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By Tarun Sai Lomte Feb 22 2024 Reviewed by Lily Ramsey, LLM

A recent study published in Nutrients explored the impact of vitamin D on breast cancer (BC).

Study:  The Impact of Vitamin D and Its Dietary Supplementation in Breast Cancer Prevention: An Integrative Review . Image Credit: Johan Larson/Shutterstock.com Background

Vitamin D is ubiquitous in almost all human cells and tissues. Research on vitamin D has been driven by its relationship with numerous diseases, including cancer.

Pre-vitamin D3 is synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol through exposure to ultraviolet rays from the Sun; subsequently, thermal isomerization leads to vitamin D3 formation.

Besides, vitamin D can be obtained from diets and supplements. Regardless of the origin, enzymatic hydroxylation in the liver produces 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], followed by conversion to form calcitriol [1,25(OH)2D] in the kidneys.

Calcitriol is critical in regulating phosphorous and calcium metabolism and has anti-cancer effects. BC is the most prevalent cancer in females worldwide.

The pathogenesis of BC is poorly defined, and research on the underlying mechanisms is critical for formulating prevention strategies. Some risk factors for BC are non-modifiable, but others, like lifestyle and obesity, offer intervention opportunities.

Vitamin D has a role in BC prevention and treatment by influencing cellular differentiation, inflammation, and hormone regulation. The study and findings

The present study examined the relationship between BC and vitamin D supplementation. The researchers searched for relevant studies in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases.

Eligible studies examined vitamin D supplementation in adult females, provided serum levels of vitamin D, and assessed the effect of risk factors on the relationship between BC and vitamin D. Related StoriesSmoking, drinking, and dietary habits linked to head and neck cancer risk, study findsPlant-based diet linked to less erectile dysfunction, urinary incontinence in prostate cancer patientsStudy could lead to non-invasive, light-based techniques for early detection of skin conditions

Database searches identified over 700 records; 16 studies were included after deduplication, screening, and exclusions.

First, five studies were analyzed for the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and the risk of BC development; the optimal levels required for decreasing the risk were also evaluated. The team determined that vitamin D could exert its protective effects against BC at 40.26 ng/ml, on average.

One meta-analysis highlighted that the average serum levels were 26.88 ng/ml and 31.41 ng/ml in BC patients and controls, respectively; vitamin D insufficiency could be related to BC development or progression. A case-control study reported an inverse association between vitamin D levels and the risk of BC development.

Further, one study observed that females with 60 ng/ml or higher vitamin D concentrations had an 80% reduced risk of BC compared to those with 20 ng/ml.

Another meta-analysis indicated that vitamin D deficiency was associated with BC onset, underscoring the significance of increased sunlight exposure and vitamin D supplementation for BC prevention.

Notwithstanding, other studies have not found associations between vitamin D levels and BC risk. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a critical factor in the relationship between vitamin D and BC risk.

VDR is characterized by its link to BC due to several polymorphisms that alter the main functions of the receptor. Besides, multiple genes are positively or negatively regulated through VDR activation.

Furthermore, evidence links VDR polymorphisms and vitamin D deficiency to BC risk. For example, one study identified that the rs2228570 polymorphism was associated with a higher BC risk.

This was corroborated by another study, which additionally indicated rs7041 to be associated with an increased risk. Nevertheless, there are studies with contradictory results.

Lifestyle has a crucial role in disease prevention. Diet is one lifestyle aspect that can be significantly modified, and healthy dietary patterns have been associated with considerably lower risks of BC.

One study suggested that consuming foods with high glycemic index and meat might be linked to a greater BC risk. By contrast, increased intake of vegetables and nutrients like vitamin D and calcium is inversely associated with disease risk.

Moreover, it has been reported that the Mediterranean diet, exercise, and sufficient vitamin D levels could improve the life of BC survivors. Given the increasing prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, food fortification is an important strategy to enhance the nutritional status.

While the positive effects of vitamin D-fortified foods have been established, studies are needed to validate their role in BC.

A case-control study suggested that maintaining adequate levels of vitamin D, calcium, and iron might be protective against BC in postmenopausal females.

As such, one study examined vitamin D and calcium intake in the context of BC over a 10-year follow-up and found that premenopausal females with a higher intake of both nutrients might have a lower BC risk. Concluding remarks

Taken together, vitamin D deficiency is closely linked to BC development. The team determined that serum vitamin D levels of 40.6 ng/ml or higher could be considered protective against the risk of BC.

Various biological mechanisms may be involved in this relationship, including the VDR axis. Other genes are also implicated in this relationship.

Nevertheless, further studies are required to highlight the significance of vitamin D deficiency in BC risk and associated mechanisms and risk factors. Journal reference:

Torres A, Cameselle C, Otero P, Simal-Gandara J.  (2024) The Impact of Vitamin D and Its Dietary Supplementation in Breast Cancer Prevention: An Integrative Review. Nutrients, 2024. doi: 10.3390/nu16050573. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/5/573

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Israel attacks Syrian military HQ – and disrupts live TV broadcast

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Israel attacks Syrian military HQ - and disrupts live TV broadcast

Israeli airstrikes have targeted the Syrian military headquarters in Damascus amid renewed clashes in the country.

The gate of the Ministry of Defence in the Syrian capital was targeted by two warning missiles from an Israeli reconnaissance aircraft.

State-owned Elekhbariya TV said the Israeli strike had wounded two civilians, the Reuters news agency reported.

Smoke rises after strikes on Syria's defence ministry in Damascus, Syria.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
Smoke rises from Syria’s defence ministry building in Damascus. Pic: Reuters

It came as Israeli airstrikes targeted security and army vehicles in the southern city of Sweida, where the Druze faith is one of the major religious groups – marking the third consecutive day Israel has struck Syrian forces.

The Israeli military confirmed it had “struck the entrance gate” in Damascus – and that it would be monitoring “actions being taken against Druze civilians in southern Syria”.

Smoke rises from an Israeli airstrike that hit the Syrian Defence Ministry in Damascus.
Pic: AP
Image:
The Israeli airstrike targeted Syria’s military headquarters. Pic: AP

Why Israel is getting involved in Syria’s internal fighting


Dominic Waghorn

Dominic Waghorn

International affairs editor

@DominicWaghorn

Israel has shown little respect for international borders since becoming the unrivalled military hegemon of the Middle East. Today that meant an Israeli airstrike on a government building in Damascus.

Israel says its attack on a Syrian defence ministry facility was intended as a warning to the new government: stay out of the part of southern Syria we have occupied or else.

Israel has moved into parts of the south of the country, built military bases and declared a line of control.

On Monday, Syrian tanks heading south to try and restore order following an outbreak of factional fighting were attacked by Israeli warplanes.

“The presence of such vehicles in southern Syria could pose a threat to Israel,” stated the Israel Defence Forces.

In reality, Syria’s ageing tanks pose minimal threat to Israel’s state-of-the art military.

Read the full analysis

Local media said Sweida and nearby villages were coming under heavy artillery and mortar fire on Wednesday, according to Reuters.

The clashes marked the collapse of a ceasefire between Syrian government forces and Druze armed groups, with Israel also warning it would increase its involvement.

Syrian security forces walk together along a street in the southern Druze city of Sweida.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
Syria said its forces had responded to being fired upon. Pic: Reuters

Israel said it was acting to protect the Druze groups through its attacks on convoys of Syrian forces.

Syria blamed militias in Sweida for violating a ceasefire agreement which had only been reached on Tuesday.

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A statement from its defence ministry said: “Military forces continue to respond to the source of fire inside the city of Sweida, while adhering to rules of engagement to protect residents, prevent harm, and ensure the safe return of those who left the city back to their homes.”

Israel’s defence minister Israel Katz said the military will continue to strike Syrian forces until they withdraw and should “leave Druze alone”, according to local reports.

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Why Israel is getting involved in Syria’s internal fighting

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Why Israel is getting involved in Syria's internal fighting

Israel has shown little respect for international borders since becoming the unrivalled military hegemon of the Middle East.  Today that meant an Israeli airstrike on a government building in Damascus.

Israel says its attack on a Syrian defence ministry facility was intended as a warning to the new government: stay out of the part of southern Syria we have occupied or else.

Israel has moved into parts of the south of the country, built military bases and declared a line of control.

Smoke rises from an Israeli airstrike that hit the Syrian Defence Ministry in Damascus.
Pic: AP
Image:
Smoke rises from an Israeli airstrike that hit the Syrian Defence Ministry in Damascus. Pic: AP

On Monday, Syrian tanks heading south to try and restore order following an outbreak of factional fighting were attacked by Israeli warplanes.

“The presence of such vehicles in southern Syria could pose a threat to Israel,” stated the Israel Defence Forces.

In reality, Syria’s ageing tanks pose minimal threat to Israel’s state-of-the art military.

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Syrian presenter interrupted by Israeli airstrike

The Syrian armour was attacked as it entered the area around Sweida in the Druze heartland of southern Syria following factional fighting there.

More on Israel

The flare-up reportedly began with clashes between Bedouin and Druze groups that ended in scores killed.

The background to the escalation is complicated.

At least three Druze militia groups are divided in their loyalties to different religious leaders and differ over how they should respond to calls to assimilate into the new post-revolutionary Syria.

Druze from Syria and Israel protest on the Israeli-Syrian border, in Majdal Shams in the Israeli-controlled Golan Heights.
Pic: AP
Image:
Druze from Syria and Israel protest on the Israeli-Syrian border.
Pic: AP

Read more:
30 dead as armed groups clash in Syria
UK restores diplomatic ties with Syria

Israel is becoming more and more involved in Syria’s internecine war and says it will remain there indefinitely “to protect our communities and thwart any threat”.

Its critics say Israel is operating a policy of divide and rule in Syria, weakening the fledgling government and creating a buffer zone to protect the border with the Golan Heights – originally Syrian territory that it has occupied and annexed for almost half a century.

Since the fall of the Assad regime, Israel has used airstrikes to destroy of much of Syria’s military capability weakening its ability to impose control on outlying regions. This makes it more not less likely Israel will have a volatile unstable state on its northern border.

Syrian security forces walk together along a street in the southern Druze city of Sweida.
Pic: Reuters
Image:
Syrian security forces walk along a street in the southern Druze city of Sweida. Pic: Reuters

America and European powers have chosen to normalise relations with the new government in Damascus and lift sanctions.

In contrast Israel has occupied its territory, bombed its military and today hit one of its government buildings in the capital with an airstrike.

Since its crushing military campaigns against Hamas, Hezbollah and Iran, Israel has emerged as the unchallenged military power of the region.

There is however a limit to what blunt force can achieve alone. It requires diplomacy to achieve lasting gains and Israel’s repeated assaults on multiple neighbours combined with its relentless campaign in Gaza are winning it few friends in the region.

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Gaza: At least 19 killed in crowd crush near distribution site, says Israel-backed aid group

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Gaza: At least 19 killed in crowd crush near distribution site, says Israel-backed aid group

At least 20 people have been killed in an incident in Khan Younis, according to the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF), an Israel and US-backed organisation.

In a statement, it said 19 people were trampled and one was stabbed in a surge “driven by agitators in the crowd”.

“We have credible reason to believe that elements within the crowd – armed and affiliated with Hamas – deliberately fomented the unrest,” it said.

“For the first time since operations began, GHF personnel identified multiple firearms in the crowd, one of which was confiscated. An American worker was also threatened with a firearm by a member of the crowd during the incident.”

It provided no evidence to support the claim.

The Hamas-run Gaza health ministry claimed 21 Palestinians were killed, “including 15 who died of suffocation as a result of tear gas fired at the starving people and the subsequent stampede” at the GHF site.

Read analysis: Deaths go up when aid sites open

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Gaza deaths increase when aid sites open

The statement is unusual for the GHF, as the controversial group, which has been rejected by the United Nations and other aid groups, rarely acknowledges trouble at its distribution sites.

The GHF began distributing food packages in Gaza at the end of May, after Israel eased its 11-week blockade of aid into the territory.

It has four distribution centres, three of which are in the southern Gaza Strip. The sites, kept off-limits to independent media, are guarded by private security contractors and located in zones where the Israeli military operates.

Analysis: Gazans face unbearable choice of risking their lives for supplies or going hungry

by Lisa Holland, Sky News correspondent in Jerusalem

The United Nations has already condemned the aid centres run by the Gaza Humanitarian Foundation as “death traps” – and that was before the latest loss of life, seemingly mostly from suffocation.

It’s the first and only time we know of people dying in this way, waiting to get food.  Although the Gaza health ministry and the GHF dispute exactly what happened.

But how much longer can this Israeli and American-backed way to supply aid continue when people are dying on a near-daily basis?

However it happened, Gaza’s overcrowded hospitals are once again overwhelmed.

And there are serious questions to answer about the organisation of a system which is supposed to be providing humanitarian aid to desperately hungry people, but instead is a place where there is so much loss of life.

It leaves people with an unbearable choice between risking their lives to get supplies or going hungry.

Palestinian witnesses say Israeli forces have repeatedly opened fire towards crowds of people going to receive aid.

The Israeli military says it has fired warning shots at people who have behaved in what it says is a suspicious manner. It says its forces operate near the aid sites to stop supplies from falling into the hands of militants.

After the deaths of hundreds of Palestinians trying to reach the aid hubs, the UN has called the GHF’s aid model “inherently unsafe” and a violation of humanitarian impartiality standards.

In response, a GHF spokesperson said: “The fact is the most deadly attacks on aid sites have been linked to UN convoys.”

People carry distributed aid supplies in Khan Yunis, southern Gaza, on July 1, 2025. Pic: AP
Image:
People carry distributed aid supplies in Khan Yunis, southern Gaza. File pic: AP

The GHF says it has delivered more than 70 million meals to Gazans in five weeks and claims other humanitarian groups – which refuse to work with the GHF – had “nearly all of their aid looted” by Hamas or criminal gangs.

Read more:
Medical charity warns acute malnutrition at all-time high

UN data on Gaza deaths ‘disinformation’, claims GHF chief

Since the GHF sites began operating, more than 875 people have been killed while receiving aid, both at GHF distribution points or elsewhere, according to the UN human rights office and the Hamas-run Gaza health ministry.

At least 674 of those have been killed in the vicinity of aid distribution sites run by the GHF.

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