Shamima Begum is set to find out if she has won an appeal against the removal of her British citizenship.
While still a schoolgirlin east London shetravelled to Syria in 2015 to join Islamic State at the age of 15, before her citizenship was revoked on national security grounds shortly after she was found in a refugee camp in 2019.
After a series of legal battles, Ms Begum, now 24, lost her latest challenge at the Special Immigration Appeals Commission (SIAC) in February last year – but took her case to the Court of Appeal in October.
Ms Begum, who remains in a refugee camp in northern Syria, was represented by Samantha Knights KC, who argued the government had failed to consider legal duties owed to a potential victim of trafficking.
However, Sir James Eadie KC, for the Home Office, said the “key feature” of Ms Begum’s case is national security.
The ruling in Ms Begum’s Court of Appeal case is due to be handed down at a short hearing at 10am on Friday.
Image: Shamima Begum. Pic: ITV/Shutterstock
Timeline: From Syria to court battles
From departing Gatwick Airport, to awaiting the outcome of various court cases from northern Syria – here’s a breakdown of how Shamima Begum got here.
February 2015
Shamima Begum dropped out of Bethnal Green Academy with friends Amira Abase and Kadiza Sultana, having been missing since December 2014.
On 17 February, they all travelled from Gatwick Airport to Istanbul in Turkey and, once in Syria, Ms Begum married a Dutch IS fighter, Yago Riedijk, and had three children with him – who all died.
Ms Begum was said to be an “enforcer” who recruited other women to the caliphate.
2016
Both Ms Abase and Ms Sultana are reported to have died, but the whereabouts and actions of Ms Begum remained unknown until she resurfaced three years later.
February 2019
That’s when a journalist from The Times found her nine months pregnant at al Hawl refugee camp in northern Syria, having fled eastern Syria, where there was fierce fighting in a last stand for IS.
Sky News interviewed her, and she revealed she had just given birth – and was said to be “unrepentant” about joining IS.
In the same month, Sajid Javid, who was home secretary at the time, stripped Ms Begum of her British citizenship – this decision was controversial, as it meant it could have left her stateless.
April 2019
Ms Begum was granted legal aid by the UK Ministry of Justice to appeal Mr Javid’s decision.
February 2020
In a preliminary ruling, the SIAC ruled the decision to deprive Ms Begum of her British citizenship was lawful, adding Ms Begum was “a citizen of Bangladesh by descent” at the time of the decision.
They also found she could not “play any meaningful part in her appeal and that, to that extent, the appeal will not be fair and effective”.
July 2020
Ms Begum therefore turned to the Court of Appeal in a bid to return to the UK for the main challenge of her appeal to the SIAC.
She was given permission by the court to return to the UK and contest the government’s decision to rescind her citizenship – but the Home Office appealed this decision at the Supreme Court.
February 2021
The UK’s highest court then said Ms Begum should not be granted leave to enter the UK to pursue her appeal. She has since been in custody in northern Syria.
November 2021
In November, Sky News met Begum again. She said she didn’t hate the UK when she left, only her own life, and reaffirmed her keenness to return.
November 2022
Ms Begum once again attempts to win the right to travel back to the UK in a five-day trial at the SIAC.
During the hearing, her lawyers said the Home Office has a duty to investigate whether she was a victim of trafficking before stripping her of her British citizenship.
She was “persuaded, influenced and affected with her friends by a determined and effective ISIS propaganda machine”, they argued, but the Home Office stood by its decision to bar her.
February 2023
The SIAC dismissed that appeal on all grounds, ruling Ms Begum will not be allowed to return to the UK and therefore will not able to win back her British passport.
October 2023
Her case went to the Court of Appeal eight months later, where three senior judges were told the Home Office failed to consider legal duties owed to Ms Begum as a potential victim of trafficking.
February 2024
Ms Begum’s latest result is due, with her legal battle unlikely to end here either way.
What are the arguments for and against her return?
Announcing the SIAC decision last February, Mr Justice Jay said “the real merits of Ms Begum’s case” involved her arguments that she had been the victim of trafficking.
The tribunal found there was a “credible suspicion” Ms Begum was “recruited, transferred and then harboured for the purpose of sexual exploitation”.
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Ms Knights and Dan Squires KC argued at the Court of Appeal that the UK has failed to have a “full and effective” investigation into how Ms Begum was trafficked.
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3:44
‘I didn’t hate Britain, I hated my life’ – Begum
However, the SIAC had also found that Mr Javid was not required to formally consider whether Ms Begum was, or might have been, trafficked when deciding to strip her British citizenship.
Sir James said: “The fact that someone is radicalised, and may have been manipulated, is not inconsistent with the assessment that they pose a national security risk.
“Ms Begum contends that national security should not be a ‘trump’ card.
“But the public should not be exposed to risks to national security because events and circumstances have conspired to give rise to that risk.”
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Ms Begum, described previously as a straight-A student, arrived in the city of Raqqa in Syria and married a Dutchman and Muslim convert named Yago Riedijk 10 days later.
They had three children – a one-year-old girl, a three-month-old boy and a newborn son – who all died from malnourishment or disease.
Image: CCTV of Kadiza Sultana, left, Shamima Begum, centre and and Amira Abase going through security at Gatwick airport. Pic: Met Police
Ms Begum left Raqqa with her husband in January 2017, but they were eventually split up, as she claimed he was arrested for spying and tortured.
She was eventually found nine months pregnant in a refugee camp in February 2019 by a Times journalist.
Ms Begum told the reporter it “didn’t faze me at all” when she saw her first “severed head” and would “do anything required just to be able to come home”.
But she added she did not regret travelling to IS-controlled Syria, saying she had a “good time”.
By 2021, she had drastically changed her appearance – wearing a Nike baseball cap, a grey vest, a Casio watch and having her fingernails painted pink when she appeared on TV screens.
Ms Begum said there was “no evidence” she was a key player in preparing terrorist acts and was prepared to prove her innocence in court.
“The reason I came to Syria was not for violent reasons,” she told Good Morning Britain in 2021.
“At the time I did not know it was a death cult, I thought it was an Islamic community I was joining,” she added.
A Royal Navy patrol ship has intercepted two Russian vessels off the UK coast, the Ministry of Defence has said.
It comes after Defence Secretary John Healey announced last Wednesday that lasers from Russian spy ship the Yantar were directed at RAF pilots tracking it, in an attempt to disrupt the monitoring.
The MoD said on Sunday that in a “round-the-clock shadowing operation”, the Royal Navy ship HMS Severn has intercepted Russian warship RFN Stoikiy and tanker Yelnya off the UK coast in the past fortnight.
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1:16
Russian ship ‘directed lasers at our pilots’
The Russian vessels sailed through the Dover Strait and westward through the English Channel, the MoD said.
HMS Severn later handed over monitoring duties to a NATO ally off the coast of Brittany, France, it said, but continued to watch from a distance and remained ready to respond to any unexpected activity.
The ministry added that the UK’s armed forces are on patrol “from the English Channel to the High North” amid increased Russian activity threatening UK waters.
At a news conference in Downing Street on Wednesday, Mr Healey said the spy ship was on the edge of British waters north of Scotland, having entered wider UK waters over the last few weeks.
He said it was the second time this year the Yantar had been deployed off the UK coast and he claimed it was “designed for gathering intelligence and mapping our undersea cables”.
Image: HMS Severn tracking of Russian corvette RFN Stoikiy and tanker Yelnya off the UK coast. Pic: MoD
Mr Healey said the ship had “directed lasers” at pilots of a P-8 surveillance aircraft monitoring its activities – a Russian action he deemed “deeply dangerous”.
In a clear message to Russian President Vladimir Putin, the defence secretary said: “We see you. We know what you are doing. And we are ready.”
The ministry said while tracking the Yantar, Royal Navy frigate HMS Somerset and other civilian ships in the area “experienced GPS jamming in a further demonstration of unprofessional behaviour, intended to be disruptive and a nuisance”.
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2:40
What is Russian spy ship up to?
Russia’s UK embassy dismissed the accusations and insisted the Yantar is a research ship in international waters.
The defence secretary also repeated government plans to increase defence spending and work with NATO allies to bolster European security.
And he stressed how plans to buy weapons and build arms factories will create jobs and economic growth.
Image: HMS Somerset flanking Russian ship the Yantar near UK waters on 22 January 2025. File pic: Royal Navy/PA
A report by a group of MPs, also released on Wednesday, underlined the scale of the challenge the UK faces.
It accused the government of lacking a national plan to defend itself from attack.
The Defence Select Committee also warned that Mr Healey, the prime minister and the rest of the cabinet are moving at a “glacial” pace to fix the issue and are failing to launch a “national conversation on defence and security” – something Sir Keir Starmer had promised last year.
Image: Russian ship the Yantar transiting through the English Channel. File pic: MoD
The UK has seen a 30% increase in Russian vessels threatening UK waters in the past two years, according to the MoD.
But the ministry maintained the UK has a wide range of military options at its disposal to keep UK waters safe.
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Three RAF P-8 Poseidon aircraft have deployed to Keflavik Air Base in Iceland in the largest overseas deployment of the RAF P-8 fleet so far, the MoD said.
They are conducting surveillance operations as part of NATO’s collective defence, patrolling for Russian ships and submarines in the North Atlantic and Arctic.
The operations come just weeks after HMS Duncan tracked the movements of Russian destroyer Vice Admiral Kulakov, and frigate HMS Iron Duke was dispatched to monitor Russian Kilo-class submarine Novorossiysk.
West Midlands Police has defended the ban on Maccabi Tel Aviv fans attending an Aston Villa match after it was claimed that false intelligence was used.
Supporters of the Israeli club were barred from the Europa League fixture at Villa Park on 6 November.
West Midlands Police chief superintendent Tom Joyce told Sky News before the game that a “section” of Maccabi’s fanbase engaged in “quite significant levels of hooliganism”.
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2:28
‘Hooliganism’ blamed for Maccabi Tel Aviv ban
According to The Sunday Times, West Midlands Police claimed in a confidential dossier that when Maccabi played Ajax in Amsterdam last year, Israeli fans threw “innocent members of the public into the river”, and added that between 500 and 600 supporters had “intentionally targeted Muslim communities”.
The report also said 5,000 Dutch police officers had been deployed in response.
However, the Netherlands’ national police force has questioned the claims, reportedly describing information cited by its British officers as “not true” and in some instances obviously inaccurate.
Sebastiaan Meijer, a spokesman for the Amsterdam division, told The Sunday Times that he was “surprised” by allegations in the West Midlands Police report, which had linked 200 travelling supporters to the Israel Defence Forces (IDF).
Mr Meijer denied that his force had such intelligence, adding that the claim was meaningless given the country had a policy of conscription.
Also, Mr Meijer said that Amsterdam’s force “does not recognise” the claim in the British report, attributed to Dutch law enforcement, that Israelis were “highly organised, skilled fighters with a serious desire and will to fight with police and opposing groups”.
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3:09
Heavy police presence for Aston Villa v Maccabi Tel Aviv
The Dutch police added that the only known case of a fan being in the river appeared to involve a Maccabi supporter. While being filmed, he was told he could leave the water on the condition that he said “Free Palestine”.
In an interview with Sky News before the game, West Midlands Police referenced disorder when Maccabi played Ajax in Amsterdam last November.
Mr Joyce said ahead of the Villa Park match: “We’ve had examples where a section of Maccabi fans were targeting people not involved in football matches, and certainly we had an incident in Amsterdam last year which has informed some of our decision-making.
“So it is exclusively a decision we made on the basis of the behaviour of a sub-section of Maccabi fans, but all the reaction that could occur obviously formed part of that as well.”
Image: Pro-Israel supporters are led away from Villa Park before a Europa League tie on 6 November. Pic: PA
Maccabi’s visit to Birmingham came amid heightened tensions due to Israel’s war on Hamas in Gaza.
A safety advisory group (SAG) recommended that Maccabi fans should be banned from attending the fixture on the advice of the police. The ban drew criticism, and Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer said it was the “wrong decision”.
Image: Mounted police outside Villa Park for the game. Pic: PA
West Midland Police’s statement in full
Following The Sunday Times report, West Midlands Police stood by its “information and intelligence”, adding that the “Maccabi Fanatics… posed a credible threat to safety”.
In a statement to Sky News, the force said: “West Midlands Police’s evaluation was based primarily on information and intelligence and had public safety at its heart.
“We assessed the fixture between Ajax and Maccabi Tel Aviv in Amsterdam as having involved significant public disorder.
“We met with Dutch police on 1 October, where information relating to that 2024 fixture was shared with us.
“Informed by information and intelligence, we concluded that Maccabi Tel Aviv supporters – specifically the subgroup known as the Maccabi Fanatics – posed a credible threat to public safety.
“The submission made to the SAG safety advisory group was based on information and intelligence which helped shape understanding of the risks.
“West Midlands Police commissioned a peer review, which was conducted by UKFPU [United Kingdom Policing Unit], the NPCC [National Police Chiefs’ Council] and subject matter experts.
“This review, carried out on 20 October, fully endorsed the force’s approach and decision-making.
“We are satisfied that the policing strategy and operational plan was effective, proportionate, and maintained the city’s reputation as a safe and welcoming place for everyone.”
The watch, which had remained in the couple’s family, was sold at Henry Aldridge & Son Auctioneers in Devizes, Wiltshire.
The £1.78m for the item is the highest amount ever paid for Titanic memorabilia, according to the company.
A letter written by Mrs Straus on Titanic stationery and posted while onboard the ship fetched £100,000.
The previous record was set last year when another gold pocket watch presented to the captain of a boat that rescued over 700 passengers from the liner sold for £1.56m.