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The sweet debate
Exploring artificial options
Nature's sweetness
Sweetener safety and health
Beyond taste and health
Sweet decisions
References 
Further reading

Artificial and natural sweeteners are popular sugar substitutes. While artificial sweeteners promise zero calories, their health effects are controversial.

Natural sweeteners, such as honey and stevia, offer a healthier alternative but still require moderation. Ultimately, making informed dietary choices about sugar substitutes is critical to overall health and wellness.

Image Credit: Pheelings media/Shutterstock.com The sweet debate

Artificial sweeteners are chemically synthesized sugar substitutes designed to provide the sweetness of sugar without the calories and potential blood sugar spikes.1 Common examples include aspartame, sucralose, and saccharin, which are often found in "diet" or "zero-calorie" beverages and low-sugar processed foods.1

Natural alternatives, on the other hand, are sweeteners derived from natural sources, such as plants or fruits. They include stevia, honey, agave nectar, and more.1,2 Although these sweeteners contain calories, they often have a lower glycemic index than regular sugar, meaning they're less likely to spike blood sugar levels.1,2

The prevalence of these molecules in the modern diet is hard to ignore. Fueled by a global push toward healthier eating and weight management, their use has skyrocketed; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) alone has approved six artificial sweeteners and designated several natural alternatives as "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS).3

In addition to providing a lower-calorie alternative to sugar, these sweeteners allow people with diabetes to enjoy sweet-tasting foods without disturbing their blood sugar levels.3 However, the health implications are still a topic of much debate, underscoring the need to make informed dietary choices. Exploring artificial options

Six artificial sugar substitutes have been approved by the FDA:

Saccharin (Sweet and Low, Sweet Twin, Sweet'N Low, and Necta Sweet), aspartame (Nutrasweet, Equal, and Sugar Twin), acesulfame potassium (Sunett and Sweet One), sucralose (Splenda), neotame (Newtame), and advantame (Advantame).3

They typically have a more complex chemical structure than regular sugar, as they are synthetically-made compounds that contain nitrogen, chlorine, and sulfur elements. The most common are aspartame and sucralose.1

Aspartame is known for its intense sweetness and low-calorie profile. It is made up of aspartic acid and phenylalanine.4 When metabolized, it breaks down into these amino acids and a small amount of methanol. Although it is up to 200 times sweeter than sugar, it provides zero calories.4

Sucralose is another high-intensity artificial sweetener that is about 600 times sweeter than sugar.1,4 It is chemically produced by sucrose chlorination. Sucralose remains stable under heat and over a wide range of pH conditions. That's why it's ideal for use in cooking or processed foods.1,4 These sweeteners underwent a rigorous approval process before they came to market.5

The FDA5 and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)6 take strict measures to ensure the safety of artificial sweeteners entering the market.5,6 The approval process begins when a manufacturer submits a detailed application for food ingredient approval, including scientific research and evidence to support the product's safety. 5,6

The agencies then review the evidence and compare the cumulative dietary exposure estimate with toxicological information on the sweeteners. 5,6 If the substance meets the standards, it is approved.  However, its safety continues to be monitored. 5,6

It's also important to remember that each sweetener has an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), an estimate of the amount of a substance a person can consume daily over a lifetime without health risks.4-6 Often, these limits far exceed the amounts people consume. 4-6 Difference Between Artificial Sweeteners And Real Sugar Play Nature's sweetness

In addition to their enhanced sweetness, natural sweeteners have a unique and rich nutritional profile.  Stevia, for example, is a zero-calorie sweetener derived from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, but its high-intensity sweetness doesn't affect blood sugar levels.4 Another example is Siraitia grosvenorii Swingle fruit extract, commonly known as monk fruit/luo han guo.4

Then there's thaumatin, a natural sweetener derived from the fruit of the West African katemfe fruit.4 It's estimated to be 2000 times sweeter than sugar but has a different flavor profile that includes lingering sweetness and delayed onset.4

In the case of honey and maple syrup, these two natural sweeteners are composed primarily of fructose and glucose and have a moderate effect on blood sugar levels, but have interesting antioxidant and antibacterial properties.7,8 Sweetener safety and health

Scientific evidence shows that the health effects of artificial sweeteners vary. Aspartame, for example, is metabolized to methanol, which at high levels can lead to toxic health effects and has been linked to the development of cancer.4,9 On the other hand, sucralose (Splenda) has been associated with gut permeability and changes in the microbiota, negative modulation of T-cell responses, inflammation, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity.9-11

The WHO's risk assessment of aspartame concluded that there was limited evidence to change the ADI previously established.12 In the case of sucralose and the rest of the sweeteners (natural and synthetic), the WHO recommended against their consumption for weight loss unless the individual suffers from pre-existing diabetes.13 Beyond taste and health

It is important to note that dietary choices about sweeteners can have an impact beyond health. The production of artificial sweeteners often involves complex, energy-intensive industrial processes that contribute to a larger carbon footprint.

They have also recently raised public concern for their potential negative impact on aquatic life, as they are resistant to wastewater treatment and remain as a new source of pollution in water bodies.14

On the other hand, natural sweeteners, such as honey, may have their own environmental and ethical implications, particularly concerning the welfare of bees. However, this calls for attention to the growing trend of sustainable and ethically sourced sweeteners.15 Locally produced honey, organic stevia, and maple syrup, for example, have less environmental impact and often support community economies and fair trade practices.15 Sweet decisions

When choosing between artificial sweeteners and natural alternatives, health goals and dietary needs must be considered. Artificial sweeteners are low in calories and may aid in weight management for individuals with certain health conditions or diseases such as diabetes, while natural sweeteners such as honey or maple syrup have different nutritional profiles and biological activities.

For diabetes management, artificial sweeteners may be preferred due to their minimal impact on blood glucose, while natural sweeteners should be used with caution. Moderation is key, as excessive consumption of either type can interfere with weight management and glycemic control. References Chattopadhyay S, et al.(2011). Artificial Sweeteners – a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(4), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0571-1 Commissioner, O. of the. (n.d.). How sweet it is: All about sweeteners. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/how-sweet-it-all-about-sweeteners Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-b). High-intensity sweeteners. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/high-intensity-sweeteners Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-a). Aspartame and other sweeteners in food. U.S. Food and Drug Administration.  [Online] https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-petitions/aspartame-and-other-sweeteners-food Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. (n.d.-c). Understanding how FDA regulates food additives and Gras ingredients. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]  https://www.fda.gov/food/food-additives-and-gras-ingredients-information-consumers/understanding-how-fda-regulates-food-additives-and-gras-ingredients Food Additives. European Food Safety Authority. (n.d.). [Online]  https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/food-additives Samarghandian S, et al. (2017). Honey and Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Research. Pharmacognosy Res. 9(2):121-127. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.204647. PMID: 28539734; PMCID: PMC5424551. Mohammed F, et al.(2023). Nutritional, pharmacological, and sensory properties of Maple Syrup: A comprehensive review. Heliyon, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19216 Artificial Sweeteners and cancer. National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). [Online]  https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/artificial-sweeteners-fact-sheet#:~:text=Six%20artificial%20sweeteners%20are%20approved,sucralose%2C%20neotame%2C%20and%20advantame. Schiffman S.S, et al. (2023). Toxicological and pharmacokinetic properties of sucralose-6-acetate and its parent sucralose: in vitro screening assays. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B, 26(6), 307–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2023.2213903 Zani F, et al. (2023). The dietary sweetener sucralose is a negative modulator of T cell-mediated responses. Nature, 615(7953), 705–711. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05801-6 World Health Organization. (n.d.-a). Aspartame hazard and risk assessment results released. World Health Organization. [Online] https://www.who.int/news/item/14-07-2023-aspartame-hazard-and-risk-assessment-results-released World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). Who advises not to use non-sugar sweeteners for weight control in newly released guideline. World Health Organization. [Online]  https://www.who.int/news/item/15-05-2023-who-advises-not-to-use-non-sugar-sweeteners-for-weight-control-in-newly-released-guideline Naik A.Q, et al. (2021). Environmental impact of the presence, distribution, and use of artificial sweeteners as emerging sources of pollution. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2021, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624569 Choudhury, N. R. (2023, August 17). Are naturally derived sweeteners more sustainable?. Food Beverage Insider. [Online]  https://www.foodbeverageinsider.com/sweeteners/naturally-derived-sweeteners-sustainability-and-eco-friendliness Further reading What are the Effects of Artificial Sweeteners on Gut Health? Sucralose: Safety and Evidence Are Sweeteners Healthy?

Last Updated: Feb 16, 2024

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OSU’s Bjork tells CFP: Calendar change needed

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OSU's Bjork tells CFP: Calendar change needed

LAS COLINAS, Texas — Ohio State athletic director Ross Bjork told leaders of the College Football Playoff on Tuesday that the sport’s calendar needs to change, and it’s a critical component as they consider the playoff’s future format.

Bjork, just months removed from watching his Buckeyes win the national title, attended a portion of the annual CFP spring meetings to provide feedback with the three other athletic directors who participated in semifinals and hosted first-round games: Texas athletic director Chris Del Conte, Penn State athletic director Pat Kraft and Notre Dame athletic director Pete Bevacqua, who is part of the CFP’s management committee along with the 10 FBS commissioners.

Bjork said CFP executive director Rich Clark asked if he had one major point he wanted to make before leaving.

“We’ve had so many disruptions over the last five-plus years that I think the time is now to not be reactive, be proactive,” Bjork told ESPN. “When we had this setting here with the commissioners, our job was to provide feedback on what was it like to go through the 12-team playoff … but it all gets impacted by the calendar. I felt it was important to lay that out with everyone in the room to say, separate from the CFP process, if we don’t fix our calendar as an industry, then we’re going to continue to have unintended consequences.”

Bjork shared with the commissioners the perspective of a school trying to win a national title while classes had begun Jan. 6. Ohio State’s academic advisers traveled with the team to the semifinal and national title game, he said, but some athletes missed class and the school had to apply for waivers around the countable athletically related activities, which limits schools to 20 hours of practice time while classes are in session.

“When you don’t have class, there is no limit to CARA hours,” he said, noting that Texas started classes later. “It created some disadvantages. It all goes back to what’s countable CARA hours, NCAA structure. The portal is the next big conversation after the House case and truly what kind of rules can we set? Will we have the authority around transfer rules to set some parameters?”

Bjork said the transfer portal needs to move to a 10-day period in May for fall sports because if the NCAA House settlement is approved, most of the players are going to be signing revenue share agreements with the schools from July 1 to June 30.

“May makes the most sense” to align player contracts with the portal, Bjork said.

Bjork, who said he’s on the implementation committee for the House settlement, said “if everyone follows the structure, it’s going to be a great structure.”

“And everyone has to follow the rules,” he said, “and agree that this is the structure, which we have to. If we don’t do that, then what good is the settlement?”

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Trump v Powell: What’s behind their spat?

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Trump v Powell: What's behind their spat?

Tensions between US President Donald Trump and US Federal Reserve chair Jerome Powell have hit a new high.

But why has the pair’s relationship deteriorated so badly? And what are the issues behind their spat?

Sky News correspondents Mark Stone and Paul Kelso take a closer look…

Powell’s independence is a problem for control-obsessed Trump

Mark Stone, US correspondent

The feud between Donald Trump and Jerome Powell is as predictable as it is serious.

Jerome ‘Jay’ Powell holds one of the most powerful and influential positions in the world.

As chair of the US Federal Reserve, he wields the levers which control global economic stability, such is the power of the US dollar.

A trader works on the floor at the New York Stock Exchange, as a screen broadcasts a live interview with US Federal Reserve Chair Jay Powell on 16 April 2025. File pic: Reuters
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A trader works on the floor at the New York Stock Exchange. File pic: Reuters

The position comes with a huge amount of autonomy. Fed independence is seen to be paramount.

For a full-control-obsessed president like Donald Trump, that’s a problem.

Read more:
UK ‘will be among hardest hit’ by trade war
How Trump changed his mind on tariffs

The American president cannot tell the Federal Reserve chair what to do – and that is by design.

But Trump could fire Powell if he chose to – unprecedented as that would be.

You only need to look at the market reaction to Trump’s language about Powell for a hint at how his firing would impact the global economy.

“Powell’s termination can’t come fast enough,” Trump said last week.

On Monday, he called Powell a “major loser”. This schoolyard language has global economic implications.

The markets – including the all-important bond markets – reacted with sell-offs at the end of the day.

Donald Trump leaves the Rose Garden after announcing Jay Powell as his nominee to become chairman of the US Federal Reserve in 2017. File pic: Reuters
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Donald Trump leaves the Rose Garden after announcing Jay Powell as his nominee to become chairman of the US Federal Reserve in 2017. File pic: Reuters

Powell is a registered Republican. Trump hired him as Fed Reserve Chair during his first term but the relationship became fractious, fast.

Yet Trump did not remove him back then.

The position has a four-year term and President Joe Biden nominated him to a second term in 2022. That gives him until 2026.

Trump sees Powell increasingly as a barrier to his agenda. Trump’s ‘burn hot’ economy ideology does not align with Powell’s more pragmatic centrist ideology.

Read more:
Trump’s tariffs could affect globalisation
DHL suspends some shipments to US

He is unable to influence and bend Powell in the way that he has done with his own cabinet and members of Congress.

In his first term, Trump was talked out of removing Powell. But we know this second term is wholly different. He was talked away from the edge on many issues during his first term. This time, in many areas, he’s jumped.

Remember, Trump forced out two FBI directors – one in each term – because neither was considered to be loyal enough. The FBI, like the Federal Reserve, is considered traditionally to be independent.

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Could Trump make a deal with the UK?

Of course, the Federal Reserve has a profound global influence in a way the FBI, as an institution, does not.

The fed chair, with his role in setting interest rates and so much more, is arguably the last powerful, independent pillar of the economic policy structure in the US.

Congress has largely devolved its role to Trump and the executive branch, as illustrated by his tariff plans (which Congress could have influenced but chose not to).

Donald Trump’s removal of Jay Powell and replacement with a compliant loyalist could fundamentally shake the global economy.

Powell is one of the few reliable actors left defending economic stability in the US

Paul Kelso, business and economics correspondent

Donald Trump’s disparagement of Jay Powell as a “major loser” is not the first time he has insulted the man he appointed as chair of the US Federal Reserve in 2018.

The president appears to have had buyer’s remorse from the moment he approved the former investment banker to fill a post that is fundamental to US economic stability.

Trump was calling for the Fed to cut rates and stimulate the economy long before he was re-elected, but online barbs have more consequence when fired from the Oval Office than the campaign trail.

Equivalent to the Governor of the Bank of England, the chair of the Federal Reserve ultimately directs US monetary policy, including the setting of short-term interest rates, with the aim of maintaining high employment and stable inflation.

That makes Powell a crucial figure amid the chaos and incoherence of Trump’s economic policy, which in less than 90 days has shattered the certainties that made America the world’s largest economy, and the dollar the global reserve currency.

Jay Powell in Washington DC in March. File pic: Reuters
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Jay Powell speaks to the media in March. File pic: Reuters


The market reaction to Trump’s venting against Powell, and briefing that his administration is considering ways to remove him from office, suggests investors fear it will make a bad situation worse.

As traders returned from the Easter weekend with the president’s criticism of Powell ringing in their ears, the “Trump slump” deepened.

US stocks and the dollar fell, while yields on US Treasuries – the mechanism by which the government borrows money – rose, indicative of falling bond prices as investors dumped US debt.

Gold prices, meanwhile, hit a record $3,500 an ounce as investors piled into what remains the pre-eminent “safe haven” asset in times of uncertainty.

The combination of falling equity, currency and bond prices is a toxic trifecta more usually associated with emerging economies in political crisis, not the mighty United States.

We saw something similar here in 2022, when Liz Truss and Kwasi Kwarteng’s unfunded tax cuts, presented without an independent assessment from the Office for Budget Responsibility, caused a run on the gilt market.

Then it was the Bank of England that stepped in to stabilise the bond market.

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How will tariffs impact you?

What’s happening in the US is both bigger and more consequential.

Trump’s tariff program, seemingly imposed and withdrawn by presidential whim, has already proved disastrous for market sentiment, with expectations of higher inflation and lower growth, at home and globally, set to be confirmed by the International Monetary Fund in Washington this week.

Powell and the Fed are among the few reliable actors in this drama, with markets betting their next meeting in May will see rates held, in part because of inflationary policy made in the White House.

The prospect of Powell being replaced by a more pliant figure hand-picked by Trump would pull another block from the wobbling Jenga tower of US economic credibility.

The independence of the Fed is one of the foundations of American stability, an assumption that underpins the $29 trillion Treasuries market that makes the world’s debt go round.

If investors large and small, state and private, fear that the US is not good for that debt, it could be calamitous for American pre-eminence and the global economy.

Powell’s term ends in 2026 and he believes he cannot be removed by presidential decree.

That does not mean he will not face more pressure to stand aside.

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Environment

Commercial financing for EVs is way different than you think | Quick Charge

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Commercial financing for EVs is way different than you think | Quick Charge

No matter how badly a fleet wants to electrify their operations and take advantage of reduced fuel costs and TCO, the fact remains that there are substantial up-front obstacles to commercial EV adoption … or are there? We’ve got fleet financing expert Guy O’Brien here to help walk us through it on today’s fiscally responsible episode of Quick Charge!

This conversation was motivated by the recent uncertainty surrounding EVs and EV infrastructure at the Federal level, and how that turmoil is leading some to believe they should wait to electrify. The truth? There’s never been a better time to make the switch!

Prefer listening to your podcasts? Audio-only versions of Quick Charge are now available on Apple PodcastsSpotifyTuneIn, and our RSS feed for Overcast and other podcast players.

New episodes of Quick Charge are recorded, usually, Monday through Thursday (and sometimes Sunday). We’ll be posting bonus audio content from time to time as well, so be sure to follow and subscribe so you don’t miss a minute of Electrek’s high-voltage daily news.

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Drop us a line at tips@electrek.co. You can also rate us on Apple Podcasts and Spotify, or recommend us in Overcast to help more people discover the show.


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