallaburn had been part of a white supremacist prison gang in the US and subsequently came to the UK to live with Rhianan’s mother in September 2017, a year after she’d been to visit him in the US.
In the autumn of 2019, Rhianan alleged that he had touched her inappropriately but later withdrew the allegation and, after a social services assessment, Mr Mallaburn returned to the family home.
Ms Carter says: “In hindsight, he was a bad person but I never saw him talking Nazi stuff with her.”
Before Rhianan was arrested, Mr Mallaburn’s relationship with her mother had broken down and he returned to the US and then Mexico. However, during COVID, Rhianan appeared to contact another far-right extremist, Christopher Cook, and began an online relationship with him.
Cook, who was roughly 18 and living in Ohio, shared far-right texts with Rhianan along with a bomb-making manual, and during this time she became fixated with Adolf Hitler.
Emily Carter, the mother of Rhianan Rudd
Cook’s lawyer, Peter Scranton, says he too was radicalised online, and he came up with a plan to blow up power stations in the US, for which he was eventually arrested in August 2020, and in February 2022 he pleaded guilty to terrorism offences.
Cook, who was a misfit at school, suffering from “severe depression” according to his lawyer and was “essentially lashing out” as he tried to form a group to carry out his plan.
Mr Scranton told Sky News, “It was white nationalism, and they had this idea, and I don’t know why anyone would feel this way or how they thought it would work, that if they tore down the government and started over they could create a new United States of America that could look like the image that they would want – a white nationalist image.”
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Mr Scranton says Cook told him he didn’t radicalise Rhianan, and it was the former boyfriend, Dax Mallaburn, who’d initially got her into neo-Nazi ideology. However, the coroner found Cook was “a significant radicaliser of Rhianan” at a time when she was “isolated and unsupervised”.
Ms Carter says Rhianan was interested in German history because she was doing it at school and Cook was able to “pull her in”, to racial hatred and antisemitism. She says she didn’t know what was happening, despite having parental controls on Rhianan’s devices. She said: “I could hear her talking to people on there and I’d say who are you talking to and she’d say – just someone from school – and in fact I found out it wasn’t at all.
“When this person she was talking to disappeared, that’s when she sat down on my lap like a baby and cried. She told me this guy Chris had left her, and she was totally in love with him – then she came down and told me she had downloaded a bomb manual and I was like ‘Oh my god, what have you been doing’.”
Ms Carter decided to contact Prevent – a national program in the UK designed to stop individuals from becoming terrorists or supporting terrorism
She says: “I thought putting her in a deradicalisation programme would be a fairly easy undo ‘brain pick’, But it wasn’t until the police turned up that I thought ‘hang on a minute this is a lot deeper than I actually thought it was at first’.”
Ms Carter and her lawyers have argued that the police were heavy-handed, that there should have been a psychological assessment before she was even questioned over terrorism offences.
“There were 19 police officers to arrest a 5ft 1, 14-year-old girl who weighs seven stone. It was over the top,” says Ms Carter.
Once Rhianan was charged, the deradicalisation work under Prevent was put on hold. Ms Carter thinks this was a mistake.
She says: “Leaving her with her own thoughts throughout the entire time of going through the police interviews and everything else – the deradicalisation would have changed the way she was seeing things – I believe she would have been able to handle it all so much better.”
The coroner described the police arrest and interview as “necessary and conducted appropriately” and that, while ceasing the Prevent intervention was an “unfortunate consequence” of the police investigation, it was “an appropriate step”.
During police interviews, Rhianan described being coerced and groomed, including sexually, and having sent explicit images of herself to Cook.
Lawyers representing the family say police and MI5 knew she was the victim of child sexual exploitation but failed to refer her to the relevant body – the National Referral Mechanism.
It was only after a social worker made the referral, that she was identified as a child victim and then the charges were dropped, by which time she had been subject to investigation and prosecution for 15 months.
The coroner agreed that there was a “systems failure” due to a lack of training both within the police and the Derbyshire council who both had had “significant information” that she was a potential victim of modern slavery.
However, she also said it “was impossible to know” whether this would have led to the CPS dropping their charges sooner, “nor that if had more than minimal impact on Rhianan’s death”.
Ms Carter says if she’d been treated differently “she’d be troubled, but I do think she’d still be alive”.
Rhianan’s family say the security services knew her vulnerabilities and that she had a tendency to self-harm, but they failed to take this into account.
Ms Carter said: “I admit my mistakes and I want the organisations to admit their mistakes. There were failings and they need to admit them.”
This ruling however found that the state did not play a role in Rhianan’s death under article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
For the most part, her vulnerabilities were known and taken into consideration. It does however show how extremists will exploit children with mental health problems, young people who are struggling with life who may be a danger to society, but also a risk to themselves.
Counter Terrorism Policing said it offered “sincere condolences to Rhianan’s family and loved ones for their terrible loss”.
Assistant Chief Constable Di Coulson, speaking on behalf of Counter Terrorism Policing in the East Midlands (CTPEM) and Derbyshire Constabulary, said: “This was a complex case involving a very vulnerable young person, who had been subjected to radicalisation.
“Rhianan’s tragic death was clearly devastating for her family. It was felt profoundly by the officers directly involved, but also across Counter Terrorism Policing as a whole.
“Rhianan’s case was a stark moment for our management of the growing numbers of children and young people in our casework – so often presenting vulnerability as well as risk and threat to the public.
“Since Rhianan’s death, we continue to work alongside our partners to evolve the way we approach cases involving children and, where feasible, attempt to rehabilitate and deradicalise, rather than investigate and convict.
“We welcome the findings of the Chief Coroner today, and while we have already made substantial improvements to the way we manage these cases, we will carefully review the findings and make any further changes in order to improve our protection of the public against terrorism.”
Anyone feeling emotionally distressed or suicidal can call Samaritans for help on 116 123 or email jo@samaritans.org in the UK. In the US, call the Samaritans branch in your area or 1 (800) 273-TALK
Black Sabbath have paid tribute to their former frontman Ozzy Osbourne after the megastar died at the age of 76.
Osbourne’s death on Tuesday morning was announced in a statement, which said he died surrounded by his family.
His death came just weeks after he reunited with his Black Sabbath bandmates – Tony Iommi, Terence “Geezer” Butler and Bill Ward – and performed a huge farewell concert for fans.
The band paid tribute to him on Instagram by sharing an image of Osbourne on stage at the farewell gig in Birmingham and writing “Ozzy Forever”.
Ozzy Osbourne’s life in pictures
Iommi, the band’s lead guitarist, said he was in disbelief at the news.
“It’s just such heartbreaking news that I can’t really find the words, there won’t ever be another like him. Geezer, Bill and myself have lost our brother.”
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Watch: Ozzy’s last concert
Butler, Black Sabbath’s bassist and primary lyricist, thanked Osbourne for “all those years – we had some great fun”.
He said: “Four kids from Aston – who’d have thought, eh? So glad we got to do it one last time, back in Aston. Love you.”
The original drummer for Black Sabbath, Bill Ward, posted a picture of him and Osbourne on Facebook saying: “Where will I find you now? In the memories, our unspoken embraces, our missed phone calls, no, you’re forever in my heart.”
Osbourne with his wife Sharon during the 46th Annual Grammy Awards. Pic: AP
Sir Elton John described Osbourne as his “dear friend” and a “huge trailblazer” who “secured his place in the pantheon of rock gods”.
“He was also one of the funniest people I’ve ever met,” the singer wrote on Instagram.
Ronnie Wood, of The Rolling Stones, wrote: “I am so very sad to hear of the death of Ozzy Osbourne. What a lovely goodbye concert he had at Back To The Beginning in Birmingham.”
Born John Michael Osbourne on 3 December 1948 in Aston, Birmingham, he became known as the godfather of heavy metal.
The self-styled Prince of Darkness pioneered the music genre with Black Sabbath before going on to have huge success in his own right.
He was famous for hits including Iron Man, Paranoid, War Pigs, Crazy Train and Changes, both with the band and as a solo star.
Legendary American heavy metal band Metallica shared an image of them with Osbourne from 1986 along with an emoji of a broken heart.
Posting on Instagram, Sir Rod Stewart said: “Sleep well, my friend. I’ll see you up there – later rather than sooner.”
Queen guitarist Sir Brian May said he was “grateful I was able to have a few quiet words” with Osbourne after his farewell show at Villa Park three weeks ago.
He said the world will miss the singer’s “unique presence and fearless talent”.
Foo Fighters said in a social media post: “Rock and Roll would not be as loud or as fun” without Osbourne, while Led Zeppelin front man Robert Plant wrote he had “truly changed the planet of rock”.
UK
Ozzy Osbourne obituary: Heavy metal, reality TV, and biting bats – the wild life of Birmingham’s Prince Of Darkness
“You’ve no idea how I feel – thank you from the bottom of my heart,” an emotional Ozzy Osbourne told fans as he performed from a throne on stage at his beloved Villa Park, reunited with Black Sabbath, less than three weeks ago.
It was an exit on his own terms by heavy metal’s biggest character, with a supporting line-up of hard rock luminaries including Slayer, Metallica and Guns’n’Roses, all inspired by his music.
With Black Sabbath, Osbourne was at the forefront of heavy metal. As Ozzy, he was one of the biggest rock stars in the world. Nowhere was this more evident than at the Back To The Beginning in his home city, where 40,000 fans gathered to see the show billed as his “final bow”.
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Ozzy’s final show
“Without Sabbath, there would be no Metallica,” frontman James Hetfield told the crowd in Birmingham.
It was a sentiment echoed by many of the other acts who performed on stage. Announced by his wife Sharon earlier this year, the show was a chance for the performer to reunite with Black Sabbath and say thank you and farewell to fans after years of health problems, including Parkinson’s disease, which had forced him to cancel recent tour shows.
Other celebrities, from Sir Elton John to Dolly Parton, sent video messages of support. Fans knew it would be his last performance, but could not have known his death, at the age of 76, would come so soon.
It was a truly metal goodbye.
Black Sabbath in the 1970s. Pic: Everett/Shutterstock
‘I think there’s a wild man in everybody’
John Michael Osbourne was born in Solihull in December 1948 and grew up in the Aston area of the West Midlands city.
As a teenager, he was bullied at school. Drink and drugs later became a way to escape his fears, he said in interviews, and after leaving school at 15, he worked several jobs, including labouring and in an abattoir.
It was hearing The Beatles, he said, that made him want to be a musician.
“I think there’s a wild man in everybody,” he says in a resurfaced interview clip. “Ozzy Osbourne and John Osbourne is two different people. John Osbourne is talking to you now.” His eyes widen a little manically, he grins, the voice cranks up. “But if you want to be Ozzy Osbourne, it’s like… it just takes over you.”
(L-R) Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne and Geezer Butler of Black Sabbath at the Grammys in 2014
In 1967, he was recruited to the band that two years later would become Black Sabbath, inspired by a film of the same title. This was a line-up of four working-class schoolfriends – Tony Iommi, Bill Ward and Geezer Butler, alongside Ozzy – who twisted heavy blues into something darker, creating a sound and otherworldly image that felt new, exciting and rebellious.
A self-titled debut album was released in 1970 and made the Top 10 in the UK. The follow-up, Paranoid, released just seven months later, topped the charts after the single of the same name became their big breakthrough. The album also included the unforgettable Iron Man and the anti-war protest song War Pigs – its unmistakeable riff inspiring the Arctic Monkeys’ 2014 single, Arabella.
Black Sabbath went on to release six more albums with Osbourne at the helm before he was fired in 1979 due to his drinking and substance use, something he claimed was no better or worse than other members at the time.
Osbourne in 1978. Pic: Andrew Kent/Retna/Mediapunch/Shutterstock
In 1980, he returned with his debut solo album, Blizzard Of Oz, and the lead single Crazy Train. As a solo artist, he went on to release 13 studio albums – the last being Patient Number 9, in 2022 – and had hits with songs including Mr Crowley, Diary Of A Madman, No More Tears, Bark At The Moon and Shot In The Dark.
His first UK number one was a re-recording of the Black Sabbath ballad Changes, as a duet with his daughter, Kelly, in 2003, and his collaborations over the years included everyone from Alice Cooper (Hey Stoopid in 1991) and Post Malone (Take What You Want in 2019) to, in a somewhat unusual move, Hollywood star Kim Basinger for a re-recording of the dance hit Shake Your Head by Was (Not Was) in 1992.
With Black Sabbath and as a solo star, he is estimated to have sold 100 million records throughout his career – for context, this is reportedly on a par with Sir Paul McCartney’s solo sales – so the numbers speak for themselves.
With daughter Kelly Osbourne and wife Sharon in 2020. Pic: AP
Biting the bat
Osbourne was also a huge personality and played up to his hellraising image – the Prince of Darkness.
The most famous Ozzy story goes like this.
The singer was on stage in Des Moines, Iowa, 1982, when the bat appeared. He assumed it was a toy. So, like any good hellraiser would do, he bit its head off.
Pic: Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP
For more than 40 years, he found himself jokily fielding questions about bats. What do they taste like? (Salty). What happened afterwards? (Headline news, painful rabies shots). Do you have any pets? (Yes. They’re all dead).
“I get a lot of weird people at my concerts,” he told David Letterman in 1982, of how the animal came to appear in front of him. “It’s rock ‘n’ roll, y’know”.
He was sometimes irritated by the bat connection. But he also played up to the image, recounting the story in interviews, offering plush bat toys among his merch, and appearing as himself, biting a bat, in the 2000 Adam Sandler comedy Little Nicky, about the son of Satan.
Known for catapulting raw meat at fans during gigs, there were plenty of other tales of darkness and debauchery. Osbourne’s wild persona and on-stage theatrics always went hand-in-hand with the music.
From Prince of Darkness to reality TV
He was famously managed by his wife, Sharon, whom he first met when her dad, Don Arden, was managing Black Sabbath. As well as the music, Sharon and Ozzy together founded the Ozzfest festival tours in 1996 – and in 2002 came his second act.
It’s hard to imagine it now, but before the perfectly coiffed Kardashians it was a scruffy 50-something rocker from Birmingham and his family who ruled the Hollywood reality TV scene. As with his music, he was a pioneer – this time round of a new era of addictive viewing.
The Osbournes followed the lives of Ozzy and Sharon and two of their children, Kelly and Jack (their eldest daughter, Aimee, famously had nothing to do with the show), and the family fallouts and sunny California culture clash proved to be a ratings winner. The MTV series catapulted the metal star to global mainstream celebrity heights.
His marriage to Sharon was tumultuous but the pair always stayed together, and they renewed their wedding vows in 2017. Sharon was the driving force behind Ozzy’s successes, to him eventually getting clean, and behind his farewell show.
Metallica frontman James Hetfield was among those who paid tribute at his final gig earlier in July. Pic: Ross Halfin
Despite weathering the storm of drink and drug use, Osbourne’s air of indestructibility was challenged when a quad bike accident left him with a broken collar bone and ribs, as well as short-term memory loss, in 2003.
The 2020 documentary Biography: The Nine Lives Of Ozzy Osbourne, had summed up with its title the performer’s seeming ability to defy the odds. However, the health problems started to mount up. Scheduled tours were postponed, and in 2023 he told fans holding on to tickets that he had come to the realisation he was “not physically capable” of dealing with life on the road.
But there was one gig he couldn’t miss – a surprise appearance to close the Commonwealth Games in his home city in 2022, just weeks after undergoing surgery.
Now, fans will remember the shows they did get to see, the music that ushered in a new genre – and especially his most recent gig, which was said to have raised around £140m for charities. Just a few days afterwards, his new memoir, Last Rites, was announced. It will be released in October.
Ozzy Osbourne’s star on the ‘Birmingham Walk of Stars’
During his career, Osbourne was inducted into the UK Music Hall of Fame and the US Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame – twice for both, with Black Sabbath and as a solo artist. “Countless artists from many genres have credited Ozzy as a major influence, including Metallica, Lita Ford, Rage Against The Machine, and Busta Rhymes,” reads his US citation. “With his longevity, impact, and iconic persona, Ozzy Osbourne is a phenomenon unlike any other.”
He also has a star on the Hollywood Walk Of Fame – as well as in Birmingham’s Broad Street – an Ivor Novello, and five Grammy wins from 12 nominations.
But other honours, such as the NME’s Godlike Genius award, and Classic Rock’s Living Legend, also give a sense of how much his personality played a part in why he is so beloved by fans and critics alike. In the Nine Lives documentary, daughter Kelly describes him as “the most irresistible mad man you will ever meet in your life”.
Osbourne’s was an unlikely journey from Birmingham to LA. He was a working-class hero of heavy metal, a reality TV favourite – forever the Prince of Darkness.
“People say to me, if you could do it all again, knowing what you know now, would you change anything?” he once said. “I’m like, f*** no… If I’d done normal, sensible things, I wouldn’t be Ozzy.”
London and the UK’s leading status in the global financial system is “fragile”, the boss of Goldman Sachs has warned, as the government grapples with a tough economy.
Speaking ahead of a meeting with the prime minister, David Solomon – chairman and chief executive of the huge US investment bank – told Sky News presenter Wilfred Frost’s The Master Investor Podcast of several concerns related to tax and regulation.
He urged the government not to push people and business away through poor policy that would damage its primary aim of securing improved economic growth, arguing that European rivals were currently proving more attractive.
Money latest: Mortgage shake-up to save ‘time and money’
He said: “The financial industry is still driven by talent and capital formation. And those things are much more mobile than they were 25 years ago.
“London continues to be an important financial centre. But because of Brexit, because of the way the world’s evolving, the talent that was more centred here is more mobile.
“We as a firm have many more people on the continent. Policy matters, incentives matter.
“I’m encouraged by some of what the current government is talking about in terms of supporting business and trying to support a more growth oriented agenda.
“But if you don’t set a policy that keeps talent here, that encourages capital formation here, I think over time you risk that.”
He had a stark warning about the recent reversal of the “Non Dom” tax policy, which occurred across both the prior Conservative government and the current Labour government, which has played a part in some senior Goldman partners relocating away from London.
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Chancellor will not be drawn on wealth tax
Richard Gnodde, one of the bank’s vice-chairs, left for Milan earlier this year.
“Incentives matter if you create tax policy or incentives that push people away, you harm your economy,” Mr Solomon continued.
“If you go back, you know, ten years ago, I think we probably had 80 people in Paris. You know, we have 400 people in Paris now… And so in Goldman Sachs today, if you’re in Europe, you can live in London, you can live in Paris, you can live in Germany, in Frankfurt or Munich, you can live in Italy, you can live in Switzerland.
“And we’ve got, you know, real offices. You just have to recognise talent is more mobile.”
Goldman is understood to have about 6,000 employees in the UK.
Rachel Reeves is currently seeking ways to fill a black hole in the public finances and has refused to rule out wealth taxes at the next budget.
Mr Solomon expressed sympathy for her as her tears in parliament earlier this month led to speculation about the pressure of the job.
“I have sympathy, I have empathy not just for the chancellor, but for anyone who’s serving in one of these governments,” he said, referring to the turbulent political landscape globally.
Commenting on the chancellor’s Mansion House speech last week, he added: “The chancellor spoke here about regulation, she’s talking about regulation not just for safety and soundness, but also for growth.
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Takeaways from chancellor’s Mansion House speech
“And now we have to see the action steps that actually follow through and encourage that.”
One area he was particularly keen to see follow through from her Mansion House speech was ringfencing – the post financial crisis regulation that requires banks to separate their retail activities from their investment banking activities.
“It’s a place where the UK is an outlier, and by being an outlier, it prevents capital formation and growth.
“What’s the justification for being an outlier? Why is this so difficult to change? It’s hard to make a substantive policy argument that this is like a great policy for the UK. So why is it so hard to change?”
The Master Investor Podcast with Wilfred Frost is available across multiple podcast platforms
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