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By Priyanjana Pramanik, MSc. Jan 3 2024 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

A recent study published in JAMA Network Open investigated the accuracy and reliability of nutrition information provided by two versions of Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer  (ChatGPT) chatbots.

Their findings indicate that while chatbots cannot take the place of nutritionists, they can improve communication between health professionals and patients if they are refined and strengthened further.

Study:  Consistency and Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence for Providing Nutritional Information . Image Credit: Iryna Imago/Shutterstock.com Background

Many people today depend on the internet to access health, medicine, food, and nutrition information. However, studies have indicated that nearly half of the nutrition information online is low quality or inaccurate.

Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots have the potential to streamline how users navigate the vast array of publicly available scientific knowledge by providing conversational, easy-to-understand explanations of complex topics.

Previous research has evaluated how well chatbots can disseminate medical information, but their reliability in providing nutrition information remains relatively unexplored. About the study

In this cross-sectional study, researchers followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) reporting guideline. They assessed the accuracy of the information that ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4 provided on macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) and energy content of 222 foods in two languages – Traditional Chinese and English.

They provided a prompt that asked the chatbot to generate a table containing the nutritional profile of each food in its uncooked form. This search was conducted in September-October 2023. Related StoriesNutrition and aging: A two-way relationshipNew artificial intelligence algorithms facilitate diagnosis of difficult cancersAI-powered radiation therapy revolutionizes cancer treatment at Henry Ford West Bloomfield Hospital

Each search was conducted five times to assess consistency; the coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated across these five measurements for each food.

The accuracy of the chatbot’s responses was judged by cross-referencing its reactions with the recommendations of nutritionists according to the food composition database maintained by the Food and Drug Administration of Taiwan.

A response was considered accurate if the chatbot’s estimate of energy (in kilocalories) or macronutrients (in grams) was within 10% to 20% of that provided by the nutritionists.

The researchers also calculated whether the chatbots’ responses significantly differed from the nutritionists’ recommendations and between the two versions of ChatGPT. Findings

There were no significant differences between the estimates provided by the chatbots and nutritionists regarding the fat, carbohydrate, and energy levels of eight menus for adults. However, the researchers found that protein estimations varied significantly. The chatbot responses were considered accurate for energy content in 35-48% of the 222 included foods and had a CV lower than 10%. ChatGPT-4, the more recent version, performed better than ChatGPT-3.5 overall but tended to overestimate protein levels. Conclusions

The study shows that chatbot responses compare well with nutritionists’ recommendations in certain respects but can overestimate protein levels and also show high levels of inaccuracy.

As they become widely available, they have the potential to be a convenient tool for people who wish to look up macronutrient and energy information about common foods and do not know which resources to consult.

However, the authors stress that chatbots are not a replacement for nutritionists; they can improve communication between patients and public health professionals by providing additional resources and simplifying complex medical language in conversational, easy-to-follow terms.

They also note that the foods they included in the search may not be frequently consumed, which has implications for the relevance of their findings.

AI chatbots cannot provide users with personalized dietary advice or precise portion sizes, nor can they generate specific dietary and nutrition-related guidelines. Moreover, chatbots may be unable to tailor their responses to the region where the user resides.

Portion sizes and consumption units differ greatly from country to country, as well as by the type of food and how it is prepared. Chatbots cannot factor in crucial cultural and geographic differences or provide the relevant household units for each consumer.

Arguably, the most important limitation is that ChatGPT is a general-purpose chatbot – not one trained specifically on dietetics and nutrition.

The cutoff for the training dataset was September 2021, so more recent research would not have been included. Users must not mistake chatbots for search engines, as their responses are a product of their training datasets as well as the wording of the prompts.

However, considering the immense popularity of chatbots and other forms of generative AI, future products will overcome these limitations and provide increasingly accurate, updated, relevant, and practical information on diet and nutrition. Journal reference:

Chen, Y.C., Ho, D.K.N.H., Chiu, W., Cheah, K., Mayasari, N.R., Chang, J. (2023) Consistency and accuracy of artificial intelligence for providing nutritional information. Hoang, Y.N., JAMA Network Open. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50367. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2813295

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Entertainment

Christmas adverts – the 10 most-anticipated ads as the festive battle for customers commences

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Christmas adverts - the 10 most-anticipated ads as the festive battle for customers commences

With just under six weeks to go to Christmas Day, the countdown has officially begun, with all the big brands rolling out their seasonal adverts.

Becoming something of an institution over recent years, many see the festive ads as the starting pistol for their Christmas preparation/panic, despite us only being halfway through November.

And with an estimated £10.5bn spent on this year’s Xmas ads, it’s not just about inducing a fuzzy warm feeling in viewers, but also about encouraging them to put their hand in their pocket.

As we brace ourselves for festive fun, we take a swift look at this year’s bevvy of commercial offerings, as the annual battle of the Christmas adverts begins.

John Lewis

A girl called Sally falls into a clothes rack reminiscent of CS Lewis’s The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe, but instead of finding Narnia, she ends up in John Lewis.

Pic: PA
Image:
Pic: PA

Through family flashbacks we lean how much she loves her older sister, whose gift she has carelessly left it to the last minute to buy. Spoiler alert – as one would expect in an advert for a retailer, she finds a pressie.

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With the retailer famous for its use of cover versions in their Christmas ads, this one is the origin story for a new cover, with a concurrent competition on TikTok to find an aspiring artist to rerecord a version, which will be featured on the Christmas Day airing and released by record label BMG too.

Waitrose

Marketed as a whodunnit – this big-budget production has a host of celebrity cameos, an intricate storyline and not one but two parts.

Pic: Waitrose
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Pic: Waitrose

Comedian Joe Wilkinson, Fleabag star Sian Clifford and Succession’s Matthew Macfadyen all have a role in the ensemble, revolving around hunting down the thief of a “chilled desert”.

Being Christmas, when tensions are traditionally high, everyone has reason to have scoffed it. The culprit won’t be revealed until the second part of the ad is released, but in the meantime, activity at Kings Cross Station, in stores and on social media is set to keep the investigation very much alive.

Sainsbury’s

Sainsbury’s goes big for its advert, calling on a beloved Roald Dahl character – the BFG, or Big Friendly Giant – to travel the country with a supermarket worker called Sophie (who pleasingly is a real store employee) in the search for the perfect festive treats.

Pic: Sainsbury's
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Pic: Sainsbury’s

A CGI BFG procures salmon, sprouts and cheese before a bit of magic helps him whip it all up into a feast, which he then gifts to an unsuspecting family through the window.

The first ones to release their ad earlier this month, the dulcet tones of national treasure Stephen Fry wrap the action, with a call to arms to stock up in readiness for Christmas.

M&S

Another national treasure – Dawn French – is back for this one, playing both herself and a festive fairy, who gives both French and her home a make-over ready for a Christmas soiree.

Pic: PA
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Pic: PA

French, whose multi-Christmas-dinner eating antics on The Vicar Of Dibley put her into the Xmas annals, is transformed into “the quintessential hostess” with a bit of help from her little friend.

Banking on the idea that you can never have enough of a good thing, there are six instalments of the advert running between now and the New Year. Who doesn’t like a second – or sixth – helping.

Lidl

This one pulls on the heartstrings, with a little girl inspired to give a gift to a boy who appears not to have any, after an old lady gives her some magic bells.

Pic: Lidl
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Pic: Lidl

Directed by Oscar-winning filmmaker Tom Hooper (he directed The King’s Speech), a CGI racoon and giant gingerbread man add a little action to events around the dinner table.

But the take home message is to think about giving as well as receiving, with the return of the retailer’s toy banks scheme set up at supermarkets with the aim of donating over 100,000 toys, to ensure no child experiences a giftless Christmas.

Aldi

Kevin the Carrot is back for a ninth year running, this time trying to save the Christmas spirit from a bunch of hard-boiled humbug villains.

Pic: Aldi
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Pic: Aldi

With the ad narrated by actor Jim Broadbent, our plucky hero braves an oven, a Mission Impossible-inspired ventilation system and Bond-esque snow jet-ski dash across the mountains, all to save Christmas.

Helped by his wife Katie, he of course pulls it off. A fan favourite, soft toys of the root vegetable are sold in stores, and this year cuddly humbugs are on sale too.

Morrisons

It’s a song and dance number from Morrisons, courtesy of their singing oven gloves performing Bugsy Malone’s You Give A Little Love.

Pic: Morrisons
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Pic: Morrisons

A choir of 26 Morrisons employees gave voice to the gloves, recording their rendition of the song at the iconic Abbey Road Studios in London.

Like Lidl, the retailer pulled out the directing big guns, hiring The Greatest Showman director Michael Gracey to oversee proceedings.

Asda

Bagging the prize for the most gnome puns in one advert, Asda sees a flash mob of gnomes preparing the store for Christmas.

Pic: Asda
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Pic: Asda

The resulting advert isn’t as irritating as it sounds on paper, thanks to nice performances by the two human characters in the ad – Maggie and Bill.

And as we know, Christmas is all about the merchandise, so the supermarkets are of course selling special Xmas versions of their garden gnomes to accompany their already 50-strong gnome range. Who knew?

Tesco

Tesco reminds us of those members of the family who are no longer here to join us on the big day, with a man carrying on his late grandmother’s festive tradition of baking gingerbread.

Pic: Tesco
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Pic: Tesco

He becomes obsessed with the spicy treat, as it infiltrates every part of his day from his haircut to a trip to see the Christmas lights.

He eventually gets together with his grandad to bake a gingerbread house, revealing it to the family at lunch, thus keeping the tradition alive.

Greggs

And in the most unlikely festive cameo of the year, Greggs has enlisted Nigella Lawson to star in its first Christmas ad.

Pic: PA
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Pic: PA

Rapturously endorsing their festive bakes, Lawson has her hands full of pasties, and her table full of take-away coffees, as she promotes the bakery’s festive-themed fare.

Whether or not you believe the 64-year-old TV chef really tucks into their sausage rolls in real life – the attention-grabbing collaboration looks like a wise move for the chain, whose sales have jumped in recent weeks as it continues its UK expansion.

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World

Body pulled from mine after police cut off supplies to ‘smoke out’ thousands of illegal miners

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Body pulled from mine after police cut off supplies to 'smoke out' thousands of illegal miners

A body has been recovered from a South African mine after police cut off basic supplies in an effort to force around 4,000 illegal miners to resurface.

The body has emerged from the closed gold mine in the northwest town of Stilfontein a day after South Africa’s government said it would not help the illegal miners.

Around 20 people have surfaced from the mineshaft this week as police wait nearby to arrest all those appearing from underground.

It comes a day after a cabinet minister said the government was trying to “smoke them [the miners] out”.

The move is part of the police’s “Close the Hole” operation, whereby officers cut off supplies of food, water and other basic necessities to get those who have entered illegally to come out.

Local reports suggest the supply routes were cut off at the mine around two months ago, with relatives of the miners seen in the area as the stand-off continues.

Relatives of miners and community members wait at the 
 mine shaft. 
Pic: AP
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Relatives of miners and community members wait at the mine shaft. Pic: AP

A decomposed body was brought up on Thursday, with pathologists on the scene, police spokesperson Athlenda Mathe said.

It comes after South African cabinet minister Khumbudzo Ntshavheni told reporters on Wednesday that the government would not send any help to the illegal miners, known in the country as zama zamas, because they are involved in a criminal act.

“We are not sending help to criminals. We are going to smoke them out. They will come out. Criminals are not to be helped; criminals are to be prosecuted. We didn’t send them there,” Ms Ntshavheni said.

An aerial view of a mine shaft where an estimated 4000 illegal miners are refusing to leave in Stilfontein, South Africa,.
Pic: AP
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An aerial view of a mineshaft. Pic: AP

Senior police and defence officials are expected to visit the area on Friday to “reinforce the government’s commitment to bringing this operation to a safe and lawful conclusion”, according to a media advisory from the police.

In the last few weeks, over 1,000 miners have surfaced at various mines in South Africa’s North West province, where police have cut off supplies.

Many of the miners were reported to be weak, hungry and sickly after going for weeks without basic supplies.

Illegal mining remains common in South Africa’s old gold-mining areas, with miners going into closed shafts to dig for any possible remaining deposits.

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Relatives of miners and community members wait at a mine shaft where the estimated 4000 illegal miners  are refusing to leave.
Pic: AP
Image:
Relatives of miners and community members wait near the mine shaft. Pic: AP

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The illegal miners are often from neighbouring countries, and police say the illegal operations involve larger syndicates that employ the miners.

Their presence in closed mines has also created problems with nearby communities, which complain that the illegal miners commit crimes ranging from robberies to rape.

Illegal mining groups are known to be heavily armed and disputes between rival groups sometimes result in fatal confrontations.

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Environment

Electreon and Xos to deploy wireless charging for commercial EV deliveries like UPS in Michigan

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Electreon and Xos to deploy wireless charging for commercial EV deliveries like UPS in Michigan

The State of Michigan has announced a new partnership with wireless EV charging specialist Electreon and Commercial EV manufacturer Xos, Inc. Together, the companies have secured funding from the state to expand wireless charging availability for commercial vehicles, including UPS trucks in Detroit.

It’s been nearly a year since the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), the City of Detroit, and Electreon ($ELWS) unveiled the first wireless EV charging roadway in the United States.

Michigan installed Electreon’s wireless inductive-charging coils (seen below) on 14th Street in Detroit between Marantette and Dalzelle streets to charge EVs equipped with Electreon receivers as they drive on the road.

At the time. MDOT and Detroit officials said the road would be used to test and perfect Electreon’s wireless EV charging technology in a real-world environment before “making it available to the public in the next few years.”

While the public will not be able to take advantage of wireless charging just yet, commercial EVs are gaining access thanks to a new partnership between Electreon, Xos ($XOS), and the State of Michigan.

  • Michigan wireless EV charging
  • Michigan wireless EV charging

Michigan progresses as US wireless EV charging leader

When Michigan announced the first wireless EV charging road in the US last year, officials shared hopes that the Great Lakes State and the city of Detroit could become leaders in the innovation and and deployment of such nascent technology.

Following a press release from Electreon, the State of Michigan confirmed details of the new partnership, which now includes commercial EV developer Xos, Inc. as well. The new commercial partnership is supported by $200,000 in funding from the Michigan Mobility Funding Platform (MMFP), building off the state’s “Make it in Michigan: economic strategy, developed by the Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC) to invest in the state’s people, places and projects. 

Through the partnership and coinciding state funding, Electreon will extend its wireless EV charging network and use cases in Michigan. Additionally, Electreon’s technology will be integrated into delivery step vans from Xos in order to “demonstrate wireless charging technological value and its potential to lower the total cost of ownership (TCO) in the electrification of commercial truck fleets.” Stefan Tongur, vice president of business development for Electreon, elaborated:

We’re excited to demonstrate how Electreon’s technology can optimize electric fleet usage and showcase the seamless integration of wireless charging into daily fleet operations, minimizing downtime and enabling charging across time and location. We’re proud to do this work in Michigan, a state fostering innovation and sustainable transportation solutions.

In addition to expanding wireless charging on Detroit’s first “electric roadway,” the Michigan project will enable the installation of stationary wireless charging at a UPS facility in Detroit. Xos co-founder and CEO Dakota Semler also spoke:

We are proud to partner with Electreon and support UPS to demonstrate the potential of wireless charging in commercial fleets. This innovative approach will revolutionize how we power our electric vehicles and drive fleet electrification forward.

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