Connect with us

Published

on

By Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta, Ph.D. Nov 23 2023 Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc.

In a recent study published in The American Journal of Cardiology, researchers compare the trends in cardiovascular disease-related mortality among patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with the general United States population aged 65 years and older.  

Study:  Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States, 1999-2020. Image Credit: Nymphalyda / Shutterstock.com Cardiovascular disease and AD

As the global population continues to age, a gradual increase in the prevalence of AD has been observed over the past several decades. Several genetic and non-genetic risk factors are associated with the development of AD, which is the main cause of dementia.

Various cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related risk factors are also known to increase the risk of AD. For example, apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a common genetic risk factor for AD and CVD due to its involvement in cholesterol transportation as well as brain development. Among non-genetic risk factors, hypertension, and cholesterol serve as potential risk factors for both AD and CVD.

The accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques in the brain is a major hallmark of AD. Impaired clearance of amyloid-beta plaques because of poor vascular integrity due to CVD is believed to be a potential mechanism linking CVD with AD. The poor vascular integrity in CVD has also been associated with poor integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in AD. About the study

In the current study, scientists compare CVD-related mortality rates between AD patients and the general U.S. population aged 65 years and above. Moreover, they investigate whether certain demographic characteristics including sex, ethnicity/race, geographic region, and urbanization can influence the risk of CVD-related mortality among AD patients.     

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) dataset was used to determine national trends in age-adjusted CVD-mortality rates and average annual percent change values in the study populations between 1999 and 2020. Important observations

A total of 332,870 deaths due to CVD as a primary cause and AD as a contributory cause were identified between 1999 and 2020. This accounted for an age-adjusted mortality rate of 35.8 for every 100,000 individuals.

Among AD patients, a reduction in age-adjusted CVD-related mortality rate was observed between 1999 and 2020 from 51.7 to 25.9, respectively, for every 100,000 individuals. Regarding the annual percent change in CVD-related mortality, a 3.5% reduction among AD patients and 2.6% reduction in the general U.S. population was observed. The reduction in CVD-related mortality in AD was significantly higher than that in the general population. Related StoriesIs climate change turning up the heat on China's aging population?Switching from animal-based to plant-based foods reduces risk of heart disease, diabetes, and mortalityHospitalization and mortality risks from COVID-19 by age during SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants predominance

Among various causes of CVD-related deaths, including ischemic heart disease, hypertensive disease, cerebrovascular disease, and heart failure, no significant difference in hypertensive disease-related mortality rate was observed between AD patients and the general U.S. population. For other causes, the reduction in mortality rates between 1999 and 2020 was significantly higher among AD patients. The reduction was most prominent for ischemic heart disease-related mortality.       

A similar reduction in CVD-related mortality rates between 1999 and 2020 was observed among male and female AD patients. No significant difference in mortality rate reduction was observed between individuals living in urban or rural regions.

Considering racial groups, the highest reduction in CVD mortality rates was observed among American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Comparatively, the lowest reduction was observed among Asian or Pacific Islander patients with AD. 

When age was considered, a greater reduction in CVD mortality rates was observed among patients aged 65-74 and 75-84 years as compared those 85 years of age and older. In terms of ethnicity, a lower reduction in CVD mortality rates over time was observed among Hispanic AD patients as compared to non-Hispanic AD patients. Study significance

The current study reports a gradual reduction in CVD-related mortality rates among AD patients in the U.S. over the past two decades. This reduction is higher among AD patients as compared to the general U.S. population 65 years of age and older.

The study findings are valuable for public health efforts aimed at improving cardiovascular health among AD patients. Clinicians should motivate AD patients who are at higher risk for CVD mortality to adopt healthy lifestyle habits, such as a balanced diet, regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and smoking and alcohol cessation.     Journal reference: Ranganathan, S., Abramov, D., Chew, N. W. S., et al. (2023). Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality Among Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease in the United States, 1999-2020. The American Journal of Cardiology. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.11.044.

Continue Reading

Science

Scientists Finally Identify What Drives Venus’s Fast Winds

Published

on

By

A new study has identified the primary force behind Venus’s extreme superrotating atmosphere: a once-per-day thermal tide driven by solar heating. Using data from Venus Express and Akatsuki along with circulation models, researchers show that this daily tide transports most of the momentum that accelerates cloud-top winds to speeds over 100 metres per second. The re…

Continue Reading

Entertainment

PM’s rap battle with Sky’s Beth Rigby goes viral – and one of the AI satirists behind it explains why

Published

on

By

PM's rap battle with Sky's Beth Rigby goes viral - and one of the AI satirists behind it explains why

Satire has long been an occupational hazard for politicians – and while it has long been cartoons or shows like Spitting Image, content created by artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly becoming the norm.

A new page called the Crewkerne Gazette has been going viral in recent days for their videos using the new technology to satirise Rachel Reeves and other politicians around the budget.

On Sky’s Politics Hub, our presenter Darren McCaffrey spoke to one of the people behind the viral sensations, who is trying to remain anonymous.

He said: “A lot of people are drawing comparisons between us and Spitting Image, actually, and Spitting Image was great back in the day, but I kind of feel like recently they’ve not really covered a lot of what’s happening.

“So we are the new and improved Spitting Image, the much better Have I Got News For You?”

He added that those kinds of satire shows don’t seem to be engaging with younger people – but claimed his own output is “incredibly good at doing” just that.

Examples of videos from the Crewkerne Gazette includes a rapping Kemi Badenoch and Rachel Reeves advertising leaky storage containers.

More on Beth Rigby Interviews

They even satirised our political editor Beth Rigby’s interview with the prime minister on Thursday, when he defended measures in the budget and insisted they did not break their manifesto pledge by raising taxes.

“Crewkerne Man” says providing satire for younger people is important as Labour is lowering the voting age.

Asked why he is trying to be anonymous, the man said the project is not about one person – or even the whole group – but rather their output.

He also claimed the UK is “increasingly seeing arrests – especially with comedians”, pointing to the Graham Linehan case.

“So we just never know where the Labour Party is going to drive the policy next, in regards to free speech,” he said.

“So for me, certainly it’s a matter of safety.”

Watch Beth Rigby’s actual interview with Sir Keir Starmer below.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

The prime minister defends the budget

Continue Reading

Business

Budget 2025: Hospitality pleads for ‘lifeline’ as Rachel Reeves accused of imposing ‘stealth tax’

Published

on

By

Budget 2025: Hospitality pleads for 'lifeline' as Rachel Reeves accused of imposing 'stealth tax'

Rachel Reeves has been accused of failing to “support the great British pub” as she promised in the budget, with owners facing skyrocketing business rates bills.

In her speech in the House of Commons on Wednesday, the chancellor said she was backing small businesses by introducing “permanently lower tax rates for over 750,000 retail, hospitality and leisure properties – the lowest tax rates since 1991”.

But while the government gave itself the powers to discount the business rates bills for high street businesses through legislation earlier this year, the chancellor only implemented a reduction of a quarter of what the government is able to, and she is being accused of imposing a “stealth tax”.

It has left small retail, hospitality, and leisure businesses questioning whether their businesses will be viable beyond April next year.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

Sky’s Ed Conway looks at the aftermath of the budget and explains who the winners and losers are.

A Treasury spokesperson said: “We’re protecting pubs, restaurants and cafes with the budget’s £4.3bn support package – capping bill rises so a typical independent pub will pay around £4,800 less next year than they otherwise would have.

“This comes on top of cutting licensing costs to help more venues offer pavement drinks and al fresco dining, maintaining our cut to alcohol duty on draught pints, and capping corporation tax.”

Business rates, which are a tax on commercial properties in England and Wales, are calculated through a complex formula of the value of the property, assessed by a government agency every three years, combined with a national “multiplier” set by the Treasury, giving a final cash amount.

More on Budget 2025

Chancellor Rachel Reeves has been accused of imposing a "stealth tax" on hospitality businesses. Pic: PA
Image:
Chancellor Rachel Reeves has been accused of imposing a “stealth tax” on hospitality businesses. Pic: PA

Over the last few years, small businesses were given business rates relief of 75% to support them over the COVID pandemic, and Ms Reeves reduced that to 40% at last year’s budget.

The idea was that at the budget this year, the chancellor would remove that remaining relief in favour of reforming the business rates system to compensate for that drop, while shifting the tax burden on to much bigger businesses and companies like Amazon with lots of warehouse space.

However, the chancellor only announced a 5p in the pound discount for small retail, hospitality, and leisure businesses, rather than the assumed 20p drop which the government gave itself the powers to implement, and which trade bodies had been lobbying for.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

How will your personal finances change following the budget announced by the chancellor?

On top of that, small businesses have seen the government-assessed value of their property increase dramatically, which wipes out the discount, and sees their business rates bill shoot far above what they had previously been paying.

One pub owner near Hull, Sam Caroll, has seen the assessed value of one of his two properties increase from £67,000 to £110,000 in just three years – a 64% increase.

He told Sky News that there is a “continual question” of business viability, and while he thinks they can “adapt” in the short term, “there will be a tipping point at some point”. Even at the moment, packing out their pubs seven nights a week, “it’s difficult for us to break even”, he said.

There will be a discount for small businesses to transition to the higher business rates level, but by year three, almost the full amount is expected to be payable, and Mr Carroll described it as “getting f***** slowly, instead of getting f***** overnight”.

👉 Listen to Sky News Daily on your podcast app 👈

Sean Hughes, who owns multiple hospitality venues in St Albans, has also seen vast increases in the assessed value of his properties, and was sharply critical of the transitional arrangements the government is implementing.

He told Sky News: “Fundamental business rate reform was promised and we have total chaos. If [the system] was fair, why would they need transitional relief periods?”

A spokesperson of the Valuation Office Agency (VOA), which assesses the value of commercial properties for business rates purposes, told Sky News: “At the last revaluation, some sectors including hospitality were significantly affected by the pandemic, which resulted in much lower rateable values than they would have seen otherwise. Businesses that have now seen a recovery in trade are also likely to see an increase in their rateable value.”

Read more:
Reeves accused of deliberately making UK finances look worse
Budget is a big risk for Labour’s election plans

However, Sky News has seen evidence of businesses whose assessed value did not decrease when assessed during the pandemic, but actually rose, and has risen dramatically this year.

Data compiled by the Pubs Advisory Service, shows that the number of pubs in the UK has decreased by nearly 5% in three years, but the average value of the properties has risen by an average of 36.82% per pub.

And analysis by UK Hospitality, the trade body that represents hospitality businesses, has found that over the next three years, the average pub will pay an extra £12,900 in business rates, even with the transitional arrangements, while an average hotel will see its bill soar by £205,200.

Please use Chrome browser for a more accessible video player

The prime minister has defended the budget after he and the chancellor were accused of breaking their promise to voters.

The body adds that by 2028/29, an average pub’s business rates will have increased by 76% and an average hotel’s by 115%, compared to 16% for a distribution warehouse like the ones the web giants use.

It’s not just the business rates rise that is worrying owners – it is the increase in employers’ national insurance implemented at the last budget, the increase in energy bills over the last few years, and the rise in the minimum wage, particularly for young people.

With the budget set to squeeze disposal income, there is little room for price increases to make up the shortfall either.

In a letter to the chancellor on Friday, Liberal Democrat deputy leader Daisy Cooper said small business owners “have been pushed to tears as they’re hit with the bombshell of higher business rates bills”, noting that “the government has chosen not to use the full powers it gave itself to throw high streets a lifeline”.

She added that businesses had been promised “permanently lower business rates”, but it appears the government has “broken yet another promise, by imposing a stealth tax not just on people, but on treasured high street businesses too”, and called on ministers to “throw our high streets and Britain’s hospitality sector a lifeline”.

Conservative shadow business secretary Andrew Griffith published his own analysis of the government’s budget measures on Friday morning, that found they will “hammer British pubs”.

Of the chancellor, he said: “She pretended in her budget speech to be supportive, whilst the true detail is that a combination of rate revaluations and scrapping reliefs will leave most pubs paying thousands of pounds more than they cannot afford.”

Kate Nicholls, Chair of UKHospitality, said in a statement: “The government promised in its manifesto that it would level the playing field between the high street and online giants. The plan in the budget to achieve this is quickly unravelling, and will deliver the exact opposite.”

She said they “repeatedly warned the Treasury” of the impending impacted of the value reassessment, but nonetheless, hospitality businesses are now facing “eye-watering increases”.

She added: “We agree with its reforms to deliver permanently lower business rates for hospitality and we appreciate the package of transitional relief, but its current proposal is not delivering lower bills. A 20p discount for hospitality would. We urge the chancellor to revisit.”

Continue Reading

Trending