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By Dr. Chinta Sidharthan Jan 17 2024 Reviewed by Benedette Cuffari, M.Sc.

In a recent study published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, researchers examine whether coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines could prevent long COVID symptoms and compare the effectiveness of the Oxford AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 and Pfizer BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccines, which are the two most used COVID-19 vaccines in Europe.

Study:  The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent long COVID symptoms: staggered cohort study of data from the UK, Spain, and Estonia. Image Credit: Prostocok-studio / Shutterstock.com Background

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, has infected over 800 million individuals worldwide since March 2020.

Since the start of the pandemic, concerted efforts throughout the world led to the rapid development of numerous vaccines and subsequent vaccination of large parts of the global population, particularly the elderly and those at high risk of severe COVID-19 due to the presence of comorbidities. These global vaccination efforts successfully reduced the transmission and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections, thereby significantly lowering mortality rates.

In addition to the Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 and Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccines, Ad26.COV2.S and mRNA-1273 developed by Janssen and Moderna, respectively, were the four most commonly used COVID-19 vaccines in Europe. However, the persistence of COVID-19 symptoms and long-term complications affecting multiple organ systems, now cumulatively referred to as long COVID, remains a significant health burden.

To date, the impact of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing the development of long COVID is unclear. About the study

In the present study, researchers used electronic health records and primary care data from the United Kingdom, Spain, and Estonia to evaluate whether COVID-19 vaccination prevented long COVID symptoms.

Data registries comprised information on the demographic characteristics of patients, as well as their medical histories, comorbidities, lifestyle factors, diagnoses, prescriptions, insurance claims for procedures, laboratory tests, clinical measurements, and secondary care referrals. Regional and national registries linked to these databases were used to obtain information on vaccination status and the type of vaccine administered. Related StoriesJN.1 variant's spread not due to enhanced immune escape, study suggestsNew Omicron subvariants test vaccine limits, reveal unique infection challengesmRNA COVID-19 vaccines highly effective in preventing hospitalizations among adolescents in Nordic study

Study participants were divided into four cohorts based on the enrollment period, which also corresponded to the priority groups, with cohort one primarily consisting of individuals above the age of 75 years with no history of COVID-19. Individuals above the age of 65, those who were considered clinically vulnerable, and those above the age of 18 with underlying health conditions that increased the risk of COVID-19 were included in cohort two. Cohort three comprised individuals above the age of 50, whereas the fourth cohort included individuals 18 years of age or older.

Long COVID was defined as the presence and persistence of any one of the 25 symptoms, such as fatigue, dyspnea, or cognitive dysfunction 90-365 days after a clinical COVID-19 diagnosis and with no indication of those symptoms during the six months before infection. Alternate definitions of long COVID, with varying time intervals for the presence of persistent symptoms, were used for sensitivity analyses. Study findings

The current study included over 20 million vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals across three European countries and showed that vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 had a 29-52% effectiveness in reducing the risk of long COVID risk. These findings were consistent across numerous sensitivity analyses and varying definitions of long COVID based on clinical diagnoses and differing symptom durations.

The comparative analyses between the effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 indicated that BNT162b2 was associated with slightly greater long COVID preventative effects than the adenoviral vector vaccine ChAdOx1. Other studies have reported similar results while comparing the efficacies of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

The younger population was believed to be at a lower risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults above the age of 65 years, which led to lower vaccination uptake rates among younger age groups. However, these individuals are equally vulnerable to long COVID; thus, there remains an urgent need for vaccination across all age groups to reduce the risk of developing long COVID. Conclusions

COVID-19 vaccination reduces the risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and effectively decreases the risk of developing long COVID. Furthermore, as compared to the adenoviral vector vaccine ChAdOx1, the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 was more effective in preventing COVID-19 severity and long COVID symptoms. Journal reference: Català, M., Mercadé-Besora, N., Kolde, R., et al. (2024). The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines to prevent long COVID symptoms: staggered cohort study of data from the UK, Spain, and Estonia. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. doi:10.1016/S22132600(23)004149

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Sports

Veteran pitcher Lynn retiring after 13-year career

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Veteran pitcher Lynn retiring after 13-year career

Longtime St. Louis Cardinals right-hander Lance Lynn announced Tuesday that he has retired from Major League Baseball after 13 seasons.

“Baseball season is upon us and I’m right here on the couch and that is where I’m gonna stay,” Lynn said on his wife’s podcast, “Dymin in the Rough.”

“I am officially retiring from baseball right here, right now.”

Lynn, 37, spent much of his career with the Cardinals (2011-17, 2024) but also has pitched for the Minnesota Twins (2018), New York Yankees (2018), Texas Rangers (2019-20), Chicago White Sox (2021-23) and Los Angeles Dodgers (2023).

Last season with the Cardinals, he started 23 games and had a 7-4 record with a 3.84 ERA, throwing 117⅓ innings and striking out 109.

The two-time All-Star has a career record of 143-99 with a 3.74 ERA in 364 games (340 starts), tossing 2,006⅓ innings. He ranks sixth in that category, as well as in wins, among active pitchers. Ahead of him in each category are three sure Hall of Famers — Justin Verlander, Max Scherzer and Clayton Kershaw.

Lynn, on Tuesday, made it clear that he may be spotted on the baseball field … just not in a major league game.

“There might be something a little fun around the corner upcoming weekend, so stayed tuned,” Lynn said. “But from Major League Baseball, I am done pitching.”

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Sports

Yanks bring back reliever Ottavino on 1-yr. deal

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Yanks bring back reliever Ottavino on 1-yr. deal

NEW YORK — Right-hander reliever Adam Ottavino is returning to the New York Yankees, agreeing Tuesday to a one-year contract.

A 39-year-old sidearmer, Ottavino agreed to a minor league contract with Boston on Feb. 18 and exercised his right to be released on March 23 after compiling a 10.80 ERA in five spring training appearances.

He was 2-2 with one save and a 4.34 ERA in 60 relief appearances for the New York Mets last year, stranding 15 of 20 inherited runners.

Ottavino pitched for the Yankees in 2019 and ’20, going 8-8 with a 2.76 ERA in 97 relief appearances. He is 41-43 with 46 saves and a 3.49 ERA in 14 big league seasons with St. Louis, Colorado (2012-18), the Yankees (2019-20), Boston (2021) and the Mets (2022-24).

The Yankees transferred right-hander JT Brubaker to the 60-day injured list and placed closer Devin Williams on the paternity list.

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Politics

Payouts for departing civil servants capped at £95,000 under voluntary exit scheme

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Payouts for departing civil servants capped at £95,000 under voluntary exit scheme

The most senior and long-serving civil servants could be offered a maximum of £95,000 to quit their jobs as part of a government efficiency drive.

Sky News reported last week that several government departments had started voluntary exit schemes for staff in a bid to make savings, including the Department for Environment and Rural Affairs, the Foreign Office and the Cabinet Office.

The Department for Health and Social Care and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government have yet to start schemes but it is expected they will, with the former already set to lose staff following the abolition of NHS England that was announced earlier this month.

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Rachel Reeves, the chancellor, confirmed in last week’s spring statement that the government was setting aside £150m to fund the voluntary exit schemes, which differ from voluntary redundancy in that they offer departments more flexibility around the terms offered to departing staff.

Ms Reeves said the funding would enable departments to reduce staffing numbers over the next two years, creating “significant savings” on staff employment costs.

A maximum limit for departing staff is usually set at one month per year of service capped at 21 months of pay or £95,000.

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Whitehall sources stressed the figure was “very much the maximum that could be offered” given that the average civil service salary is just over £30,000 per year.

Whitehall departments will need to bid for the money provided at the spring statement and match the £150m from their own budgets, bringing the total funding to £300m.

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The Cabinet Office is understood to be targeting 400 employees in a scheme that was announced last year and will continue to run over this year.

A spokesman said each application to the scheme would be examined on a case-by-case basis to ensure “we retain critical skills and experience”.

It is up to each government department to decide how they operate their scheme.

The voluntary exit schemes form part of the government’s ambition to reduce bureaucracy and make the state more efficient amid a gloomy economic backdrop.

Ahead of the spring statement, Ms Reeves announced plans to cut civil service running costs by 15% by 2030, which ministers have said will save £2.2bn.

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The move could result in 10,000 civil service jobs being axed after numbers ballooned during the pandemic.

Ms Reeves hopes the cuts, which she said will be to “back office jobs” rather than frontline services, but civil service unions have raised concerns that government departments will inevitably lose skilled and experienced staff.

The cuts form part of a wider government agenda to streamline the civil service and the size of the British state, which Sir Keir Starmer criticised as “weaker than it has ever been”.

During the same speech, he announced that NHS England, the administrative body that runs the NHS, would also be scrapped to eliminate duplication and cut costs.

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