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Keeping people who are serving a controversial indefinite sentence beyond their minimum term in prison has cost the taxpayer more than £1bn since 2012, Sky News analysis has found.

Sky News has analysed data relating to those serving imprisonment for public protection (IPP) sentences.

This is a type of open-ended sentence that was abolished more than a decade ago following widespread concern over its implementation and psychological impact on inmates.

From April 2012 to December 2023, it cost the taxpayer an estimated £1.1bn to house unreleased IPP prisoners who were serving time beyond their original tariff – the term used to describe the minimum amount of time they had to spend in custody before they could be considered for release by the Parole Board.

It does not include those who have been recalled back to prison after initially being released under strict licence conditions.

The analysis comes as new data released by the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) shows 2,852 people remain incarcerated under the IPP system, including those who have been recalled back into custody.

Of this number, 1,227 have never been released, while 1,210 are behind bars beyond their original tariff.

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In the analysis, Sky News took the average cost of a prisoner in each financial year back to 2012/13 and multiplied that by the number of prisoners remaining on expired IPP sentences at the end of each year.

Adding together these costs for each year since 2012/13 comes to a total of £1.1bn.

What are IPP sentences?

Implemented in 2005 under the then Labour government, IPP sentences were intended for the most serious violent and sexual offenders who posed a significant risk of serious harm to the public but whose crimes did not warrant a life term.

Although the government’s stated aim was public protection, concerns quickly grew that IPP sentences were being applied too broadly and catching more minor offenders – with many serving time in prison much longer than their initial term.

In light of the criticisms, IPPs were scrapped in 2012 but the change was not applied retrospectively – meaning those who were in prison at the time the sentence was abolished were not able to benefit.

There have long been calls from campaigners for the government to review the use of IPP sentences – which have been described as “cruel and degrading” by Alice Jill Edwards, a torture expert at the UN.

In 2022 parliament’s Justice Select Committee published a report recommending a resentencing exercise, arguing the IPP sentence was “irredeemably flawed” and caused “acute harm” to those serving them due to the prisoner not knowing when they might be released.

Successive governments have been reluctant to carry out a resentencing exercise on the grounds it could compromise public safety.

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Sky News speaks to families whose loved ones are being held in prison on open-ended sentences

However, Justice Secretary Alex Chalk – who has described IPPs as a “stain” on the justice system – has come under pressure to heed the committee’s calls due to the current capacity constraints in the prison system.

Data from the MoJ published last week shows the prison estate in England and Wales is approaching its operational capacity limit, with just 1,430 spaces left.

According to the campaigning organisation the Institute of Now, the number of people still inside on IPP sentences beyond their tariff could fill the equivalent of more than four average-size UK prisons.

Henry Rossi, a human rights campaigner and founder of The Institute of Now, said: “Far too many people, both prisoners and their families, have been subjected to psychological torture from this wicked sentence, which in so many cases, has led to suicides.

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In 2012 the government abolished IPP sentences, but they didn’t do this retrospectively

“Prisons are not the place to manage those that have served their time as punishment. The UK has blood on its hands and the government must urgently relook at this draconian sentence and release post-tariff IPP prisoners with the appropriate support.”

A MoJ spokesperson said: “We have reduced the number of unreleased IPP prisoners by three-quarters since we scrapped the sentence in 2012, with a 12% fall in the last year alone where the Parole Board deemed prisoners safe to release.

“We have also taken decisive action to curtail licence periods and continue to help those still in custody to progress towards release, including improving access to rehabilitation programmes and mental health support.”

The MoJ figures and Sky News analysis comes as a separate report from the Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) shows how care and separation units (CSUs) are regularly being used as a “stop gap” to manage prisoners with severe mental health needs – including those serving IPP sentences.

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It costs about £48,000 to keep someone in prison in the UK – and there are still just under 3,000 IPP prisoners behind bars

In one case, a man with a schizophrenia diagnosis cumulatively spent almost nine months in the CSU – also known as segregation or “the seg” – during which time the IMB said his mental health “dramatically deteriorated”.

In another example, an IPP prisoner with a personality disorder spent over 800 days in the CSU before they were transferred to an appropriate unit.

Read more:
Inside the lives of IPP prisoners
Reforms announced on indefinite prison sentences

Elisabeth Davies, IMB national chair, said: “Segregating any prisoner, especially those with mental health needs, is not a decision taken lightly by prison managers. While they clearly feel that they have no other option, CSUs should not be used as holding bays for these vulnerable individuals.

“While local IMBs found that overall staff worked hard to support prisoners in the best way that they could, collectively they have reported a disturbing picture of mentally unwell men spending lengthy periods in isolation, which often results in a deterioration of their mental health.

“If anything is to change, the solution is, and has always been, providing appropriate mental health provision in the community and tighter controls around the transfer times from prison to hospital.”

A government spokesperson said: “Segregation is an absolute last resort for those deemed a danger to themselves or others.

“Prisoners are entitled to the same care as they would receive in the community, which is why we guarantee the most vulnerable individuals are able to access mental health support tailored to their needs.”

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Starmer ‘rejects argument’ tax rises needed to fund public services – and vows ‘no return to austerity’

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Starmer 'rejects argument' tax rises needed to fund public services - and vows 'no return to austerity'

Sir Keir Starmer said he “rejects the argument” tax rises are required to rebuild public services – as he insisted there will be “no return to austerity” under a Labour government.

The Number 10 hopeful told Sky’s political editor Beth Rigby that he will “properly fund” the UK’s creaking infrastructure – despite very few giveaways in his manifesto.

Election latest: Sunak hits record low in new poll

The Labour leader has ruled out raising income tax, national insurance and VAT in the policy document – prompting the Institute for Fiscal Studies to warn his flagship promise to deliver “genuine change” is in jeopardy.

It was put to Sir Keir that, given he does not want to raise taxes, he does not have enough money to rebuild public services after years of cuts.

But he said: “I reject that argument. I reject this suggestion that is out there – that all we can hope for with our economy is that we flatline, forever.

“I understand after 14 years why people don’t necessarily believe that we can grow our economy. I do think we can grow our economy. We’ve got serious plans in here.”

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Sir Keir pointed to his pledges to overhaul planning laws to build housing and infrastructure more quickly, establish a publicly owned clean energy company and set up a National Wealth Fund to invest in industry.

He said: “These are serious planks of growth for the country.

“I understand why so far in this campaign, what’s being put to us is ‘are you either going to tax more or spend less?’

“But I’m rejecting that that is the only argument, so this manifesto is a total rejection of that argument. We’re going for growth.”

Pressed if “going for growth” meant austerity, he said: “No, there will not be austerity under a Starmer government.

“This is an election about change. We will properly fund our public services. I believe in our public services. I am totally rejecting the proposition that we cannot do better than we’ve done over the last 14 years.”

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‘I’m running to be PM, not to run the circus’

Pointing to his former job as Director of Public Prosecutions, Sir Keir added: “I ran a public service under austerity. I know the damage that it did. We will not go to austerity under a Labour government.”

Sir Keir was speaking hours after he launched his manifesto with a pledge to “end the political pantomime” and “rebuild Britain”.

The Labour leader is seeking to bring his party back from the political wilderness after 14 years of Conservative governments under five prime ministers – and polls suggest he is on track to do just that.

Asked if he thinks he’s going to win, Sir Keir repeated his cautious mantra that he’s “got to earn every vote” and “polls can’t predict the future”.

But he said he has been preparing for office for some time, so he is ready to “hit the ground running” on day one.

Sir Keir said: “As you would expect, I know the public would expect anybody who wants to be prime minister to be ready to hit the ground running, rolling up his or her sleeves, to be ready to start the work on day one.

“That’s why I’ve ensured that without being complacent, we’ve done the homework to make sure that we can do that the day after the election, and we will start on dentistry, on health, on policing, on education, all of the change that we need.

“That is not about being complacent. It’s about making sure that I can look the public in the eye and say, if you elect a Labour government in to serve you, we will roll up our sleeves and we will start that work on day one.”

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Harlow Collinge: Childminder Karen Foster jailed for 12 years and seven months for killing baby boy with ‘forceful shaking’

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Harlow Collinge: Childminder Karen Foster jailed for 12 years and seven months for killing baby boy with 'forceful shaking'

A childminder has been jailed for 12 years and seven months for killing a nine-month-old boy by shaking him to death in frustration.

Karen Foster, who was due to go on trial for the murder of nine-month-old Harlow Collinge, pleaded guilty to the charge of manslaughter last Friday after discussions with the child’s family.

The basis of the 62-year-old’s plea was that “forceful shaking” of Harlow caused his death after he had toppled over out of his high chair, started crying and she shook him in frustration, Preston Crown Court heard.

Mr Justice Barry Cotter said in court that Harlow was a “happy, healthy, much-loved” boy, but said Foster chose to continue childminding despite ill health and pain in her hip.

He noted she worked more than she should have under Ofsted rules and said this contributed to her “loss of temper”, before adding: “You should have been a safe pair of hands to which Gemma Collinge could ensure her precious child.

“I have no doubt you snapped on the 1 March 2022, in part due to the fact that you were not coping with the demands of caring for four children. You lost your temper and he was on the receiving end.

“You shook an [almost] ten-month-old child so violently to cause devastating injuries. His death was caused in the course of an assault.”

Harlow’s relatives shouted “scumbag bitch” and “I hate you” to Foster as she was led away from the dock.

Karen Foster. Pic: Lancashire Police via PA
Image:
Karen Foster. Pic: Lancashire Police via PA

‘He was a happy smiling baby’

In a statement she read in court, Gemma Collinge said: “How do I explain losing my son in such horrific circumstances? Harlow was enjoying his little life. He was a happy smiling baby.”

She shared her “guilt” about having made arrangements to move him to a nursery six weeks after first using Foster as a childminder over her concerns about the number of children being looked after by the 62-year-old.

Ms Collinge then spoke about “all the red flags I missed,” before telling the court that Foster tried to comfort her at the hospital and claimed Harlow had choked on pasta.

“She even put her arms around me. I can’t think of anything more evil. It is despicable,” she said.

“I blame myself every day for my son’s death. This monster, Karen Foster, deserves nothing. I hope her actions haunt her.”

Harlow died in hospital after emergency services were called to reports of a child in cardiac arrest at a property in Hapton, Burnley, in Lancashire on 1 March 2022.

Harlow Collinge. Pic: gofundme
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Gemma Collinge told the court Karen Foster initially claimed Harlow had choked on pasta. Pic: GoFundMe

Baby’s skin ‘purple’

Harlow had been dropped off at Foster’s address – a registered childminder with nine years’ experience – in March 2022.

Later that day she called 999 and told the operator Harlow was not breathing, and went on to tell a paramedic he had suddenly collapsed, the court heard.

“I think he’s choking, he’s had like a fit and he’s not breathing,” she had said.

By 1.23pm, Harlow’s skin was purple and mottled, he had no pulse, was not breathing and his pupils were fixed, the court heard.

The baby was then rushed to the Royal Blackburn Hospital, but died four days later.

A CT scan of the infant’s head showed significant injuries to the brain, with bleeding on both sides and swelling.

A post-mortem listed the cause of death as inflicted traumatic brain injury.

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Foster made benefit claims for injury

Anne Whyte KC, prosecuting, said when she first registered in 2014, Foster did not say she was married and lived with her husband, or that she sometimes sought help with childminding from other unregistered individuals, or that her health was poor.

She told the court Foster had made two benefit claims for Personal Independence Payments in 2018 and 2022, where she claimed she felt constantly drowsy and tired, and that sometimes she could barely move or safely carry out daily living activities.

The childminder submitted the same claims in her 2022 application, which she made just days before Harlow’s death.

She also suggested she needed help cooking and going to the toilet.

Foster minded 10 children

Ms Whyte also said that a mother whose children were being looked after by Foster complained to Ofsted in December 2021, saying she was looking after too many children, on some occasions up to 10 youngsters.

But Foster told the regulator she did not exceed the permitted number of children and lied to other parents that she had been a nurse and her husband was also a registered childminder.

Her registration permitted her to care for a maximum of six children under the age of eight years.

Only three of the six could be “young” children – defined as young until September 1 following their fifth birthday – and only one child could be under the age of one.

On certain days, Foster was exceeding the ratio permitted by Ofsted, the court heard.

Foster also faced a further allegation of assaulting a two-year-old girl in her care in 2019.

The prosecution told the judge it will ask for that count to lie on file.

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Nottingham attack: Families and friends gather on first anniversary of killings

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Nottingham attack: Families and friends gather on first anniversary of killings

Families and friends of those killed in the Nottingham attack have laid roses where the two students were murdered a year ago today.

Barnaby Webber and Grace O’Malley-Kumar, both 19, were stabbed by Valdo Calocane as they walked home after a night out celebrating the end of exams.

The 32-year-old also knifed to death school caretaker Ian Coates, 65, as he made his way to work.

Remembering the victims on Thursday morning, a trail of flowers was put down on Ilkeston Road where the students died.

A memorial service also took place at Nottingham University, with the fathers of Grace and Barnaby recalling how happy they both were in the city.

Grace’s father held back tears as he recalled how his “hero” daughter “fought valiantly” during the attack – and “chose friendship over fear” as she tried to protect Barnaby.

“She was brave and she was beautiful,” he told the audience.

Dr Sinead O'Malley (left) and Dr Sanjoy Kumar (second left), parents of Grace O'Malley-Kumar during a memorial event at the University of Nottingham .
Pic: PA
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Dr Sinead O’Malley (left) and Dr Sanjoy Kumar (second left), parents of Grace O’Malley-Kumar during the memorial event at the University of Nottingham. Pic: PA

People attending a memorial event at the University of Nottingham.
Pic: PA
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People attending the memorial event at the University of Nottingham. Pic: PA

Sanjoy Kumar recalled how Grace’s life was focused on three things: trying to become a doctor, playing hockey and socialising with friends.

He said time had “stood still” in the last 12 months, but that overwhelming support had helped them carry on.

Barnaby’s father thanked his son’s friends who turned out to remember him at the spot where he died.

People attending a memorial event at the University of Nottingham.
Pic: PA
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Crowds gathered at the University of Nottingham. Pic: PA

“That was the most moving thing I’ve seen in a long time,” he said.

He urged them to “stay strong” and said despite the world often being a “dark place”, “you guys are showing us there is lots of light”.

There was a two-minute silence at the service and friends lined up to add flowers to a bouquet near the stage.

Grace Kumar, Barnaby Webber and Ian Coates
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Grace O’Malley-Kumar, Barnaby Webber and Ian Coates

The fathers of the students spoke at the memorial
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The fathers spoke at a service at Nottingham university

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Childminder jailed for killing baby with ‘forceful shaking’

In a statement beforehand, the three families said the killings were a “series of catastrophic missed opportunities” which led to “entirely preventable deaths”.

They said “no stone will be left unturned” in their battle for justice.

Grace’s father reiterated that message during the service.

“The coward was Valdo Calocane and all of the people who failed our children,” said Mr Kumar.

“What we have found out since the attacks makes unconscionable reading – a series of letdowns by the authorities, who simply didn’t do their jobs.”

Valdo Calocane. Pic: PA
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Prosecutors decided not to put schizophrenic Calocane on trial for murder. Pic: PA

Calocane pleaded guilty to manslaughter by diminished responsibility and was detained in a secure hospital.

Prosecutors accepted his plea and chose not to pursue a murder trial.

The families tried to appeal but the sentence was ruled “not unduly lenient” due to his paranoid schizophrenia.

They have also criticised police and health services after it was revealed Calocane had been detained in hospital four times and an arrest warrant had been issued months before the killings.

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